What are the main types of ancient Chinese buildings and their tourism value?

Building structure

(1) Platform base

It is called the base. A building base that is elevated above the ground. It is used to support the building and make it moisture-proof and anti-corrosion. It can also make up for the lack of tall and majestic single buildings in Chinese ancient buildings. There are roughly four types.

1. Ordinary platform base

It is made of plain top or rammed earth with lime or broken bricks. It is about one foot high and is often used in small buildings.

2. Higher-grade platform foundations

Higher than ordinary platform foundations, white marble railings are often built on the platform foundations, which are used for secondary buildings in large-scale buildings or palace buildings.

3. The higher-level platform

is the Sumeru Seat, also known as the Vajra Seat. "Xumi" is the name of a mountain in ancient Indian mythology. It is said that it is located in the center of the world and is the highest mountain in the universe. The sun, moon and stars appear among it, and the three realms of heaven are also built around it. The Xumizuo is used as the base of a Buddha statue or a shrine to show the greatness of the Buddha. In ancient Chinese architecture, Xumizuo is used to indicate the level of the building. It is generally made of bricks or stones, with concave and convex moldings and patterns, and white marble railings on the platform. It is often used in the main hall buildings of palaces and famous temples.

4. The most advanced platform

It is made up of several Xumizuo stacked on top of each other, making the building appear more majestic and taller. It is often used in the most advanced buildings, such as the three main halls of the Forbidden City and The Dacheng Hall of the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province stands on the highest level platform.

(2) Wood cylinder

Cylindrical wood is commonly made of pine or nanmu. Place it on a stone (sometimes copper) base. Multiple wooden columns used to support roof purlins to form beams.

(3) Bay

The space surrounded by four wooden columns is called "jian". The number of front-facing rooms of a building is called "bay", or "face width". The depth of a building is called "depth". In ancient China, odd numbers were regarded as auspicious numbers, so most of the bays in the plan combination were odd numbers; and the more bays, the higher the grade. The Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Taimiao Hall in Beijing have eleven bays.

(4) Beam (i.e. cross beam)

The most important piece of wood placed on a wooden column to form the ridge of the roof. Commonly made of pine, elm or fir. It is one of the main parts of the skeleton of traditional Chinese wooden structures.

(5) Dougong

It is a unique component of ancient Chinese architecture. The square block of wood is called a dou, the short bowed wood is called a gong, and the long wood placed at an angle is called an ang, collectively called a dougong. It is generally placed between the column head and the forehead (also known as the head, commonly known as the guard, between the two eaves columns, used to support the bucket arch) and the roof. It is used to support the load beam frame and protrude the eaves, and has a decorative effect. . It is composed of bucket-shaped wooden blocks, bow-shaped short logs, and inclined long logs. They are stacked criss-cross and stretched out layer by layer to form a large bracket with a small one underneath.

(6) Color painting

Originally, it was used to prevent moisture, corrosion and moth in wooden structures. Later, its decorative nature was highlighted. After the Song Dynasty, color painting has become an indispensable decorative art for palaces. . Can be divided into three levels.

1. Hexi color painting

It is the highest grade color painting. Its main features are: the middle picture is composed of various dragon or phoenix patterns, interspersed with flower patterns; the two sides of the picture are framed by " ", and are covered with gold and gold, making it magnificent and magnificent.

2. Xuanzi color painting

The level is second to Hexi color painting. The picture uses a simplified form of scroll-petaled convolvulus. Sometimes it can also be painted with dragons and phoenixes. It is framed by " " on both sides, and may or may not be pasted with gold powder. Generally used in secondary palaces or temples.

3. Soviet-style color painting

The level is lower than the first two. The pictures include landscapes, people's stories, flowers, birds, fish and insects, etc., and are framed with " " or ( ) on both sides. "( )" is called "baggage" by architects. Su-style color painting evolved from the baggage color painting of Jiangnan.

(7) Roof (called roof in ancient times)

There are seven types of traditional Chinese roofs, among which the double eaves veranda roof and the double eaves Xieshan roof are the highest, followed by the single roof. The eaves veranda hall and the single eaves rest on the top of the mountain.

1. The roof of the verandah

It has slopes on all sides, with one main ridge and four oblique ridges. The roof is slightly curved, which is also called Si'ading.

2. Xieshan Peak

It is a combination of verandah roof and hard hilltop, that is, the upper part of the roof with slopes on all sides turns into a vertical triangular wall. There is one main ridge, four vertical ridges, and four vertical ridges, so it is also called the top of the nine ridges.

3. Overhanging the top of the mountain

The roof has double slopes, with both sides extending beyond the gable. There is a main ridge and four vertical ridges on the roof, which is also called the top of the mountain.

