Where is the most famous city in Brazil?

Name Brasilia

English name Brasilia

Category World Heritage

Date of approval 1987

The heritage originally belonged to Brasilia, which was planned to be newly built on the flat land in central Brazil in 1965

Heritage status quo: Brazil's emerging city

Brazil's capital, a modern emerging city. Located in the central state of Goias, on the triangle formed by the confluence of the Maranyon River and the Wilder River. It is 11 meters above sea level, 9 kilometers from Rio de Janeiro in the southeast and 865 kilometers from Sao Paulo in the south. It covers an area of 5,814 square kilometers and has a population of 1,864,, including eight federal districts around satellite towns. Located in the plateau, the climate is mild and pleasant. The annual average temperature is 17.7℃. The average annual precipitation is 16 mm, and the rainy season is concentrated from October to April of the following year. The capital of Brazil was originally Rio de Janeiro. For the sake of national defense security and the development of the mainland, the idea of moving the capital to the mainland has long existed. In 1891, Brazil's first constitution stipulated the construction of a new capital in the mainland. Until 1956, the current site was selected. Designed by Brazilian designer L. Costa, construction started in November 1956. On April 21, 196, Brazil announced that the capital and most government agencies had moved to the city. At first, the population was less than .2 million/2 thousand, and then a large number of foreign immigrants poured in, and the population increased sharply, making it one of the largest cities in China.

The city is located on the peninsula of Paranoa Lake, an artificial lake, shaped like an airplane facing the east. The "nose" is square of the three powers, which stands out at the tip of the peninsula, surrounded by the Presidential Palace, the Supreme Court and the Parliament Building. The "fuselage" is an east-west avenue with a length of 8 kilometers and a width of 25 meters. The "front cabin" is the government buildings, squares and cathedrals; The "back cabin" is the cultural and educational area, sports city, TV tower, etc. The "tail" is an industrial area and a printing and publishing area; "Wing" is a residential area with nurseries, schools, sports fields, theaters, hospitals, shopping malls, restaurants and so on. The joint of the "wing" and the "fuselage" is the central business district, with commercial service facilities such as supermarkets, banks, post and telecommunications buildings, national theaters and grand hotels. The artificial lake covers an area of 44 square kilometers and holds 5 million cubic meters of water, which is divided into South Lake and North Lake. There are zoos and botanical gardens nearby. The lakeside is the embassy area and private residential area, and the island in the lake is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs called Crystal Palace. The green area accounts for 6% of the urban area. There are modern high-rise buildings, traditional Spanish castles and European baroque buildings in the urban area, which is known as the World Architecture Expo.

Pollution-free light industry is the main industry, and clothing, food, electricity, electronics, automobiles, printing, building materials and other industries have developed rapidly. As a national transportation center, highways radiate through state capitals and major coastal cities. Railways connect Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. There is an international airport in the southern suburbs, and the towns in the suburbs are mainly located in the north of the artificial lake. There is an echo wall built in 197 in the suburbs, and a military parade is held here every August.

Introduction

Brasilia, Brazil, is a cultural heritage, which was listed in the World Heritage List in 1987.

Evaluation by the World Heritage Committee:

Brasilia was approved as the national center and the capital in p>1956, which was a milestone in the history of urban design. Lucio Costa, an urban planning expert, and Oscar Niemeier, an architect, imagined everything about the city, from the layout of residential areas and administrative districts to the symmetry of buildings themselves. Brasilia is often compared to the shape of a bird, which shows the harmonious design idea of the city, and the government buildings show amazing imagination.

Brasilia is a newly-built capital planned on the flat land in central Brazil in 1965. The plane shape of the city is a jet plane with swept wings, and the layout of each functional area is reasonable. It is an ideal city and can be called a milestone in the history of urban planning.

Brasilia, a new modern city, is located in the triangle where the Maranyon River and the Wilde River meet on the plateau of Goias State in central Brazil, and is now the new capital of Brazil. It forms a federal district with several satellite cities of its own. It covers an area of 5,814 square kilometers and has a population of 1.86 million (estimated in 199). The scenery here is beautiful, the climate is pleasant, the trees are green all the year round, and the flowers are unbeaten for a long time. Brasilia has the shortest history among hundreds of cities with world cultural heritage. Urban design is unique, architectural styles are colorful, and various architectural styles are integrated into one city, so it has the reputation of "World Museum of Architectural Art".

Brazil used to build its capital in El Salvador and Rio de Janeiro, both coastal cities. After independence in 1822, the Brazilian government decided to create a new capital in the mainland for political, economic and strategic security reasons. It took

138 years from the conception to the actual relocation of the capital, including three stages: the preparation and decision-making of moving the capital (1822-189), the location and planning of the new capital (1891-1956) and the construction (1956-196). In April 196, Brazil officially moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia.

before building the new capital, the Brazilian government invited tenders from all over the world to solicit design schemes, and then invited many famous architects from all over the world to form a selection committee, and selected Professor Lucio Costa's plane layout as the blueprint of airplane type from 26 design schemes. Oscar Niemeyer, a famous Brazilian architect who has participated in the UN building, is also invited as the chief engineer of the new capital construction.

