Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Travel guide - Where should I go for a family trip during the Spring Festival? (Add high score)
Where should I go for a family trip during the Spring Festival? (Add high score)
Xiamen Hao
Xiamen is a seaport and scenic city in southeastern my country, backed by Zhangzhou and Quanzhou mainland, facing Kinmen, and facing Taiwan and the Penghu Islands across the sea. Xiamen City consists of Xiamen Island, Gulangyu Island, the coastal area on the north bank of the Jiulong River and nearby small islands, sea areas and Tong'an County, with a total area of ??1,516 square kilometers. (Xiamen's main island is slightly pentagonal, 12.5 kilometers wide from east to west, about 13.7 kilometers long from north to south, and covers an area of ??128.18 square kilometers. In October 1955, the Strait Causeway was built to connect Xiamen's main island to the mainland. , becoming a peninsula).
Xiamen is located in the center of the "Golden Triangle" (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Quanzhou) in southern Fujian, facing Taiwan and Nanyang. Most of the ancestors of Xiamen people are southward immigrants from the Central Plains. Therefore, Xiamen’s customs and customs not only inherit the ancient and excellent Chinese cultural traditions, but also have strong local characteristics of southern Fujian.
1. Local language
The southern Fujian dialect is spoken in Xiamen, that is, Minnan dialect, also called Xiamen dialect. Minnan dialect, represented by Xiamen dialect, is spoken in a wide range of areas, including Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and the counties and cities under their jurisdiction, as well as Taiwan. There are more than 32 million people speaking Minnan dialect. In addition, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong and the overseas Chinese and Chinese from Southern Fujian scattered around the world also speak Hokkien. Although there are some differences in Hokkien in various places, they can basically communicate with each other without any hindrance.
Xiamen dialect is very different from Mandarin (Mandarin), the same language of the Han nationality, and they cannot communicate with each other. The differences between Xiamen dialect and Mandarin are mostly reflected in pronunciation and vocabulary, and there are also some differences in grammar. Mandarin has only four tones, namely Yinping, Yangping Shangsheng and Qusheng. Xiamen dialect has seven tones, Yinping (Tiangong), Yangping (Chinese), Shangsheng (good wine), Yinqu (world), Yangqu (Zhao). Li), yin enters (eight hundred) and yang enters (medicine stone). The phenomenon of continuous tone changes in the pronunciation of Xiamen dialect is more complicated than that of Mandarin. Many phenomena in Xiamen dialect's phonetics reflect some of the phonetic characteristics of ancient and medieval Chinese, which are quite prominent among dialects of Chinese. In terms of vocabulary, Xiamen dialect has a large number of unique words of this dialect, which are rare or even absent in Mandarin or other dialects.
2. Seasonal festivals
Xiamen, like other Han areas across the country, attaches great importance to traditional folk festivals.
Spring Festival. The first day of the first lunar month is the most important traditional festival of the year. Before the festival, every household puts up Spring Festival couplets. On New Year's Eve, the whole family gathers around the stove (hot pot) to have New Year's dinner. Some people stay up all night, which is called "staying up late". Elders give red envelopes to underage children, which are called "lucky money". In the early morning of the first day of the Lunar New Year, firecrackers were lit to "open the day". People put on new clothes and go to relatives' houses to pay New Year greetings in order of seniority. When meeting friends on the road, they all want to congratulate each other on the new year. When guests come to your home, you should treat them with sweet tea, candies, and candied fruits. When guests come with children, you should give them oranges and fruits. The third day of the first lunar month is regarded as a day for newly bereaved families to relieve their sorrows. People generally do not visit or go out to celebrate the New Year.
Yuanxiao Festival. The fifteenth day of the first lunar month in Xiamen is also known as the "Shangyuan Festival" or "Lantern Festival". That night, parents often take their children to the streets with lanterns to watch the scenery. In recent years, it has become a common practice to hold the "Ludao Lantern Festival" in Zhongshan Park, and folk activities such as dragon lanterns and lion dances are often held.
Qingming Festival. People have to sweep tombs and worship ancestors according to customs. In the past, tomb-sweeping rituals were done with memorial papers, but now they are gradually replaced by wreaths or bouquets. On the ten days before and after Qingming Festival, cemeteries and columbariums are open for people to pay their respects.
