Definition of tourism concept

The concept definition of tourism, tourism is people seeking spiritual pleasure, many people will choose to travel to relax when they are resting, which is a very good experience for our senses and other aspects. The following is the concept definition of tourism.

The concept definition of tourism 1 tourism can make people relax and increase their experience.

Different definitions of tourism

1, the definition of communication: 1927, German Meng Gen Rhodes's definition of tourism: tourism in a narrow sense is the communication that people leave their residence temporarily to meet the needs of life and culture or various desires, but stay in different places as consumers of economic and cultural goods. Note: This definition emphasizes that tourism is a social interaction activity.

2. An internationally accepted international definition: 1942. Swiss scholars Hanwalker and Klapf define tourism as: "Tourism is the sum of a phenomenon and relationship caused by the travel and temporary residence of non-settlers. These people will not stay permanently because of this, and will mainly not engage in money-making activities. "

Note: This definition emphasizes that economic and social relations will inevitably occur in tourism activities, that is, it emphasizes the comprehensive connotation of tourism.

Because this definition was adopted by the International Federation of Tourism Science Experts (AIEST) in 1970s, it is called "AIEST definition".

3. Definition of purpose: In the 1950s, the Institute of Tourism of Vienna University of Economics in Austria defined tourism as: "Tourism can be understood as an activity in which people are temporarily in different places in their spare time, mainly for self-cultivation; Secondly, travel for reasons of education, knowledge expansion and communication; Then participate in organizational activities of one kind or another and change related relationships and roles. "

Note: This definition emphasizes that the basic purpose of tourism is to relax and increase knowledge.

4. Definition of mobility: In 1974, Burkardt and Mettlek in Britain defined tourism as: "Tourism occurs when people go to and stay in various tourist destinations, that is, people leave their usual places of residence and work and temporarily go to a tourist destination for short-term exercise and stay there." Note: This definition emphasizes the essential characteristics of tourism: remoteness and timeliness.

5. Definition of time: 1979, when Dr. Martin Prey of General Atlantic Company of the United States gave a lecture in China, he defined tourism as: "Tourism is a trip for pleasure, and the time spent in a certain country is at least 24 hours."

Note: This definition emphasizes: one of the statistical standards of international tourists in various countries: the length of stay.

6. Definition of interrelation: In 1980, Bert McIntosh and Shaikit Gelber of the University of Michigan defined tourism as: "Tourism can be defined as the sum of all phenomena and relationships generated by the interaction among tourists, tourism enterprises, the host government and residents in the host region in the process of attracting and receiving tourists and their visitors.

Note: This definition emphasizes various phenomena and relationships caused by tourism, that is, the comprehensiveness of tourism.

7. Definition of lifestyle: Yu Guangyuan, an economist in China, defined tourism in 1985 as: "Tourism is a short-term special lifestyle of residents in modern society, which is characterized by being off-site, amateur and enjoyable."

Note: This definition emphasizes that tourism is a way of life, and points out some main characteristics of tourism, namely, remoteness, amateurism and enjoyment.

Tourism 2 "brigade" is defined as traveling and going out, that is, from place A to place B, to achieve a certain goal in space; "Tour" means going out for sightseeing, sightseeing and entertainment, that is, traveling for these purposes. Together, it is tourism. Therefore, travel focuses on travel, which has not only the meaning of "travel", but also the meaning of sightseeing and entertainment.

Extended data:

Benefits of travel:

In the process of traveling, people who are in a bad mood or even depressed will get the opportunity to cultivate their sentiments. When faced with famous mountains and rivers, pavilions and scenic spots, their depression, irritability and other bad emotions will be alleviated. Floating in the wind.

Intoxicated in the beautiful scenery, people can get a happy mood and promote endocrine. They can also achieve the best physical and mental condition through comprehensive exercise, exercise bones and muscles, dredge qi and blood, recuperate the spirit, breathe fresh air, bathe in sunshine and enjoy the tranquility and comfort brought by green.

