Interesting experiments, trips and material analysis problems made by famous psychologists.

1) American psychologist abraham maslow proposed that human beings have five basic needs: physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, respect needs and self-realization.

Need.

2) The research methods commonly used in tourism psychology mainly include observation, experimental investigation, introspection and case study.

3) Halo effect refers to inferring the overall characteristics of an object through certain characteristics, thus beautifying or uglifying the impression of the object. 4) Tourism perception has four basic characteristics: selectivity, comprehensiveness, integrity and constancy. 5) Psychological factors affecting social perception include first reaction effect, halo effect and stereotype.

6) Through the study of tourism consumption, learn to foresee the risks and unknown factors involved in tourism purchase decision. 7) H.C. Cherman proposed that there are three stages in the formation of attitude, namely, obedience, assimilation and internalization.

8) In the characteristics of attitude, implicit attitude must be inferred indirectly from personal behavior or language behavior related to behavior.

9) Family life cycle is the process of family development, which refers to the whole process of a family going through different stages of development from birth to final death. 10) The formation of personality is mainly influenced by the interaction of congenital genetic factors, social factors and social practice. 1 1) When studying consumer psychology and behavior, the typical family forms are: spouse family, nuclear family and compound family. 12) Cultural characteristics are usually intangible, extensive, acquired, stable and dynamic. 13) Aesthetic psychological elements include: perception, imagination, emotion and understanding.

14) Tourists' emotions in the process of tourism activities are characterized by excitement, infectivity, variability and anxiety.

15) Emotion and emotion are a special form of people's reflection on the objective world, and they are people's attitudes, experiences and corresponding behavioral responses to whether objective things meet their own needs. Fourth, short answer questions

1. What are the main aspects of tourists' perceptual psychological set? Please give an example.

Tourists' perceptual psychological stereotype is mainly manifested in the first cause effect, halo effect and stereotype.

(1) first cause effect. For example, special attention should be paid to the design of the first impression area in the visual identification image planning of tourist attractions. The first impression area is the first sight space for tourists to enter the scenic spot, so the good impression of the first impression area on tourists will have an impact on the subsequent impressions of tourists. (2) Halo effect. If some young people envy a friend's cuteness, they will find him cute everywhere.

(3) Stereotype. For example, when it comes to businessmen, people always associate them with "mercenary", and when it comes to soldiers, they feel mighty and powerful. This is a professional stereotype. 2. What should tourism enterprises and employees do to make tourists form a good perceptual influence on tourist destinations?

(1) Based on the investigation and evaluation of tourism landscape resources, the tourism image of tourism destination is positioned. (2) It is necessary to accurately, accurately and timely convey the information of tourist destinations to tourists, so as to reduce the perceived risk of tourists in tourism decision-making. (3) Strive to improve the quality of tourism products and provide tourists with a beautiful tourism experience with high-quality products and services. (4) Continue to provide "extraordinary service" for tourists who have completed their journey in tourist destinations as an extension of tourism products. According to the division of social status, rights and wealth, please explain the needs of tourists of different classes? According to social status, rights and wealth, people can be divided into upper, middle and lower classes.

(1) Upper-class tourists have higher requirements for tourism activities, and they often choose long-distance, transnational and transcontinental ways to go to world-famous tourist attractions; They are comfortable and ostentatious, generous and pay attention to their status and reputation. (2) Medium-level tourists have the largest number and choose domestic tourism; Sensitive to price, hoping for value for money; They generally choose low-end consumption and pay attention to the economy. (3) The lower classes are unlikely to engage in tourism activities. In the case of very favorable prices, they can choose some short-distance tourism activities, but they are unable to make higher-grade consumption. 4. Briefly describe the theory of Ahlport.

16) The main psychological needs of tourists for front office services include: the psychology of being respected, the psychology of serving quickly, the psychology of seeking knowledge and the psychology of seeking fairness. 17) tourists are particularly prominent in the process of traveling, and the most basic and most concerned psychological demand is the psychology of seeking safety.

