On Confucius, Climbing Mount Tai and Being Small in the World

Confucius was a famous politician, thinker, educator and writer in ancient China. Mount Tai became attached to celebrities, which began with Confucius. Confucius boarded Mount Tai, expressing his ambition and broadening his mind; Investigate Zen Buddhism and learn etiquette; Understand the people's feelings, observe the current politics, and the activities and historical sites are very rich. The Records of Mount Tai in the Ming Dynasty said: "The Mount Tai is the first scenic spot of Confucius." This not only expands the connotation of Taishan culture, but also enables Confucianism to carry forward with the power of Taishan. At the same time, Confucius also created a precedent for celebrities to climb Mount Tai. Because of his special position and influence, later generations followed suit. "Climbing Mount Tai and Being Small in the World" has become an indispensable part of the life of literati and celebrities in past dynasties, followed by a profound cultural psychology, spread into a long-standing cultural atmosphere and evolved into a major landscape in traditional culture.

Kong Qiu (former 551-former 479), whose name was Zhong Ni, was born in Ouyi, Changping Township, Lu (now southeast of Qufu County, Shandong Province) in the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius claimed to be a "Yin man". His ancestor was Wei Ziqi, the elder brother of Yin Zhou Wang. After Yin was destroyed, he was sealed by the King of Zhou in the Song Dynasty and was worshipped by the Shang Dynasty. Confucius, the thirteenth ancestor of Confucius, had a surname of Confucius only when his father was Jia. Kong Fujia is a senior official of the Song State and a Fu. Because of the chaos in the office, he was killed by the governor of China, and his son ran to Lu, only to be an official. Kong Qiu's great-grandfather Kong Fangshu was a doctor in Lu Guofang, and his father, Uncle Liang, was a warrior. He was famous for his courage and was born in Kong Qiu with Yan Zhizai in his later years. "Qiu was born and Shu Liang died" (Historical Records Confucius Family). Soon after, he moved to Qufu with his mother and lived a poor life. This is what Confucius called "I am cheap when I am young" (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han). He said that "I am determined to learn from five out of ten" ("The Analects of Confucius is for politics"), and his learning method is mainly self-study, and he has the spirit of modesty and eagerness to learn. The so-called "I am not born to know, and I am eager to learn from the past" ("The Analects of Confucius is described"), "I entered the ancestral temple and asked everything" ("The Analects of Confucius is eight" When Confucius was twelve years old, he was a minister of the Jishi family. At the age of twenty-two, he was taught in Lu Li, and disciples from Shandong, such as Ceng Dian, Yan Wuyou, Qin Shang and Ran Geng, came to study at home. When he was about thirty years old, private school flourished, so-called "standing at thirty." At the age of thirty-four, he received horses, chariots, servants and financial aid from Lu Jun, and was accompanied by Uncle Nangong Jingshu to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, where he paid a courtesy visit, visited the suburban community and took an examination of the Ming Hall. After returning from his visit to Zhou, Confucius' private studies became more prosperous.

in the ninth year of Lu Dinggong, when Confucius was fifty-one, "Dinggong took Confucius as the capital. In a year, all the four sides will do it, from Zhongdu to Sikong, and from Sikong to Dashikou "(Historical Records Confucius Family). In the tenth year of Dinggong, Confucius and Qi Jinggong held a meeting to come to the valley and returned home victorious. After returning to Lu, he helped Dinggong to launch the campaign of "falling into the three capitals", which played a role in strengthening the public office and weakening the Jishi family. At this time, Qi plotted to alienate the monarch and ministers of Lu, and Confucius had to lead his disciples to leave Lu at the age of 55 and began a 14-year trip around the world.