Dragon Boat Festival. The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is commonly known as the "Five-Day Festival" in Xiamen. In the past, mugwort was placed at the door of every house, realgar wine was sprinkled in the home, and sachets were worn on children to ward off evil spirits, but this is now rare. However, people are still used to drying clothes, doing general cleaning, and retaining the customs of eating rice dumplings and racing dragon boats on this day. Jimei Dragon Boat Festival is the place where dragon boat competitions have been organized over the years, and it is very lively.
Mid-Autumn Festival. The 15th day of the eighth lunar month is a day when people reunite with their families or miss their distant relatives and friends. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, in addition to admiring the moon and eating Mid-Autumn moon cakes, Xiamen people also have a folk activity of "playing cakes and competing for the top prize" that has been passed down since Zheng Chenggong expelled the Dutch and regained Taiwan. It is very unique and full of fun. There are 63 cakes in each box of Mid-Autumn Festival cakes, with different sizes. They are divided into 6 types, which respectively represent the number one scholar, second place, third flower, Jinshi, successful candidate, and scholar in the ancient imperial examination (commonly known as number one scholar, Duitang, etc. in the "fighting for number one scholar" activity). Three reds, four advances, two moves, one show). Each person takes turns throwing 6 dice into the bowl, and receives the cake according to the number of the dice thrown into the bowl. It is considered lucky to win the "top prize" in the end. This fun-filled activity has been popular among Xiamen people for more than three hundred years.
Double Ninth Festival. The ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the "Double Ninth Festival", and people like to go hiking and outing.
Winter Solstice Festival. Every family worships their ancestors and eats glutinous rice balls.
3. Traditional customs
The Chinese nation advocates red, and Xiamen people also use red to symbolize happiness and luck. Door couplets and invitations are all made of red paper; gifts should be given with a red note on the wrapping paper; wedding vehicles should be hung with red ribbons; wedding curtains and birthday screens should be made of red silk and satin. If the deceased's family lives in the same building as others, a red cloth must be hung at the door. Colors such as black, white, and blue are regarded as symbols of dignity and decline.
Planting flowers and plants is a hobby of Xiamen people. Not only do I have potted plants at home, but I also like to buy various flowers from the market and raise them with clean water to display in the living room and bedroom.
People also often use fresh flowers to weave flower baskets, flower screens, dragons, phoenixes, lanterns and other shapes as decorations for festive scenes.
Some folk taboos and etiquette customs that should be paid attention to include:
Pointing at someone with the middle finger is regarded as a very impolite behavior;
Use Hitting someone with a broom is considered the greatest insult to the person being beaten;
Sweeping the floor when guests are present is considered to be expelling guests, which is disrespectful;
At a wedding banquet, a guest is careless Breaking dishes, spoons and other tableware is the most taboo and is considered an unlucky sign;
When eating, do not insert chopsticks on the rice, because incense is often placed on the rice during sacrifices. This is disrespectful to people;
When entertaining guests, it is most taboo to serve six dishes, because according to the old practice of the Qing Dynasty, death row prisoners were only served six dishes before execution;
In front of babies Don't talk about monkeys, thinking that talking about monkeys will cause the baby to be sick and difficult to raise. Don't praise the baby for being fat, but say "good-looking" and "easy to raise".
Some of the above taboos are still used today, but most are no longer rigid.
4. Folk customs
In Xiamen, weddings, birthdays, births and other festive events are collectively called "red events", while funerals are called "white events".
Get married. When adult men and women get married, the etiquette used to be very complicated, but now it has been greatly simplified. Ordinary citizens still choose a wedding date as usual, and the elders of both parties host the wedding. The day before the wedding day, the woman delivers the "dowry" to the man and arranges the wedding room; in the early morning of the wedding day, the groom goes to the bride's house to marry her and holds a banquet in the evening. After the banquet is over, guests and friends, regardless of their seniority, can go to the "bridal chamber". Three days after the wedding, the groom will accompany the bride back to her parents' home, and her parents' home will prepare a banquet to receive her. The bride's relatives and friends are invited to accompany her to celebrate. Nowadays, more and more young men and women no longer follow this method of getting married, but travel to get married or have wedding dances.