18) group cohesion refers to the attraction of a group to its members and the mutual attraction between members, which includes the double meanings of "centripetal force" and "internal unity". 19) Tourism enterprises usually encourage their employees by objectives, bonuses, reinforcement, role models and emotions. 20) The mandatory influence of leaders is mainly composed of traditional factors, position factors and seniority factors.

Second, multiple choice questions

1. People's psychological activities are generally divided into psychological processes and (D).

A. cognitive process B. behavioral process C. reaction D. personality and psychological characteristics 2. Tourism condition perception (ABC).

A. perception of time and space B. perception of traffic conditions C. perception of tourist destinations D. perception of tourist risks E. perception of interpersonal relationships

3. Tourists will take some measures to eliminate travel risks, and the common methods are (ABCD).

A. extensively collect tourism information. B. buy brand-name products. C. ask for a high price. Compare and measure carefully. E. adopt herd consumption behavior.

4. Tourists' demand is the reflection of people's general demand in the process of traveling. The needs of tourists are various, which are manifested in (ABCE) and other aspects. The need for socialization, respect and self-improvement. B. the need for basic intelligence. C. the need for exploration. The need to pursue health. E. the need for adventure

5. By studying the classification model of tourism activities and various tourism motivations, we can divide the main tourism motivations into (ABCDE) and so on. A. Health motivation B. Pursuing self-esteem C. Exploring motivation D. Learning motivation E. Social communication motivation 6. (b) Theoretically, learning is the result of responding to external events.

A. cognitive learning B. behavioral learning C. constructive learning D. observational learning 7. A tourist's social environment, including BCD, is his main source of information. A. advertisement B. family C. friend D. acquaintance 8. The composition of attitude includes (ACD).

A. cognitive component B. behavioral component C. emotional component D. intentional component E. imaginary component 9. The external factors that affect tourists' attitude change include (CDE). The strength of attitude and the value of attitude.

C. Information function D. Attitude among tourists E. Group pressure 10. The psychological characteristics of tourists mainly include (BCE).

A. Interest B. Personality C. Ability D. Will E. Temperament

1 1. Freud's personality theory holds that personality structure is composed of several parts, such as (ABE). A. ego B. id C. true ego D. false ego E. superego 12 Emotion and emotional contradiction (ABCE).

A. affirmation and negation B. affirmation and negation C. tension and relaxation D. happiness and sadness E. simplicity and complexity 13. The main factors that affect tourists' mood are (ABCDE).

A. whether the needs are met B. whether the activities are smooth C. objective conditions D. group status and interpersonal relationship E. individual factors 14. The types of tourists' aesthetic motivation can be divided into (ACDE).

A. natural aesthetics B. cultural aesthetics C. social aesthetics D. food aesthetics E. artistic aesthetics 15. Aesthetic activity is essentially a kind of (D).

A. cognitive activities B. imaginative activities C. emotional activities D. value activities 16. The main social factors that affect tourists' behavior are (BCDE).

A. School B. Family structure C. Consumer awareness D. Social stratum E. Social culture 17. In order to establish a reasonable and effective leadership structure, we should consider (BCDE).

A. gender structure B. age structure C. intelligence structure D. personality structure E. knowledge structure 18. The optimization of the psychological structure of the leading group should mainly be (ABDE).

A. psychological compatibility B. psychological adaptation C. psychological comfort D. psychological complementarity E. psychological identity 19 The individual differences of employees in tourism enterprises are mainly manifested in (ACE).

A. Ability difference B. Emotional difference C. Personality difference D. Will difference E. Temperament difference 20. In tourism service, the "four languages" that should be taboo are (ABCD).

A. contemptuous language B. impatient language C. quarrelsome language D. negative language E. humorous language 2 1. "It is good to stay at home for a thousand days, but it is difficult to go out for a while" represents the psychological needs of tourists in the process of traveling (CD). A. be quick, b. be respectful, c. be convenient, d. be hygienic and e. be safe.

Third, the noun explanation

1) need: it is a balanced state in which individuals feel some kind of deficiency and try to get satisfaction under certain conditions, that is, people's desire and desire for a certain goal.