Confucius went to Lu Shiwei, successively to Zhao, Kuang, Cao, Song, Chen, Pu, Zheng, Cai, Jin and Chu, and wandered around the Central Plains, hoping to advocate the "civil-military way" to quell the chaos in the world. As a result, he hit a wall everywhere, suffered repeated setbacks and had little room. But he didn't seem to lose heart. Even in times of crisis, he kept on singing, saying "You can't do it when you know it" (The Analects of Confucius, Xian Wen). In the eleventh year of Lu Aigong, Confucius returned to Lu at the age of sixty-eight. He took Luo Xue and collected and sorted out cultural classics as his career, and used Poems, Books, Rites, Yue, Yi and Chunqiu as teaching books for his disciples, which were passed down to later generations. Confucius made great contributions to the development of culture, education and learning in ancient China. He "teaches with poetry and calligraphy, and his disciples cover 3, Yan, and there are two people who are proficient in six arts" (Historical Records Confucius Family). In the spring of the 16th year of Aigong, Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried in Surabaya, north of Qufu. Confucius disciples "pursued the words of the master" and compiled the Analects of Confucius, which recorded the main ideas of Confucius. There are many disciples of Confucius who are related to Mount Tai. Among them, the first disciple is Yan Hui. "Confucius' Family Language" contains: "Yanzi and Confucius went to Mount Lu, and there was a white horse outside the southeast gate of Confucius, and Yan Yuan was cited to show it: What if I saw Wu Changmen? Yan Yuan said: See it. Confucius said: What is outside the door? Yue: It's like practicing in vain. Confucius caressed his eyes and stopped. " Its place is in front of the Confucius Temple in Daiding, where the Ming people set up the stone workshop of "Looking at the Holy Relics of Wu". Also called Wang Wufeng and Ziyan Kong here. In Wenyang field, southwest of Mount Tai and north of Wenshui, there is a "Yanzipo", which was the place where the master and the apprentice went down the mountain. Yan Hui, who has a deep knowledge and a short life, has aroused the memory of Taishan people.

Ceng Zi, the most effective disciple of Confucius in studying loyalty and filial piety, is known as the Ceng Zi School, and he has written The Book of Filial Piety, The University, etc., and is regarded as a "holy man" by later generations. Ceng Zi is also the author of early Taishan folk songs. According to Qin Cao, Zeng Ziwei "plowed under Mount Tai, it was freezing in rain and snow, and he couldn't come home for ten days, thinking about his parents and writing" Song of Liang Fu ". Its tunes are gloomy and desolate, full of sadness, and then spread widely. Later generations of Zhuge Liang and Li Bai were all good at singing this tune. This should be said to be Ceng Zi's contribution to Taishan culture.

you ruo, also known as you zi, is one of the twelve philosophers of Confucius. In the Analects of Confucius, the Confucius disciple only called Zeng Shen and You Ruo "Zi", which was enough to show his position at that time. According to Mencius on Teng Wengong, after the death of Confucius, disciples missed him day and night. Because You Ruo looks like Confucius, Zi Xia, Zi Zhang, Zi You and others consulted with each other and established You Ruo as a teacher, serving and consulting respectfully as Confucius did before his death. Youzi's hometown is Youjiazhuang in Feicheng, at the foot of Mount Tai, where the descendants of Youruo live together. Youzi's tomb is near Youjiazhuang. In 1785, the tablet of the Song Dynasty was unearthed in the fifty years of Qing Qianlong, which proved that it was undoubtedly the cemetery of Youzi.

Ran Geng, whose name is Bo Niu, is one of the twelve philosophers. He is also known as Yan Hui, Min Ziqian and Zhong Gong in virtue. Sun Chou, a disciple of Mencius, thinks that Ran Geng is roughly close to Confucius, but not as profound as Confucius. Later, when Ran Geng became seriously ill, Confucius went to see him and sighed sadly: "If you die, you will die!"! People have their own diseases! There are people who are sick! " Ran Geng's hometown is in Ranjiazhuang, Feicheng, and the descendants of Ranshi live together. There is Ranzi Temple in the village, where people worship their ancestors Ranzi. In the 13th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1735), a hereditary doctor of the Five Classics was set up for the Ran clan, and he was born for twelve years to show his special care for this Tessa.