Brasilia has three parts: new district (urban area), old district and workers' residential area.

The plane layout of the new area is like a jet plane with an eastward nose and swept wings, which symbolizes that Brazil is a rapidly developing country. The nose has square of the three powers, Parliament, Presidential Palace and Supreme Court, symbolizing the nerve center of the whole country. At the front of the fuselage are 18 symmetrical government office buildings. The parliament building consists of the conference halls of the Senate and the House of Representatives and the super-high office building. The conference halls of the two houses are flat bodies, 24 meters long and 89 meters wide. On the top of the flat, two bowl-shaped roofs protrude, with the Chamber of the House of Representatives on the top and the Chamber of the Senate on the bottom, symbolizing democracy and centralization respectively. The Presidential Palace is a well-designed four-story building, and its exterior is almost entirely made of glass. Among the above buildings, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building is the most eye-catching. The whole building stands in the lake, and its four walls are made of glass, which is known as the Crystal Palace. A deformed lotus flower consisting of five stone heads on the lake at the main entrance of Crystal Palace symbolizes the unity of five continents.

The building complex backward from the nose is the main axis of the whole city. It is patchwork, with different styles, and integrated into one mass, forming a harmonious and magnificent picture. Crossing this main axis is a group of residential groups with different shapes. These houses are arranged along the natural curve parallel to the lake, forming the two wings of the jet turbine. There are dozens of buildings in each residential area, including schools, kindergartens, cinemas, churches, shops and hospitals. The living areas are separated by green spaces, or flower beds and jungles, and the seasons are evergreen, which makes people feel that although they are in the high-rise buildings, there is no lack of interest in nature. At the tail of the plane are the railway station and the railway extending north and south. Further back is a small factory. In addition, the historical center of the University of Brasilia, the cathedral and the embassy buildings with different styles scattered in different locations all show modern architectural art and style. The whole new area has a coordinated layout and novel structure, with green grass and flowers everywhere. The Paranoa artificial lake in front of the wing is sparkling with blue waves and green trees. This artificial lake is intercepted by four rivers, with a storage capacity of 491 million cubic meters, and also plays a role in regulating climate.

The historic center of Dina, Planhard (built in 1859) is the most famous building in the old district. Now it is located in a satellite city in Brasilia, which is the largest and oldest building complex in the federal district. The other nine manors are also well preserved, the largest of which, Souladino, was founded in 1832, and its houses are typical local buildings. And the historical center of Bazlandia is also a famous building in the old district.

The workers' residential area is a temporary wooden house with modern characteristics built for construction workers when the new capital was created. Most of the wooden houses have been preserved to this day, and a few have been rebuilt or demolished for the needs of urban construction. Notre Dame de Fatima, Oliveira Hospital, St Joseph's Church, the first church in Brasilia, and the first school are also located in the workers' residential area.

The famous natural landscapes in Brasilia include National Park, Aguas Emandada Biological Reserve, Eberg and Gabasa Vado Nature Reserve, San barto Rama and De Scoberto Environmental Reserve. The municipal authorities also plan to build a series of nature reserves, such as the Rio Maranao Nature Reserve in the Gama River Basin. These natural attractions are either located in the urban area, adjacent to the old district, or remote and inaccessible, which makes Brasilia full of vitality and infinite charm.

The completion of Brasilia is the first time to realize a future city planned by people. It is a capital truly built on green land. Its planning and design embodies the great creativity of people's spirit and wisdom, and it is also a model of modern spirit of architecture. However, some people criticize urban planning, arguing that the pursuit of form is more than the pursuit of economic interests, culture and historical traditions, and insufficient attention is paid to the employment and living conditions of low-income people.

on August 15th, 1974, Brazil established diplomatic relations with China.

when people fly over Brazil to 47 south latitude and 15 west longitude, they will be surprised to find that there is also an "airplane" on the ground, which is Brasilia with bird-like design. Brasilia was founded in 1956 (it became the capital in 196). Located on the goias Plateau rich in red soil, it is 117 meters above sea level and 1 kilometers away from the coast. As the capital, Brasilia is the administrative center of the country. The purpose of establishing Brasilia is to better manage the inland areas of Brazil. The colonial history made the population of Brazil excessively concentrated in coastal areas, and the port cities continued to expand in the 19th and 2th centuries.

as early as the end of the 17th century, the idea of building a capital in the central area of Brazil appeared. In 1922, during the centennial celebration of Brazil's independence, a stone tablet was erected in the selected position, which marked the maturity of this idea. In 1891, the Constitution foresaw that a federal government area would be opened in the central area of the country. In 1955, the former governor of minas gerais, Juscelino Kubitschek, was elected president of Brazil, when Brazil made the decision to move the federal government from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia. This decision emphasizes Brazil's desire for development and progress.