2) Tourism motivation: In order to meet the tourism demand, tourists can stimulate their desires and ideas for using tourism products and services, and directly promote their intrinsic motivation for tourism activities.

Strength or motivation.

3) Tourism perception: the reflection of the tourism stimulus scene or the overall attribute of tourism stimulus directly acting on the tourist's sensory organs in the mind.

4) Social perception: the subject's perception of the characteristics of individuals or groups in the social environment, including the perception of individuals, the perception of self and the perception of interpersonal relationships. 5) Tourism psychology: it is the product of the combination of tourism and psychology, which mainly studies the consumption psychology and behavior of real tourists and potential tourists. 6) Psychology: It is the subjective reflection of organisms on objective things in real life and a special reflection function of the brain.

7) Personality: On the basis of innate qualities, individuals form and develop a relatively stable psychology through certain social practice activities in a certain social environment.

Synthesis of features.

8) Self: it is a part of the personality developed by the self in contact with the environment and an important part of self-adaptation to the real environment.

9) Temperament: As far as the motivation of people's psychological activities is concerned, it is a relatively stable psychological feature. It is characterized by the speed, intensity, stability and directionality of psychological activities.

The combination of differences is an aspect of human character.

10) cognitive component: the individual's knowledge, understanding and evaluation of others, things and environment, which is what we usually call impression. It is the most active factor in the attitude structure,

It is the basis of attitude formation.

1 1) consumer popularity: it is an important content of social popularity, and refers to the popular consumption pattern of goods and services formed by people in their consumption activities. 12) classical conditioned reflex: when a stimulus that causes a response and another stimulus that cannot cause a response by itself appear at the same time, classical conditioned reflex will occur. get through

After a while, the second stimulus will produce a similar reaction to the first stimulus because it is with the first stimulus.

13) social role: in the process of socialization, according to the development of personality and the requirements of society, the individual's ideas and behaviors are gradually standardized, and his identity is gradually recognized by his group.

The orientation formed by individual socialization is called social role.

14) culture: it is the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth accumulated by human beings in the process of social and historical development. 15) aesthetics: the observation, perception, enjoyment and re-creation of aesthetic objects (beautiful things) by aesthetic subjects (people) are composed of the needs of the subjects and the aesthetic attributes of the objects.

The relationship between.

16) Emotion: It is a special form of people's reflection on the objective world, and it is people's attitude experience and corresponding behavioral response to whether objective things meet their own needs.

Can be collectively referred to as feelings.

17) family life cycle: it is the development process of a family, which refers to the whole process of a family going through different development stages from birth to final death. 18) needs: it is a balanced state in which individuals feel a certain lack and try to be satisfied under certain conditions, that is, people's desire and desire for a certain goal. 19) group cohesion: the attraction of a group to its members and the mutual attraction among members, including the double meanings of "centripetal force" and "internal unity".

20) Tourism service: Tourism service refers to the activities that tourism service personnel engage in through various facilities, equipment, methods, means and channels and various forms of "entertainment".

In the process of providing passengers with material and spiritual needs that can meet their physical and psychological needs, we create a harmonious atmosphere and produce spiritual and psychological effects, thus touching the mood of passengers, causing their psychological buzz, making them feel comfortable and happy in the process of receiving services, and then willing to communicate and consume.

2 1) motivation: it is a psychological process that stimulates people's behavioral motivation.

22) Group: In a broad sense, a group refers to a group of people who are linked by certain social relations and have independent characteristics different from other groups and individuals. narrow sense

A group refers to a group of people who depend on each other psychologically, influence each other in behavior, realize each other's existence and feel that they belong to a collective.

23) Understanding: Perceptual understanding means that when people perceive current things, they can rely on past experience to confirm something on the basis of known knowledge and experience.

Allport is an American psychologist and the founder of personality trait theory. He believes that "characteristics" have the ability to guide individual behavior. It is our "characteristics" that keep us in step with the changing situation. He divided people's various characteristics into three types: basic characteristics. Refers to the characteristics that can represent a person's unique personality and can only be observed in a few people. Core features. Refers to a person's representative characteristics, which are quite common and have universal significance. Secondary characteristics. It refers to those personality traits that are not obvious, not noticed and not general.