Birthdays and birthdays. Xiamen people regard the 16th birthday of young people and the 50th and 60th birthdays of the elderly as the most important birthdays. Young men and women, over the age of 16, are considered adults. Relatives of the tribe will send gifts such as live chickens, noodles, and clothing materials to celebrate. The parents of the person concerned hosted a banquet in return. On the birthdays of the elderly, especially the 60th birthdays of fathers and the 50th birthdays of mothers, married children should prepare four-color gifts such as pork legs, longevity noodles, wine, and eggs to offer to their parents to repay the kindness of raising them. Some families will also hold banquets to entertain relatives and friends.
Have children. The people regard it as a great joy. Three days after the birth of a child, it is called "Three Dynasties", and the husband's family should prepare "oiled rice" and send someone to the parents' house to announce the good news. After a full month, "oiled rice" is distributed to relatives, friends and neighbors, which is called "Mi Yu". Then, at 4 months and one year old, there will be a lot of fun.
Funeral. In the past, pomp and ceremony were also considered, but now cremation is replaced by cremation, and everything is taken care of by the funeral management office, making it convenient for the bereaved family. [Page]
5. Folk arts
Xiamen’s folk arts are widely spread, have a long history and have a wide range of themes. There are descriptions of daily life, love between men and women, reproduction of labor scenes, dissemination of knowledge and anecdotes, praises of ancient heroes, etc., but there are basically no written records. After liberation, folk art workers created a large number of works and began to have written records. There are many kinds of folk arts spread in Xiamen, mainly including Nanqu, Gezi Opera, Gaojia Opera, Liyuan Opera and Dazui Drum.
Nanqu. Also known as Nanyue, Nanyin and Nanguan, it is said that it was founded by Meng Chang of the Five Dynasties to sort out the sounds of ancient China. Meng Chang is also regarded as the founder of Nanqu. According to folklore, Nanqu was brought by the brother of Wang Shen, the king of Fujian, to Fujian at the end of the Tang Dynasty. It was originally elegant court music. After it was introduced to the people, it gradually merged with folk music. In the long-term development process, it also Influenced by Yuan Opera, Kun Opera, Yiyang Tune, etc., a music genre with strong local color has been formed.
As an ancient music genre, Nanqu is closely related to the music of the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. For example, the pipa, one of the main musical instruments of Nanqu, is called Nanpa and is played horizontally. Playing postures like Nanpa can only be seen in ancient paintings and unearthed Tang figurines. The tunes of Nanqu still retain the names of ancient Tang and Song songs such as "Han Gong Qiu" and "Santai Ling". It can be inferred that it has a history of more than a thousand years. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Nanqu was famous for its excellent folk music. The fifth young master came to the palace to perform Nanqu. Kangxi granted the fifth young master the title of "Qinggu before the Emperor", so Nanqu was called "Qingqu before the Emperor". It was at that time that parasols were erected during the performance of Nanqu. .
Xiamen’s Nanqu activities are said to have begun in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, Jinhua Pavilion and other music halls were established successively. Xiamen is a trading port in southern Fujian and a must-pass for overseas Chinese, so Nanqu was introduced to various places in Southeast Asia along with overseas Chinese. In the 1920s, records of southern music produced by Xiamen's southern music circle were introduced to the UK and were hailed as the "Pearl of the Orient" by the "British Hundred Songs Encyclopedia". Music theorist Zhou Chuanbao quoted the research conclusion of the University of Washington in the United States and said that "Nanyin can be said to be the oldest traditional music in the world." Musician Zhao Feng calls Nanqu "a living fossil of music", and overseas Chinese call Nanqu "the root of Chinese music" and "the flower of Oriental music".
Nanqu is popular in Quanzhou and Xiamen, and spreads throughout southern Fujian. It is spread in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau and places where overseas Chinese from Fujian live. There are many Nanqu societies in the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Myanmar and other countries. organize.
Gezi Opera. Born in the Yilan region of Taiwan, it is one of the main opera genres in southern Fujian and Taiwan. More than 300 years ago, Zheng Chenggong regained Taiwan, and a large number of officers and soldiers and their families settled in the area.