It took Brazil five years (1955 ~ 196) to build a new federal capital and a highway across Mato Grosso and the Amazon River. This project was built according to the design of Brazilian urban planner Lucio Costa and architect Oscar Niemeyer.

the design of Brasilia is inspired by the Corbusian rules, and the functions of the city have been reasonably organized and planned. The overall shape runs through the whole city by two axes crossing vertically, and looks like an airplane or a big bird flying southwest. The main axis is six kilometers long and 35 meters wide, mainly for administrative purposes; The commercial area and residential area are distributed in four fan-shaped areas with churches and schools as the center, and expand along the 2-kilometer-long horizontal axis. The width of the intersection of the two axes is twice as wide as that of other places to ensure efficient traffic management.

Brasilia is a modern city with the characteristics of modern architecture in Brazil. It is located in the triangle formed by the confluence of the goias Plateau, the Wilder River and the Maranyon River in central Brazil, and forms a federal district with eight neighboring satellite towns, covering an area of 5,814 square kilometers. Its urban design is unique, its architectural style is colorful, and it is known as the "World Museum of Architectural Art". Among all the hundreds of cities listed in the world's human cultural heritage, Brasilia is the youngest. Because it is located in the highland of 11 meters above sea level, although it is located in the tropics, the climate in Brasilia is cool and pleasant.

Brasilia includes three parts: the new area, the old area and the workers' "residential area". Located in a unique new area on the artificial lake peninsula, it looks like a big bird or a jet plane. "Bird Head-Aircraft Head" is a square of the three powers composed of three major institutions: legislative, judicial and administrative. It is the seat of the Brazilian Presidential Palace, the Federal Supreme Court and the heads of government of the Congress (government ministries); "Bird Body-Airplane Body" is the main traffic axis of the city, and it is an avenue about 8 kilometers long and 25 meters wide. There are ivory government buildings, churches, national theaters, parks, conference centers, business centers and other buildings on the avenue; The "two wings" stretching for 16 kilometers from north to south are flat and wide three-dimensional highways, with neatly planned residential areas, commercial outlets, hotel areas, etc. arranged along the road; The rear of the "engine room" is a sports area and a cultural area; The "tail" is a long-distance bus station and an industrial zone such as instrument processing and automobile repair; "Gate tail" is an industrial, printing and publishing area serving the capital. Brasilia was built in the shape of an airplane to fully show the booming spirit of the times, which means that Brazil is taking off-developing rapidly. The most famous building in the old district is the Dina Historical Center in Planhard, which is located in the satellite city. It is the largest and oldest building complex in the Federal District.

Harmonious memorial buildings make the city look neat and symmetrical, and the prospect is also very beautiful. In the wide square area, the towering square buildings of skyscrapers create a harmonious city picture under the balance of smooth surfaces, which has become a typical symbol of Brazil's new capital.

Brasilia is the third capital of Brazil. Historically, Brazil once made El Salvador and Rio de Janeiro its capital. In 1956, President Kubitschek decided to move the capital to Brasilia to speed up the development of the mainland. Construction began in Brasilia in 1957 and was finally completed on April 21, 196.

The unique buildings in Brazil include Itamarati Palace, Brasilia Cathedral and TV Tower.

Itamaraty Palace is the seat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the whole building is a glass structure. The building is surrounded by pools, and white clouds, blue sky, water and high-rise buildings form a beautiful and extraordinary picture.

The architectural style of Brasilia Cathedral is superb. The main part of the building is underground, and the exposed part is a glass-covered metal roof. Under the top cover is an idol hanging in the air. Christ and the saints are like being in the blue sky and white clouds.

The TV Tower is 218 meters high, which is the highest point in Brasilia. Overlooking the tower, you can have a panoramic view of the airplane city.

the city of Rio de janeiro

covers an area of 43,97.2 square kilometers, accounting for .5137% of Brazil's land area

geography and climate

a state in southeastern Brazil. Near the Atlantic Ocean. It covers an area of 43,6 square kilometers. The population is 14.133 million (199), and the urban population accounts for more than 9%. The state was established in 1889, and the state of guanabara was merged in 1975, and the capital was moved from Niteroi to Rio de Janeiro. The coastal lowlands have a hot and humid climate, while the inland plateaus have a mild climate. Important rivers include the Bahe River in Pallai. Industry, agriculture and service industry are well developed, and the service industry accounts for about 37% of the employed population and half of the income. Industry is characterized by steel, textiles, food and printing.