4. Hard Peak

The roof has double slopes, and the gables on both sides are flush with the roof, or slightly higher than the roof.

5. Cuangui

The plane is circular or polygonal, and the upper part is a tapered roof. There is no main ridge, but several roof ridges intersect at the upper end. This type of roof is commonly used in pavilions, pavilions and towers.

6. Rolled shed roof

The roof has double slopes and no obvious ridge, that is, the junction of the front and rear slopes does not use ridges but forms an arc-shaped surface.

(8) Gables

That is, the gable-shaped walls on the upper parts of both sides of the house. Another common gable wall is the wind volcano wall, which is characterized by the gable walls on both sides being higher than the roof and taking on the shape of a staircase along with the slope of the roof.

(9) Caisson

A decoration on the ceiling in traditional Chinese architecture. The name "Caijing" contains the Five Elements meaning of using water to overcome fire and prevent fire. They are usually placed on the Buddha's throne in temples or above the throne in palaces. It is the recessed part of the flat top, which can be square, hexagonal, octagonal or circular, with carvings or paintings, the most common one is "Double Dragons Playing with Pearls".

1) Residential buildings

The earliest residences in ancient times were palace-style, later called residences, which refer to the place where people lived and worked indoors

The highest-end residence is called the bedroom, the emperor's residence is called the Yan bedroom, and the common people's bedroom is called the Zheng bedroom. The floor plan of the bedroom is: the front room is called the hall, and the back room is called the room

Siheyuan-style residences were developed in the Han Dynasty (A.D. (more than 200 years ago) were already very common and later developed into multi-entry courtyards and multi-story double-eaves tower-style, zigzag and round multi-story buildings

The villa-type residences are Xuanhezhai. ; Zhai is a secluded house, and Xuan is a roof like a semicircular carriage, which is a place for leisure.

2) Palace and imperial city architecture

As early as more than a thousand years ago In the Zhou Dynasty, the palace buildings of the past dynasties implemented the six palaces and six bedrooms system. There are two forms of floor plan layout of palace buildings: the palace palaces arranged along the central axis established in the Zhou Dynasty, and the two palaces separated system established in the Qin and Han Dynasties (West and Second Palaces). The buildings are arranged in pairs (two palaces in the north and south of the hall)

The palace type system arranged along the central axis established in the Zhou Dynasty is also called the five-door system; the front and rear bedrooms are arranged in sequence, and the front and rear are arranged in sequence in the south direction. (The place where the emperor received distinguished guests and held celebrations) Zhongchao (the place where the emperor and his ministers discussed politics) and the Yan Dynasty (the emperor's palace), that is, the place where people lived. The Yan Dynasty generally had six palaces, at least the palace; there was an imperial garden inside). After Wudaomen and the Song Dynasty, all dynasties followed this plan. The design of the Forbidden City in Beijing was modeled on the Ming Dynasty Palace in Nanjing

3) Ritual buildings

For sacrificial purposes There are various altars (to worship the heaven and the earth, to worship generals, to swear vows, to celebrate, etc.), to worship ancestors in the ancestral temple, and for the royal family, it is the Ancestral Temple. In the palace, the layout of the left ancestor and the right society is adopted. Huabiao, archway, bell tower, drum tower, palace tower, mausoleum, etc. There is also Piyong, which is responsible for publicity and education (it is a place where people can perform rituals and preach morality) and later became Taixue

4) Religious buildings

Buddhism was introduced to China in the Han Dynasty ( Buddhism became popular in the 1st century AD) and in the 3rd century AD. Later, it was supported by the royal family. Buddhist temples and pagodas of various sizes were spread all over China. Especially from the Jin Dynasty (366 AD), cave temples began to be built, the earliest being the Guohuang Grottoes; in 398 AD Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty also saw the Yungang Grottoes near Datong, etc.

5) Commercial buildings

The earliest commercial buildings were also introverted courtyard buildings, which later became extroverted street buildings called "market buildings". The ground floor is a shop (front shop and back square), and the first floor is a residence.

At first, the shops were concentrated into designated squares, which became a fixed market. Later, it became a linear market with shops in the front and residences in the back. Mixed-type residential buildings also include arcades

6) Public buildings

Most of them are called halls or halls, and they are all built on a platform and have multiple floors. Towers and pavilions, etc.

7) Observation and tourist buildings

There are platforms and viewpoints, which are used for climbing high and looking into the distance, and there are also buildings

on the water The building with a viewing platform next to it is called a pavilion. It is a defensive building for archery. It serves as a borrowed view in the garden. The boat-shaped building is called a boat. The building that receives guests for food and lodging is called a pavilion or pavilion. The restaurant on the road is called a Lulu. There is also a former residence. The meaning of the abode of the wise