Historical sites and cultural sites

Scenic spots and historical sites are rich in tourism resources, involving scenic spots and historical sites, ancient buildings, ancient tombs, ancient gardens and so on. Here is a brief introduction to these contents.

1. Ancient sites (including ancient human sites and ancient cultural sites)

Ancient human sites are human historical sites since the development of human beings to written records, including ancient human fossils, primitive tribal sites, primitive production and living utensils, primitive art and labor products. Because of their antiquity and uniqueness reflecting the origin of human beings, these relics and relics have a wonderful and mysterious attraction to today's tourists, so they have become the oldest landscape in humanistic tourism resources. By visiting ancient human sites, people can gain a lot of knowledge about human origin, prehistoric human architecture, living environment, production tools and activities.

China has the largest number of intact ancient human sites in the world. Famous sites include Yuanmou people 2.5 million years ago, Lantian people 500,000-600,000 years ago and Beijingers 400,000-500,000 years ago. In addition to China, ancient human sites have also been found in other parts of the world, such as the discovery of the "Australopithecus" site about 3 million years ago in Odoje Valley, Tanzania, Africa.

Ancient human history can be divided into Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age according to the nature of production tools. Paleolithic in China, between 2.5 million years ago and 1 10,000 years ago, the discovered Paleolithic human fossils include Yuanmou people in Yunnan, Wushan people in Chongqing, Lantian people in Shaanxi, Beijingers in Zhoukoudian, Hexian people in Anhui and Hetao people in Inner Mongolia. Among them, the Peking man site in Gulong Village, Zhoukoudian, Beijing is the earliest site discovered in China and the most complete and abundant fossil material found in the world today. It is one of the most valuable tourist attractions of ancient human sites at home and abroad. 192 1 year, the teeth fossils of old Beijingers were excavated here, and in 1927, the complete skull fossils were excavated. 1949, through further scientific excavation, stone tools such as facial bone, femur, tibia and clavicle were discovered. All the discoveries show that Beijingers lived in caves at that time, mainly hunting. In the discovered caves, there are traces of charcoal, ashes, burning stones and bones, which shows that Beijingers were able to use fire 400,000-500,000 years ago.

The Neolithic Age is more than 4000 years ago. Newcomers in this era have begun to settle down. Grinding stone tools are widely used, making pottery and textiles, engaging in animal husbandry and agriculture. In China, there are more than 5,000 ancient people in the Neolithic Age alone, including Yangshao culture, Majiayao culture, Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture and Hemudu culture. Among them, Yangshao Cultural Site is surrounded by water on three sides and mountains in the north, covering an area of 300,000 square meters. 192 1 was discovered in Yangshao Village, Mianchi County, Henan Province, 195 1 was excavated on a large scale by the archaeological team of China Academy of Sciences. It is found that the thickness of cultural relics is 4 meters. Unearthed cultural relics include stone axes, shovels, hoes and other pottery, most of which are painted with geometric patterns or animal patterns. Yangshao culture is also called "painted pottery culture" because painted pottery is often unearthed in Yangshao village. Yangshao culture reflects the flourishing period of matriarchal clan commune system 5000 ~ 6000 years ago. At that time, ancient human beings were mainly engaged in agriculture, supplemented by fishing and hunting, and raised livestock such as pigs and dogs.

Ancient cultural sites refer to places where ancient human beings have been engaged in political, economic, cultural, scientific, educational, military and artistic activities since written records, as well as ancient cities and ancient city sites. Specifically, it includes ancient cities and ancient city relics, ancient road relics and ancient battlefield relics.

Human history has experienced many dynasties. In different dynasties, not only have their own capitals and urban systems, but also various vassal states and states have their own capitals and cities. After a hundred years of vicissitudes, many historical capitals have been abandoned, but there are still many old city names that have been renovated and maintained their glory, such as Xi' an and Beijing. However, there are more ancient capital sites and ancient castles. China is an ancient country with many ancient capital sites, including Yin Ruins, Fenghao Ruins, Xianyang Ruins and Chang 'an Ruins. Among them, the ruins of Yin Ruins are located in Xiaotun Village, about 3 kilometers north of Anyang City, Henan Province, across the Huan River. A large number of exquisite funerary objects have been unearthed within its scope. The famous "Simuwu" bronze tripod is 1.33 meters high and weighs 875 kilograms. It is the largest bronze found in China so far, and it is also rare in the world bronze culture. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is also one of the most important discoveries in Yin Ruins. The Yin Ruins in Anyang vividly show the true face of the society in the late Shang Dynasty and the highly developed level of China culture.