5. What kind of influence does social class have on people's tourism consumption behavior?

(1) The tourism consumption behavior of the same social class is similar. People in the same social class are consistent in values, codes of conduct, consumption concepts and demand motives, so they also show obvious similarities in tourism consumption behavior. For example, the dominant consumption motivation of the middle and lower classes and the bottom of a social class is to be sincere and realistic. B Families of middle-class people in social strata may begin to cautiously expand consumption items. C upper-middle-class families in social stratum began to expand consumption items according to their psychological tendency, and increased consumption items. D the pursuit of personalized consumption by upper-class families has become a clear consumption theme, and enjoyment service consumption accounts for a large proportion in its consumption structure.

(2) There are obvious differences in tourism consumption behaviors among different social classes. The important differences are summarized as follows: different social classes have different consumption concepts. B Different social classes have different consumption contents. Different social strata have different channels to obtain and disseminate consumer information. 6. Analysis of the research methods of tourism psychology.

Focus: observation, experiment, case, investigation and reflection. 7. Briefly describe the factors that affect the formation and development of personality. The formation of personality is mainly influenced by the interaction of congenital genetic factors, social factors and social practice. Inherent genetic factors are the basis of personality formation and development; Social factors are important conditions for the formation and development of personality, including family environment, school education and social culture. Social practice is the main way to form and develop personality.

8. What is learning? What effect does study have on tourists? Learning can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Learning in a broad sense refers to the process that animals gain individual behavior experience in the process of life. Learning in a narrow sense refers to students' learning in school. The functions of learning for tourists are: obtaining information; Stimulate power; Form an attitude; Accumulate experience. 9. How does social class affect people's travel behavior?

(1) The tourism consumption behavior of the same social class is similar. People in the same social class are consistent in values, codes of conduct, consumption concepts and demand motives, so they also show obvious similarities in tourism consumption behavior. For example, the dominant consumption motivation of the middle and lower classes and the bottom of a social class is to be sincere and realistic. B Families of middle-class people in social strata may begin to cautiously expand consumption items. C upper-middle-class families in social stratum began to expand consumption items according to their psychological tendency, and increased consumption items. D the pursuit of personalized consumption by upper-class families has become a clear consumption theme, and enjoyment service consumption accounts for a large proportion in its consumption structure.

(2) There are obvious differences in tourism consumption behaviors among different social classes. The important differences are summarized as follows: different social classes have different consumption concepts. B Different social classes have different consumption contents. Different social strata have different channels to obtain and disseminate consumer information. 10. Briefly describe Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Freud's personality theory can be divided into two major themes: personality structure and personality development.

(1) personality structure. In Freud's view, personality is a whole, which includes three interrelated and interactive parts, namely ID, ego and superego. The internal driving forces generated by these three indiscriminate interactions dominate individual behavior. Id, ego and superego are not completely independent, but interact with each other to form a complete personality.

(2) Personality development. There are two prerequisites for personality development: one is to emphasize development and think that adult personality is shaped by various experiences in infancy; Second, personality comes into being and develops with the development of individual psychology. It is divided into: oral and labial period, anal period, sexual organ period, incubation period and adolescence.

The limitations of Freud's personality theory are as follows: firstly, most of his theories are based on the behavior of mentally handicapped people, so they may not be suitable for explaining the behavior of ordinary people; Second, the data are mostly based on personal observation experience and lack of experimental quantitative research; Third, he paid too much attention to the leading role of human instinct impulse in behavior, but ignored the influence of social culture on behavior development.

1 1. What are the factors that affect tourists' mood?

(1) Whether the demand is met. (2) Whether the activity is smooth. (3) objective conditions. (4) Group status and interpersonal relationship. (5) Individual factors. 12. What are the characteristics of tourists' emotions and emotions?

(1) excitability. (2) infectivity. (3) variability. (4) worry.