They brought folk music such as Jinge, chariots and drums to southern Fujian, enriching Taiwan's local music. During festivals and holidays in Taiwan, folks often organize folk songs and ballads, brocade car drums, and parade performances during festivals and festivals, commonly known as "Gezai Array." At the end of the 19th century, influenced by the introduction of Luantan, Siping and Peking Opera, people dressed up as characters to sing according to the storyline, and often performed in a circle in the square, which was called "floor broom". At the beginning of the 20th century, Ou Laizhu of Yilan County composed the "Seven-Character Tune" and spread the performance. It was very popular, so he organized a troupe to perform the tune with the Seven-Character Tune as the main music, and named it "Gezai Opera". Yilan County became the cradle of Gezi Opera.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Gezi Opera competed to perform in Taipei and other cities, which promoted the development of Gezi Opera. In the 1920s, Gezi Opera entered Xiamen. In 1926, the Liyuan Opera Troupe "Shuangzhufeng" in Xiamen changed its name to singing opera and became the first singing opera troupe in southern Fujian.
Shortly after its birth, Gezai Opera was repeatedly destroyed. In Taiwan, the Japanese invaders first strangled the people and then tried to assimilate them; in southern Fujian, they were framed as "national subjugation tune" by the authorities and were banned from performing. Zhangzhou artist Shao Jianghai and others created "Zha Sui Tune" and adopted some southern Fujian folk tunes, collectively called improved tunes, to replace the original Gezai tune. Gezai Opera was also renamed "Reformed Opera" so that it can continue to survive.
After the founding of New China, Gezi Opera underwent institutional and artistic reforms and became one of the main opera types in southern Fujian. In 1954, he participated in the first opera viewing performance in East China. Xiamen and Zhangzhou jointly formed a team and named it the "Xiang Opera Representative Team". In 1980, Xiamen Xiang Opera Troupe restored its original name of Gezi Opera and changed its name to "Xiamen Gezi Theater Troupe".
High-level drama. Also known as Gejia Opera, Jiujiao Opera, Taipan and Drum Troupe, it is one of the main opera types in southern Fujian. It has been passed down for more than 200 years. It was introduced to Xiamen about 150 years ago.
Gaojia opera was originally a costume parade performance. In the coastal rural areas of southern Fujian, during festivals or festive festivals, people like to dress up as Liangshan heroes, line up in teams, and perform impromptu performances to the accompaniment of strong folk music. It was called the "Songjiang Formation" at that time, and later developed into a professional theater troupe. Because Song Jiang plays the most plays, it is called "Song Jiang Play". The performances of Songjiang Opera focused on martial arts and the plot content was relatively simple. Later, it absorbed the repertoire and performing arts of Liyuan Opera and Puppet Show, and gradually developed into "Hexing Opera" with both culture and martial arts. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, it also absorbed the performing arts of Hui opera, Jiangxi Yiyang opera and Peking opera, and gradually formed a unique local opera type "Gaojia opera".
Liyuan Opera. It was formed in the late Song Dynasty and became popular in Quanzhou. It was introduced to Xiamen in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Xue Qifeng's "Lujiang Zhi" records that "the folk customs at that time were that during the Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, stages were set up in all streets and alleys to perform performances for one and a half months." At that time, there were no other operas introduced into Xiamen, so Liyuan Opera was performed. Zhou Kai's "Xiamen Chronicle" records: "The local opera in central Fujian is called the Seventh Troupe. There is "The Legend of Li Jing" in front of Xiamen. The actor Chen San seduced the trendy girl Huang Wuniang to elope... and the audience was packed." What is said here Qizi Troupe is another name for Liyuan Opera, and "The Legend of Li Jing" is a Liyuan Opera repertoire. When Gezi opera was introduced in the 1920s, there were still Liyuan opera troupes such as "Double Pearl Phoenix" in Xiamen. Around the 1940s and until the early 1950s, Liyuan Opera was still performed in urban and rural areas of Xiamen.
On July 16, 1961, the first batch of Xiamen Liyuan Opera students held their first performance at the People's Theater, performing the traditional play "Chen San Wuniang". Later, the Liyuan Drama Troupe was no longer established in Xiamen, and the students were merged into the Fujian Liyuan Drama Troupe.
Answer the drum. It is a folk art spread in southern Fujian and Taiwan. It is performed in the southern Fujian dialect and has a strong local flavor. It takes rhyme dialogue as the main form, and its artistic techniques are humorous, interesting and humorous. It has become one of the folk art forms loved by the people of Fujian and Taiwan.