Lin Fang is a knowledgeable and well-versed scholar. "The Analects of Confucius. Eight Essays": "Lin Fang asked the origin of the ceremony. Confucius said,' What a great question! Ceremony, rather than luxury, is rather frugal; It's better to mourn than to lose. " When Ji's family offered sacrifices to Mount Tai, Confucius said angrily, "Alas! I once said that Mount Tai is not as good as the forest? " Lin Fang's hometown is in the urban and rural areas of Xintai today, and the place is named after Lin Fang. Sixty years of Qing Qianlong (1736). A local relic was unearthed, which proved that it was Lin Fang's hometown. The local people call it "Mount Taishan Forest Release", as an outstanding representative of Taishan people's "knowing ceremony", and specially built an ancestral forest release shrine in their hometown for people to sacrifice and pay tribute to.

"The rocks on Mount Tai are what Lubang looks forward to". This is the admiration of Mount Tai in the Book of Songs edited by Confucius in his later years. The influence of Mount Tai on Confucius is enormous: learning rites and music, from which we can get a glimpse of the whole leopard in the ceremony of closing the Zen; Climb Mount Tai and be small in the world, and judge your accomplishment of virtue and knowledge with a broad vision and mind; On the deathbed of Confucius, Kong Li, Yan Hui and Zilu died one after another. Knowing that the sun was dying, they sang "Mount Tai is falling! The beams and columns are destroyed! The last song of "The Philosopher Withers" links his life and death with Mount Tai, which shows the unusual position of Mount Tai in Confucius' mind.

Confucius' influence on Mount Tai is far-reaching: the meeting of Jiagu is a successful example of Confucian politics, which proves that Confucianism is by no means an illusory person who is "full of tolerance and pretends to argue" and "erudite and unable to show the world"; "Turtle Mountain Exercise" and "Qiu Lingge" lead to the eternal singing of Qu Yuan, Li Bai and others in it is hard to go; After a long-term trip to Qilu, I realized that "the wise man enjoys water and the benevolent man enjoys Leshan", which seems to have involved the influence of cultural geography on people's personality; In careful observation, it is the effect of landscape appreciation on people's psychology and health, and it is undoubtedly the earliest enlightenment to tourism psychology and tourism aesthetics. If anyone has left the richest ideological and cultural heritage in the tour of mountains and rivers, then Confucius is well deserved. Later generations closely linked Confucius with Mount Tai, and praised it as "Mount Tai among the saints of Confucius and Confucius in Mount Tai Yue" (Ming Yan Yunxiao's Ode to Confucius Temple), which is quite profound. Mount Tai also has buildings about Confucius. There are two Confucius temples, one in the southeast of Dai Temple in Taicheng, which was built in the Song Dynasty, and the other in the east of Daidingtian Street and the west of Bixia Temple, which was built in the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. In addition to Confucius, Yan Hui, Ceng Zi, Mencius and Zisi are also worshipped in the temple, which is for the "Four Pairs" and "Twelve Tessa". In the Qing Dynasty, Xu Zonggan, a magistrate of Tai 'an County, wrote an inscription: "The higher you raise, the stronger you drill, and you can also speak;" Beyond its class, it is outstanding, and it should be natural. "

the memorial archway of Confucius' landing place. In front of the Red Gate Palace. In the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (156), it was built by Zhu An and others. Fang Shang inscribed a couplet: "Su Wang passed down through the ages alone, and the Lord celebrated ten thousand years from afar." However, before the Han Dynasty, mountain climbing took Taishan East Road, and entering the mountain had to take Dajinkou Township. The Ming people built the workshop here with Confucian culture to remind tourists, "speak on behalf of saints" and expand Confucius' influence in Mount Tai.