Tourism geography examination questions, urgent urgent.

China's natural and geographical characteristics: Considering the characteristics of China's natural environment from the following aspects, the most prominent ones are:

1) monsoon has a significant impact and a wide range. Monsoon circulation has obviously changed the atmospheric operation in East Asia, and also greatly changed the combination form and distribution law of climate elements. The intensity and influence range of monsoon vary from year to year and from month to month, but the alternation of monsoon in a year and the north-south passage play an important role in the formation and development of natural landscape in China. The difference between the east and the west of China and the north-south transition of the natural belt in the eastern monsoon region are largely controlled by the monsoon. China has a vast subtropical area, spanning 12 from south to north, and its subtropical plants occupy the largest area among similar plants in the world. Unlike many places in the same latitude in the world, the vast subtropical region is neither desert nor grassland. Due to the influence of monsoon, it is a world-famous agricultural developed area with abundant precipitation and warm and humid climate in high temperature season.

2) The terrain is complex, with plateaus, mountains and hills accounting for a large proportion. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the west of China. There are many famous alpine systems on the plateau. Mount Qomolangma, located on the border between China and Nepal, is the highest mountain in the world, with an altitude of 8848+03m. The alpine plateau above 3000 meters above sea level accounts for 25% of the land area. There is a vast plain in the east of China, and there are also many Zhongshan, low mountains and hills scattered in it. In the geographical differentiation, the horizontal and vertical zones are staggered. The mountains with different horizontal belts have different vertical belt structures, which deepens the complexity and diversity of natural conditions in China and makes the natural regional differentiation of China unique in the world. Especially the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of 4,500 meters, accounts for about 1/4 of the total land area. Its existence greatly destroys the usual horizontal structure. The soil and vegetation on the plateau are not only different from the horizontal belt at the same latitude and low altitude, but also belong to the vertical zonal mountain type, which is obviously different from the mountain soil and vegetation at the same latitude. The altitude limit of similar soil vegetation distribution on the plateau is much higher than that in mountainous areas with the same latitude, and the drought of vegetation is also stronger than that in mountainous areas with the same latitude.

3) Unique natural development history and rich soil and biological resources. In China, some factors inherited from geological periods (mainly Cenozoic) still play a very important role in modern nature. Because the Quaternary glaciation is far less extensive and intense than that in Europe and North America, and the biological evolution is less affected, there are many species and genera (including endemic genera), with complex geographical elements and mixed distribution. Ancient red weathering crust is widely distributed, mainly in the south of the Yangtze River, but also in Daxing 'anling. It may also reflect the residual characteristics of ancient red weathering crust in modern soil. Many natural traces left by historical process must be compared with modern natural process in order to get a reasonable explanation.

4) Human activities have brought profound changes to nature. China has a long history. Long-term human activities have greatly accelerated or delayed the evolution of natural landscape and strongly changed it.

For thousands of years, the working people in our country have cultivated grasslands, cut down forests, drained swamps, built dikes around lakes, reclaimed land from the sea, built ponds and dams, opened rivers and repaired canals, opened up more than one billion mu of cultivated land in the motherland, cultivated many crops and livestock varieties, and built world-famous water conservancy projects such as Dujiangyan and Grand Canal. Since liberation, under the leadership of the Chinese Production Party, the broad masses of the people have developed production and transformed mountains and rivers, so that important rivers such as the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Haihe River, which used to be flooded frequently, have been harnessed, and many reservoirs, flood diversion, flood detention and water control projects have been built, bringing into play comprehensive water conservancy benefits such as flood control, irrigation, power generation and transportation. Large-scale windbreak and sand-fixation forests and coastal defense forests have been built, which have made important contributions to the country's economic construction, and at the same time, the natural features of the motherland have undergone tremendous changes.

However, the relationship between man and the natural environment is complicated. In the process of using nature, the balance of the ecosystem is destroyed blindly to varying degrees, which leads to the deterioration of the natural environment. For example, serious soil erosion and low productivity in the Loess Plateau are natural factors, but they are also directly related to human factors such as deforestation and vegetation destruction in history. Serious soil erosion has also caused the river course evolution and flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and caused the harm of drought, waterlogging, salt, alkali and sandstorm in the North China Plain. The appearance of sand dunes in Wulanbuhe Desert, Mu Us Sandy Land, Hunshandake and Horqin is also the result of human activities destroying grasslands, degrading grasslands and spreading sandstorms. Unreasonable logging and excessive hunting have greatly reduced or even disappeared forest resources and wild animals. Two or three hundred years ago, the scene of "a thousand bison drinking water" in Qilian Mountain was no longer seen. The sable and elk (also known as the four elephants and elk) in Daxing 'anling have also disappeared. There are many kinds of trees in China, but the forest coverage rate is only 12.98%. Compared with many countries in the world, there is still a big gap compared with the demand for wood in economic construction.

Ancient water conservancy projects in China

China is an ancient civilization, and its science and technology was always in the leading position in the world before18th century. Scientific and technological innovations and inventions have always accounted for 60% of the world's total, and there are countless great water conservancy projects. Masterpieces: Zheng Guoqu, Dujiangyan, Lingqu, Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, Qiantang River seawall.