The origin and evolution of dazui drum have not been clearly recorded in writing before. But the old-timers have a consistent view that it developed from the sound of the market. In southern Fujian, folk hawkers have been soliciting business since ancient times, and beggars always pay attention to rhyme and improvise their words when begging, similar to a jingle. Later, a rhyme form of "reciting four sentences" was formed based on the sound of the city. Since "Reading Four Sentences" is widely circulated among the people, people also use it to joke and argue in their daily conversations. Harlequins on the opera stage often use the drum to make jokes. Among the folk in southern Fujian, it is also called "Lian Xian Pai Zui Gu". Therefore, "Lian Xian Pai Zui Gu" has become synonymous with "chat" and "chat". This is how local folk art forms such as paizuigu, luzuigu and dazui songs gradually formed after long-term spread among the people.
Xiamen’s folk performing arts also include lion dance, stilt walking, centipede pavilion, car drum alley and Jin Ge, etc., which are lively and colorful.
6. Religious beliefs
The religions in Xiamen include Buddhism, Christianity, Catholicism and Islam. Buddhism is the main one with tens of thousands of believers. Nanputuo Temple, an ancient temple in southern Fujian, and the Buddhist College in southern Fujian are famous at home and abroad; Christian Xinjie Chapel is known as the "No. 1 Holy Church in China"; the Xiamen Catholic Diocese is located in Gulangyu Island, which is the center of external exchanges for Catholics in southern Fujian. [Page]
Ludao
Xiamen consists of Xiamen Island, the north bank of the Jiulong River in the mainland, Tong'an, Xiang'an and Gulangyu Islands.
Xiamen's main island is pentagonal in shape, covering an area of ??132.5 square kilometers; there are three small peninsulas on the north bank of the Jiulong River: Jimei, Xinglin and Haicang; Gulangyu Island is oval in shape, covering an area of ??1.91 square kilometers. It was called "Yuan Shazhou" in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. ", because there is a cave in the southwest of the island, which will make a drum sound when the waves hit it, it was changed to its current name in the Ming Dynasty. The whole island is covered with lush green trees and grass.
17 kilometers away from Xiamen city is Jimei Village, founded by Tan Kah Kee in 1913. There are many colleges and universities in the village, which were unified into Jimei University in the 1990s. The buildings in the school village combine Chinese and Western styles, and they are close to the seaside. The scenery is very beautiful.
Xiamen is a city surrounded by sea water, vast beaches, green mountains and forests, and warm sunshine. Due to its good ecological environment, Xiamen’s air is very fresh and thousands of egrets live there, forming Xiamen’s unique nature. The landscape; and because Xiamen's terrain resembles an egret, it is called "Egret Island"; not only does it have beautiful natural scenery, but the urban environment is also very clean, making it a famous tourist city in my country.
Nanyin
Also known as Nanyin, Nanyue, Nanguan and Xianguan, it is the most popular local folk art in southern Fujian. According to research, it existed as early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties more than a thousand years ago. According to historical records, in 1713 AD, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty celebrated his 60th birthday. Masters of string music from all over the country gathered in Kyoto to perform. Nanqu also came to Beijing to perform. They were appreciated and were awarded the hometown plaque of "Imperial Qingting", colorful umbrellas, palace lanterns, and gifts. The artist who plays the erhu meets the dragon with his feet on the golden lion. This ancient music is played with pipa, dongxiao, erhu, sanxian and other musical instruments. The music is beautiful, lyrical and full of local characteristics. His famous masterpieces include "Plum Blossom Exercises", "Eight Horses", "Midnight Man", "Thank You Princess", etc., all of which were recorded into records and released at home and abroad.
Hometown of Overseas Chinese
Xiamen is the main entry and exit gateway for overseas Chinese from Fujian and the main hometown of overseas Chinese in Fujian. According to statistics in 1995, there were 380,000 overseas Chinese and Chinese from Xiamen who immigrated to 73 countries in Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and 150,000 returned overseas Chinese and their family members living in Xiamen.
Xiamen’s earliest ocean shipping, earliest railways, and earliest inland river shipping and water-land transport to counties in southern Fujian were mostly invested and founded by overseas Chinese; overseas Chinese contributed to the rise and development of Xiamen’s modern capitalist national industry. made a huge contribution. After the reform and opening up, overseas Chinese have made new contributions to Xiamen's economic development, especially in the introduction of capital, technology, talents and promotion of foreign exchanges.
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