13. What psychological needs do tourists have for front desk and room service? What kind of psychological strategies should service personnel adopt?

(1) Tourists' main psychological needs for front desk service: the psychology of being respected; Rapid service psychology; Knowledge-seeking psychology; The psychology of seeking fairness. The psychological countermeasures of front desk service are: beautifying the environment; Pay attention to words and deeds; Good service. (2) The main psychological needs of tourists for room service are cleanliness and hygiene; Comfortable and convenient; Security; Respect. The psychological countermeasures of room service are as follows: do a good job in room hygiene and cleaning; Ensure the comfort and tranquility of the room environment; Service work should be proactive and thoughtful; Service work should be polite.

14. What qualities and influence should tourism entrepreneurs have?

(1) The qualities that tourism entrepreneurs should have: political quality; Professional quality; Intellectual quality; Will quality; Emotional quality. (2) The influence that tourism entrepreneurs should have: power influence, which consists of traditional factors, position factors and seniority factors; Non-power influence: it is composed of personality factors, talent factors, knowledge factors and emotional factors.

What is group pressure? What effect will group pressure have on group members? Group pressure refers to the invisible binding force of group norms on its members.

Function: (1) Under the pressure of group, people will produce social conformity behavior and keep consistent with other members in psychology and behavior; Conformity behavior is influenced by environmental factors and personality factors. (2) Social promotion and social interference.

16. Enterprise managers should aim at the situation of different employees. What are the common incentives?

Focus: goal motivation; Bonus incentives; Strengthen incentives; Example motivation; Emotional motivation.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) On the Problems of Literature

1. If you are a tourist worker, please discuss that the tourism department and enterprises should take aesthetic measures to stimulate people's travel motivation.

Key points: (1) Advocate modern tourism concepts and encourage tourism consumption. (2) Strengthen tourism publicity. (3) Strive to develop attractive tourism products. (4) Improve the quality of tourism services.

2. Choose a tourist destination. Suppose you are a tourism promoter, how should you use the three "self" theories to promote tourism to tourists and potential tourists?

It is very necessary for tourism workers to understand the three "selves" in the personality structure. They are "children's self", "parents' self" and "adult self".

In order to make the "innocent self" tempted, tourism enterprises use vivid advertisements to show the charming style of tourist destinations and stimulate people's travel motives. Try to convince tourists of their "parents' self" in a targeted way, so that they can understand the practical significance of tourism and the benefits they can get from it, and then persuade them to give up their inherent prejudice, so that they can agree with the travel requirements of "children's self" and travel with peace of mind. For the "adult self", it is necessary to collect and process all kinds of information and materials related to tourism decision-making. If tourism promotion advertisements and personnel can deliver specific details about tourism products to the "adult self" in a targeted manner, so that it will not be too time-consuming and laborious when collecting information, the "adult self" will feel at ease and be able to make corresponding tourism decisions rationally. 3. Suppose you are a tourist, how will you stimulate and adjust the tourists' mood in the process of traveling?

(1) Stimulate favorable emotions and emotions: design and develop products that meet the needs of tourists; Provide accurate and effective tourism information; Improve the quality of tourism services (tourism workers must pay attention to the details of each service and provide unexpected surprise services for tourists; It is necessary to arrange services reasonably from the interests of tourists in order to achieve good results; Tourism workers should infect tourists with good emotions and emotions. (2) Regulating unfavorable emotions and emotions: rational control; Transfer control; Reasonable venting. (See P 104- 106 for details. )

Suppose you are a tour guide, what services will you provide to meet the psychological needs of tourists and enhance their interest? Give examples.

Focus: (1) Establish a good image. (2) Correct use of tour guide language. (3) Actively arouse the interest of tourists. Including inducing tourists' direct interest with the help of intuitive images, while avoiding the repetition and monotony of activities and routes; Use language to deepen tourists' understanding of perceived things and arouse their conscious interest; We should pay attention to guidance and change tourism into a participant; The rhythm of tourism activities should be arranged reasonably and relaxed. (4) Grasp the psychology of tourists. Including understanding the psychological activities of tourists during the whole tour; Analyze tourists' psychology according to the purpose of tourism; Analyze tourists' psychology according to different cultural traditions and national conditions; Analyze tourists' psychology according to different backgrounds. (5) Provide smiling service. (6) provide extraordinary services. (See P 149- 15 1 for details. )

5. Combining with the reality, this paper analyzes the complaint psychology of the guests in tourism enterprises, and expounds the general countermeasures to deal with the complaints of the guests.