The Silk Road is a typical relic of the ancient road. The Silk Road was a road pioneered by China in the Han Dynasty, which transported China's silk products from Chang 'an to Mediterranean countries through comfortable living, rest and Syria. It is a land transportation line connecting Asia, Europe and Africa. Traveling on this road, you can visit magnificent mountains, rivers, deserts and Gobi, visit the thought-provoking Great Wall ancient road and beacon tower, and enjoy grottoes, shrines and cultural relics with rich artistic flavor.

Battlefield sites, relics and related historical events of ancient battles attract tourists to mourn and enjoy ancient times. In China, the famous ancient battlefield site in Battle of Red Cliffs is located on the south bank of the Yangtze River, 36 kilometers northwest of Puyin County, Hubei Province. There are three mountains, Chibi, Nanping and Jinluan, which are undulating and green. In the south of Chibi Mountain, the river stands, and the turbulent river rushes straight to the mountain wall, and the waves splash and are magnificent. There are cliff stone carvings, sacrificial platform, Feng Chu Temple and other cultural relics preserved here. Celebrities of all ages have come here to climb high and mourn, and to sing poems and express their feelings. For example, Li Bai's "Song of Chibi" says: "The two dragons compete, Chibi grabs the boat and sweeps the floor, the fire shines on the sea of clouds, and Zhou Yule breaks Cao Gong."

2. Ancient architecture

The Great Wall of China is a bright pearl. The construction of the Great Wall can be divided into three peaks: the first peak is after the reunification of Qin; The second peak is in the Han Dynasty, and the Great Wall of Han Dynasty is the longest in the history of China. The third peak was in the Ming Dynasty, and the Great Wall had the best quality. Most of the existing Great Wall belongs to the remains of the Ming Dynasty. Climbing the Great Wall and looking around, it is a vast northern scenery. The enemy station in the city echoes the beacon tower on the peak from a distance, such as seeing the beacon smoke rising in history and smelling the clang of Jin Ge's iron horse. Magnificent beauty, precipitous beauty and open beauty arise spontaneously, which makes people sigh the greatness of the Great Wall and the magnificence of rivers and mountains. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, together with the Great Wall, is called the two visible lines depicted by China culture on the land of China. It is the longest artificial canal in the world and the representative of ancient water conservancy projects. It runs through the six provinces of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Jiangsu and Zhejiang from north to south, connecting the five major water systems of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River. This important north-south waterway not only facilitates the transportation of grain from south to north, but also creates conditions for today's South-to-North Water Transfer Project. In addition to the Great Wall and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, the famous ancient architectural projects also include the grand and luxurious royal palace, magnificent pavilions, and various ancient bridges. As far as imperial palaces are concerned, there are the famous Epang Palace in Qin Dynasty, Weiyang Palace and Changle Palace in Chang 'an in Han Dynasty, Daming Palace and Taiji Palace in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty and Sheng Xing Palace in Yuan Dynasty. At present, the palaces with complete preservation and tourist value include the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Forbidden City in Shenyang. Taking the Forbidden City in Beijing as an example, this paper briefly introduces the characteristics of this royal palace building. Located in the center of Beijing, the Forbidden City in Beijing is the largest and most complete building complex in China. Formerly known as the Forbidden City, it was the palace of 24 emperors in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It was built in the fourth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1406) and basically completed in the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420). The length from north to south is 96 1 m, and the width from east to west is 753 m, surrounded by a city wall with a height of 10 m and a moat with a width of 52 m. There is a turret in every corner of the city wall, which is exquisite in structure and beautiful in shape. Due south is the Wumen Gate, and east and west sides are the Donghuamen and Xihuamen. The north gate is called Xuanwu Gate in Ming Dynasty and Shenwumen in Qing Dynasty. The Forbidden City covers an area of more than 720,000 square meters, with more than 9,000 houses, with a construction area of/kloc-0.5 million square meters, mostly brick and wood structures. The layout of the whole Forbidden City is rigorous, and the primary and secondary buildings are orderly, with green and white stone foundations, red walls and yellow glazed tiles and cornices, which are solemn, steady, magnificent and lively. The Forbidden City is famous not only for its magnificent ancient palace architecture, but also for its rich palace historical sites and splendid ancient culture and art at home and abroad.