First, the definition of foreign tourism

First of all, emphasize the definition and content of tourist destination. In foreign common language dictionaries, the definition of the word tourism refers to the activities that people leave home for entertainment reasons or purposes. This definition emphasizes the purpose of tourism, such as recreation, aesthetics and knowledge.

Secondly, it emphasizes the definition of tourism time and space. World Tourism Organization 199 1 year Definition: Tourism is an activity that people leave their usual environment and stay in some places for no more than 1 year for leisure, business or other purposes. This definition emphasizes the spatiality (remoteness) and temporality (time definition) of tourism activities.

Third, emphasize the definition of tourism function. For example, Herman Von Schullard, an Austrian economist, believes that "tourism is the sum of economic relations caused by foreign countries or foreigners entering non-settlement areas and staying in them", and some scholars in China believe that "tourism is a human socio-economic activity under certain socio-economic conditions"; "Tourism is a kind of behavior and process that people make a temporary leap over the cultural space in order to seek cultural differences". These definitions of tourism from the perspective of a certain discipline are inevitably biased. If tourism is simply explained from the perspective of economics, it is easy to misunderstand both "tourism" and "sightseeing".

Fourth, emphasize the definition of tourism essence. British scholars Burkardt and Matlik defined it in 1972: "Tourism occurs when people go to various tourist destinations and stay there. It is a variety of activities that people leave their usual places of life and work and temporarily go to a tourist destination for short-term sports and stay there." This definition emphasizes what the definer thinks is "the essence of tourism-the flow of people". In fact, this definition does not grasp the essence of tourism, and some of them come to the end. The essence of tourism is "travel" (pleasant experiences such as recreation and aesthetics), not "travel" (people flow).

Fifth, emphasize the definition of comprehensive tourism relations. For example, Han Sechler and Klapf defined it in 1942 (this definition is adopted by the Federation of Tourism Science Experts, so it is called "Astor" definition): tourism is the sum of phenomena and relationships caused by the travel and temporary stay of non-settlers, who will not lead to long-term settlement and will not involve any money-making activities. Robert McIntosh, an American scholar, defined it in 1980: "Tourism can be defined as a wide range of social relations generated by the interaction among tourists, tourism enterprises, the host government and residents in various regions of the host country in the process of attracting and receiving tourists and their visitors."

Sixth, the so-called authoritative definition. For example, the World Tourism Organization and the United Nations Statistical Commission define tourism as: "Tourism is an activity in which people leave their usual environment, go to some places and stay there for leisure, business and other purposes. The main purpose of his visit should not be to get remuneration from the place he visited, and his temporary stay should not exceed 1 year. " Apart from the statistical significance, it is difficult to clarify what this definition emphasizes and it is contradictory. Since it is emphasized that "tourism is for people's leisure, business and other purposes", why is it emphasized that "the main purpose of tourism should not be to get paid from the places where you go"? As we all know, business activities are related to getting paid from places visited.

In the above definitions, except for the first and fourth, most of them fail to grasp the purpose and essence of tourism-pleasant experience or sightseeing activities focusing on aesthetics and recreation.

Second, the definition of domestic tourism

(A) the definition of analytical formula

Mr. Fan Nengchuan's definition of tourism in the Preface of China Tourism History written by Mr. Zhang is: (1) Tourism is a broad aesthetic form (harmony between man and the outside world) and one of the most basic activities of human beings; (2) Tourism is a cultural activity in a broad sense, which is both a process of cultural creation and a process of cultural consumption; (3) Tourism has the characteristics of spanning space, often transcending the boundaries of regions, countries and states, and is developing into space; (4) The history of tourism is consistent with the history of mankind. (Zhang: Tourism History of China, Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1992, preface 1)

Mr. Shen's definition of tourism in the Principles of Tourism: Tourism is the sum total of the relationships and phenomena caused by the geographical movement and temporary stay of settlers differentiated from tourism after the industrial revolution; They will not lead to long-term residence, nor will they use tourism to engage in any profitable activities.