(1) Be patient, meticulous and serious. (2) reception services should be standardized. (3) The reception service should be programmed. (4) Properly handle tourists' complaints. First of all, listen patiently and find out the truth. The key is to try to find out what we really want and understand what happened and what the guests asked. Secondly, we should distinguish different situations and take corresponding measures. 6. Factors affecting the formation and development of personality.

The formation of personality is mainly influenced by the interaction of congenital genetic factors, social factors and social practice. (1) Inherent genetic factors are the basis of personality formation and development.

(2) Social factors are important conditions for the formation and development of personality. ① The influence of family environment on personality. ② The influence of school education on personality. ③ the influence of social culture on personality

The influence of

(3) Social practice is the main way to form and develop personality. 7. The influence and guidance of consumption popularization on tourism consumption behavior.

Impact: (1) Changes in consumers' cognitive attitudes. (2) The change of consumption driving force. (3) The reverse change of consumer psychology. (4) Changes in consumption habits and preferences.

Positioning: (1) From single tourism consumption to diversified tourism consumption. (2) From low-cost tourism consumption to real-price tourism consumption. (3) From advertising-oriented tourism consumption to reputation-oriented tourism consumption. (4) From passive acceptance to active choice. (5) From relatively static tourism consumption to experiential tourism consumption. (6) From domestic travel to domestic travel and outbound travel simultaneously.

Noun explanation:

1. Need 2. Travel motivation 3. Travel perception 4. Social cognition 5. Tourism Psychology VI. Psychology 7. Personality 8. Self 9. Temperament 10. Cognitive component 1 1. Consumer popularity 12. Classical conditioned reflex 13. Society. 438+06. Emotion 17. Family life cycle 18. Need 19. Group cohesion 20. Tourism service 2 1. Motive. Group 23. Understand.

Short answer questions:

1. What are the main aspects of tourists' perceptual psychological set? Please give an example.

2. What should tourism enterprises and employees do to make tourists form a good perceptual influence on tourist destinations? According to the division of social status, rights and wealth, please explain the needs of tourists of different classes? 4. Briefly describe the theory of Ahlport.

5. What kind of influence does social class have on people's tourism consumption behavior? 6. Analysis of the research methods of tourism psychology. 7. Briefly describe the factors that affect the formation and development of personality.

8. What is learning? What effect does study have on tourists? 9. How does social class affect people's travel behavior? 10. Briefly describe Freud's psychoanalytic theory. 1 1. What are the factors that affect tourists' mood? 12. What are the characteristics of tourists' emotions and emotions?

13. What psychological needs do tourists have for front desk and room service? What kind of psychological strategies should service personnel adopt? 14. What qualities and influence should tourism entrepreneurs have?

What is group pressure? What effect will group pressure have on group members?

16. Enterprise managers should aim at the situation of different employees. What are the common incentives?

Composition questions:

1. If you are a tourist worker, please discuss that the tourism department and enterprises should take aesthetic measures to stimulate people's travel motivation.

2. Choose a tourist destination. Suppose you are a tourism promoter, how should you use the three "self" theories to promote tourism to tourists and potential tourists?

3. Suppose you are a tourist, how will you stimulate and adjust the tourists' mood in the process of traveling?

Suppose you are a tour guide, what services will you provide to meet the psychological needs of tourists and enhance their interest? Give examples. 5. Combining with the reality, this paper analyzes the complaint psychology of the guests in tourism enterprises, and expounds the general countermeasures to deal with the complaints of the guests. 6. Factors affecting the formation and development of personality.

7. The influence and guidance of consumption popularization on tourism consumption behavior.