Guoqu Zheng

At the end of the Warring States Period (475 BC-22 BC1year), Gong Hui, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, saw the general trend that Qin unified the six countries at that time. In order to weaken the powerful strength of Qin, in 237 BC, he sent Zheng, a Korean water conservancy engineer, to build water conservancy projects in Qin, in an attempt to use this huge project to consume Qin's manpower, financial resources and material resources in order to achieve his expected goal of "exhausting Qin"! ? Unexpectedly, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin at that time (later Qin Shihuang) adopted Zheng's suggestion and ordered Zheng to build Zheng Guoqu in Qin. With Zheng Guo's personal command and participation, a large-scale water conservancy project, Zheng Guoqu, which is over 100 kilometers long, winds and hovers on the land of Guanzhong, as if a glittering silver belt had been paved on the land of Sanqin. It skillfully uses the topographical features of the south foot of the North Zhongshan Mountain, which is high in the west and low in the east, and builds canals on the highest line of the three steps in Weibei Plain, irrigating more than 2.8 million mu of land in counties (districts) such as Liquan, Jingyang, Sanyuan, Gaoling, Lintong, Fuping, Weinan, Pucheng and Dali. Zheng Guoqu not only failed to achieve the original intention of "hating Qin", but greatly enhanced the national strength of Qin. This makes the powerful state of Qin even more powerful! It also accelerated the realization of its dream of eliminating the six countries. Zheng Guoqu's project is magnificent and large-scale, which can be called a feat more than 2,000 years ago. It irrigates the fields with rich Jinghe muddy water, pressurizes the muddy water, turns the swamp saline-alkali land into fertile fertile fertile land, and makes Guanzhong the richest area in the country. According to Records of the Historian, after the completion of the canal, "Guanzhong is a fertile land with no bad years." This made material preparations for Qin Shihuang's final unification of China!

Zheng Guoqu is located on the north bank of Jinghe River, 25 kilometers northwest of Jingyang County, which is the west of Gongcun Village in Wangqiao Town today. At that time, because of its large water intake and fast water flow speed, it was easy to cause loess on both sides of the canal bank to collapse. People invented the arched underground channel, which made the canal wall arch firmly and not easy to collapse. This has greatly improved the quality of Zheng Guoqu canal head. In order to facilitate the construction and master the direction and depth of water flow, a well was dug at intervals, commonly known as "longan" or "skylight", which was the crystallization of great wisdom and wisdom of mankind at that time.

The role of Zheng Guoqu lies not only in its irrigation efficiency of 100, but also in its pioneering practice of diverting water from Jingxing, which has a far-reaching impact on later irrigation. After Qin Dynasty, the water conservancy facilities here have been continuously improved in successive dynasties: Baigong Canal in Han Dynasty, Sanbai Canal in Tang Dynasty, Fengli Canal in Song Dynasty, Shiqu Canal in Yu Wang in Yuan Dynasty, Guanghui Canal and Tongji Canal in Ming Dynasty and Longdong Canal in Qing Dynasty. There was a folk song in the Han Dynasty: "Where is the field? Taniguchi Chiyang. Zheng is in the front and Bai Qu is in the back. Raise the bell for the cloud and raise the canal for the rain. The water mirror is a stone, its mud is a bucket, it is irrigation and dung, and it grows my millet. Food and clothing capital, the mouth of hundreds of millions. " Zan is a water diversion project.

Lingqu

Lingqu, built in 2 14 BC (the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang), is an ancient canal across Xiangjiang River and Pearl River, located in Xing 'an, the center of the corridor, and is called "the three major water conservancy projects in Qin Dynasty" together with Zheng Guoqu in Shaanxi and Dujiangyan in Sichuan. Mr. Guo Moruo called it: "Responding to the North and South of the Great Wall is a wonder of the world."

Lingqu has a long history and exquisite design, with a total length of 37 kilometers. It consists of nozzle, balance, south ditch, north ditch, drainage balance and steep door. The water in the ocean is divided into three parts, three parts enter the Lijiang River and seven parts enter the Xiangjiang River, which connects the Yangtze River and the Pearl River.

After Qin Shihuang unified the six northern countries in 22 1 BC, he launched a large-scale military conquest of Baiyue in Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi in 21BC. Qin Jun won victory after victory on the battlefield, but struggled in Guangdong and Guangxi for three years without any achievements. It turned out that the topography of Guangxi caused the lack of transportation and supplies. Therefore, improving and ensuring transportation supply has become the key to the success or failure of this war. Qin Shihuang strategized and ordered Shilu to split the mountain and dig a canal. Shilu finally dug a canal in Xing 'an through accurate calculation, which miraculously connected the Yangtze River water system with the Pearl River water system, so that reinforcements and materials were continuously transported to the front line, which promoted the development of the war and finally formally incorporated the vast area of Lingnan into the territory of the Central Plains Dynasty.

Dujiangyan irrigation system

Dujiangyan is located on the Minjiang River in the west of Chengdu Plain, Sichuan, 56 kilometers away from Chengdu. It is a large-scale water conservancy project built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County in Qin State during the Warring States Period, and it is the oldest existing water conservancy project in China that still irrigates farmland and benefits the people.