Current status of foreign land reclamation research

Land reclamation began in industrially developed countries, mainly because the development of industry caused land damage to a very serious extent. In the middle of the 20th century, many Western developed countries accelerated the formulation of land reclamation laws and regulations and the implementation of engineering and technical measures, and land reclamation entered the era of scientific reclamation; after 1970, land reclamation in mining areas integrated mining and ecology , agronomy, geology, forestry and other disciplines, and developed into a systematic project closely linked to various industries and departments. Since the 1980s, land reclamation in mining areas has entered a stable, healthy and vigorous development track.

The United States and Germany were the first countries to start land reclamation. Land reclamation in the United States mainly developed from open-pit coal mine reclamation. In 1918, plant replanting experiments were carried out on coal gangue piles in Indiana coal mines. American scholars mainly study the reclamation of open-pit mines (especially coal mines) and mining waste land reclamation, focusing on soil reconstruction and improvement methods, vegetation regeneration technology, agricultural and forestry production technology, and erosion treatment technology. In recent years, research in the United States has paid special attention to the long-term and sustainability of reclamation, and bioremediation and ecological environmental issues around reclamation areas have become its research hot spots.

Germany has higher requirements for reclamation. German scholars have comprehensively considered ecological benefits and environmental benefits, and taken the changes in the entire ecosystem and the population's requirements for the environment as the starting point. The concept of "people-oriented" is more embodied. To be obvious. Germany's reclamation model basically continues the traditional reclamation process of stripping topsoil - excavation and backfilling - covering topsoil - fertilizing. However, its specific methods and technologies are relatively advanced, and it is difficult to maintain the ecological environment of the reclamation area. While balancing, we pursue the maximization of social, economic and ecological benefits. At present, Germany has developed from land reclamation for agriculture and forestry to land reclamation for comprehensive land use for species protection, soil biological reconstruction, and ecological leisure tourism, which is a mixed land reclamation model.

Canada has conducted research on land reclamation in many fields, paying special attention to the reclamation of land contaminated by oil, kerogen shale and various toxic and harmful substances. Canadian scholars believe that land reclamation does not require restoration to its original appearance, but requires adapting measures to local conditions, but not lower than the original ecological level. Canada not only organizes and holds the International Land Reclamation Annual Conference every year and edits and publishes the magazine "International Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment", the government also funds to support land reclamation research.

Australia’s management of land reclamation and development is considered to be the most advanced and successful country in dealing with damaged land today. The Australian government has formulated a series of strict legislative frameworks with clear regulations on various indicators involved in reclamation. Australia's land reclamation mostly adopts the "mining and restoration at the same time" model, focusing on research on reclamation technology and its application. Currently, many technologies are at the world's leading level. Under legal requirements, government and public supervision, land reclamation has become a conscious behavior of the country's reclamation obligors.

The United Kingdom also adopts the "mining and reclamation" model, which greatly reduces the area of ??land loss. The British government also determines the reclamation funds allocated to local governments based on the economic level of the area where the damaged land is located. The reclaimed land belongs to the local government and is managed by the local government to make up for the shortfall in reclamation costs. Due to the implementation of policies and funds, the UK has achieved remarkable results in land reclamation.

In addition, Yuri Gorokhovich and others used GIS technology to study the reclamation of abandoned mining areas; Sahadeb De and others used bioengineering reclamation measures to study the abandoned Raniganj coalfield in eastern India. Plants suitable for local reclamation were selected; Dimitris Damigos and others used a variety of evaluation models to evaluate the environmental impact of the reclamation of land damaged by coal mines in Greece and proposed reclamation countermeasures; Duglas Baker evaluated the use of synthetic materials without soil coverage conducted research on the application of pure biological reclamation technology and anti-erosion technology; Robert B. Atkinson believed that wetlands in Virginia should also be included in the ecological environment restoration process of coal mine abandoned land; Richand J. Hobbs conducted experimental research on ecological environment reconstruction, It was proposed that "preserving large patches and convenient transportation are the key to land reclamation, and then vegetation restoration is carried out on this basis"; Dimitris Kaliampakos and Dimitris Damigos et al. conducted an evaluation method for the environmental and economic benefits of reclamation of land damaged in mining areas. Analysis has a positive effect on land reclamation planning and mining area construction management.

Foreign land reclamation research has the following characteristics:

(1) Sound regulations. Countries leading foreign land reclamation research have formulated strict and complete laws and regulations, and have specialized management agencies to ensure the implementation of reclamation and achieve a high reclamation rate.

(2) Multi-disciplinary and multi-field. Land reclamation has attracted experts and scholars in the fields of mining, agriculture, forestry, soil, ecology, chemistry, geology, biology and management, which has greatly promoted the development of land reclamation research.

(3) Change of direction. Land reclamation research has expanded from the original coal mine reclamation to the reclamation of other types of land damaged by mining, pollution, natural disasters, hydropower construction, man-made destruction, etc.; reclamation measures have also changed from engineering reclamation to ecological reclamation, and sustainable development Apply more ideas and principles.

(4) Internationalization and industrialization. The trend of internationalization is becoming more and more obvious, and exchanges and cooperation between countries are getting closer; the development of reclamation industrialization is more obvious.