(b) General definitions

In the Draft of China Tourism Culture, Mr. Feng Naikang believes that tourism is a short-term lifestyle with the main content of seeking aesthetic enjoyment in different places. (Feng Naikang: On China Tourism Culture, Tourism Education Press, 1995)

In "Introduction to Tourism" edited by Mr. Wang Hongbin, it is believed that tourism is the sum of comprehensive leisure activities such as aesthetics, socialization and knowledge-seeking caused by people's non-permanent travel and temporary stay in foreign countries. (Wang Hongbin: An Introduction to Tourism, China Tourism Publishing House, 2004)

(c) Key definitions

In Basic Tourism, Xie focuses on the essence, attributes and characteristics of tourism, and thinks about the definition of tourism: tourism is a short-lived experience with sociality, leisure and consumption attributes, with the main purpose of seeking pleasure in different places.

Zhang Lingyun combed and summarized 30 internationally popular tourism definitions and concepts in the article A Summary of Popular Tourism Definitions and Concepts in China-Re-understanding the Nature of Tourism, and pointed out the diversity of tourism definitions and the "dilemma" it brought to the construction of tourism disciplines. Drawing lessons from Husserl's phenomenological philosophy, he redefined tourism from two levels: on the first level, "tourism is people's short-lived lifestyle and living state, people's alienated experience of their usual living and working environment or familiar human-land relationship and interpersonal relationship, and it is a denial of their usual living state and situation"; On the second level, "tourism is the sum of social relations and phenomena when people's innate needs and behaviors are met and released".

It can be seen from Zhang Lingyun's 30 definitions that the international definition of tourism can be divided into academic definition and working definition: conceptual definition or academic definition and technical or operational definition (mainly for the needs of statistical work); It can also be divided into broad and narrow categories: that is, tourism is regarded as a social phenomenon caused by interpersonal communication (the sum of phenomena and relationships caused by it) and tourism is regarded as a pure personal leisure way or an economic industry in the micro. In fact, tourism itself has many attributes such as economic attributes, cultural attributes and social attributes.

From these 30 definitions, we can roughly understand several essential features of the concept of tourism:

Tourism is the movement of people's spatial position (which is very different from the general movement of goods and trade), and this movement is temporary, which is a remarkable feature that distinguishes tourism consumption from other consumption activities.

Tourism can have one or more motivations, but we generally think that the motivation of tourism is related to recreation, and of course it may also include business, education, health or religion and other factors that constitute the basis of tourism.

Tourism activities need certain transportation infrastructure, accommodation, marketing system, recreation and scenic service facilities, which constitute the industrial base of tourism.

Tourism is not only a kind of leisure and entertainment consumption for tourists. From a spatial point of view, tourism is not only a one-way flow of people from source to destination, but a complete spatial system composed of source, passage and destination.

The spatial system of tourism as a whole is not only an economic system, but also a cultural system and a social system, which is the theoretical basis for the existence of the tourism destination system.

Different views on the essence of tourism at home and abroad

Although there is no unified understanding of the definition of "tourism" at home and abroad, the opinions of researchers can be roughly divided into two categories. One school thinks that the so-called tourism is just the sum total of economic phenomena formed by foreign population entering non-settlement areas and staying and moving in them. This school is represented by Italian scholar A.Mariotti. Another view is that the so-called tourism refers to the sum of phenomena and relationships caused by non-settlers' travel and temporary residence.

The representative of this view is Gruxman of Germany. The former tends to pay attention to economic factors; The latter tends to focus on social factors. Whether at home or abroad, the understanding of the essence of tourism in academic circles will focus on these two points.

These two different understandings of the nature of tourism have constructed two different research frameworks and academic paths. The study of tourism economic activities is based on the motivation, hobbies and needs of tourists, as well as the supply, production organization and management of tourists. The research on the social phenomenon of tourism is based on taking tourism as a special social phenomenon, that is, the change of social structure caused by the flow and stay of tourists with different cultural backgrounds in the destination.

The former is based on the theory of human (psychological) needs and the theory of supply and demand balance in economics; The theoretical basis of the latter is the relationship between subject and object in the tourism destination system and its social influence. The theoretical basis of the former is psychology, behavior and economics; The latter is based on sociology, anthropology and communication.