What are the basic types of ancient buildings in China? What are the high concerns in tourism life?

first, according to the single form, single buildings are generally divided into halls, pavilions and corridors.

① Palace, the basic plane is rectangular, and there are also a few squares, which are round and rarely appear alone;

② Pavilion, whose basic plane is square, perfect circle, hexagon, octagon and other

shapes, can be independent of the group;

(3) Gallery, which is mainly used as the connection between individual buildings. A hall or pavilion is a pavilion or tower. In the early days, there was also a terrace with a large rammed earth platform as the center, and multi-storey houses were built along the platform, but they were no longer built after the Eastern Han Dynasty. The size of the hall is distinguished by the number of rooms on the front and purlins (or rafters) on the side. Before the Han dynasty, there were odd numbers and even numbers, and then they were all odd numbers. By the Qing dynasty, 11 rooms were the largest on the front, 3 rooms were the smallest, and 13 purlins were the largest and 5 purlins were the smallest on the side. There are several levels of spacing between purlins and purlins, and there are also several stereotyped arrangements of internal column grids. If the number of front sides is equal, it can become a square hall, and the rooms can also be arranged in a staggered way, showing a variety of variant hall planes.

second, according to the form of the roof, it can be divided into five forms: hard mountain building, hanging mountain building, rest mountain building, temple building and pointed building.

In this basic architectural form, there are two kinds of temples: one with single eaves and the other with double eaves. There are single eaves, double eaves, three dripping pavilions, big eaves, rolling sheds, etc. Hard mountain, hanging mountain, common people have both one-story and two-story buildings; The pointed buildings have various forms, such as triangle, quadrangle, pentagon, hexagon, octagon, circle, single eaves, double eaves and multi-storey eaves.

① hard mountain building

is a building with only two slopes on the roof, and the gables on the left and right sides intersect with the roof, and all purlin beams are sealed in the gables. Hard mountain architecture is the most common form of ancient architecture, and there are a large number of such buildings in houses, gardens and temples.

② Suspended Mountain Building

A building with two slopes on the roof and two roofs hanging outside the gable or gable roof truss is called a suspended mountain (also called a mountain-climbing) building. The purlin in the hanging mountain building is not wrapped in the gable, but outside the gable, and the selected part is called "the tip", which is the main point that distinguishes it from the hard mountain.

③ Temple of Heaven

The roof of Temple of Heaven has four slopes, the front and rear slopes intersect to form a positive ridge, and the two mountain roofs intersect with the front and rear roofs to form four vertical ridges, so the Temple of Heaven is also called the Temple of Four A and the Temple of Five Ridges.

Xiandian architecture is the highest type of ancient architecture in China. In the hierarchical feudal society, this architectural form is often used in royal buildings such as palaces and temples, and it is the most commonly used form of main buildings on the central axis. For example, the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City, the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Ganqing Palace, the Dajimen Gate of the Imperial Temple, the Enjoy Hall and its back hall, the Shouhuang Hall of Jingshan, the Shouhuang Gate, and the Ling 'en Hall of the Ming Changling, etc., are all buildings of the temple style. In the feudal society, the architecture of Xian Dian has actually become a royal building, and other government offices, official families, commercial ports, residential houses, etc. are never allowed to adopt this architectural form. This special political position of the Temple of Heaven determines that it has huge materials, magnificent volume, luxurious decoration and high cultural relics and artistic value.

④ xieshan building

xieshan building has a steep roof, light corners, exquisiteness and extraordinary momentum. It has both the majestic momentum of the temple building and the handsome style of the building. All kinds of buildings, such as imperial palaces, princes' mansions, battlements on city walls, temples at altar, classical gardens and commercial port pavements, all adopt the architectural form of "Xieshan" in large numbers. Even the most famous compound buildings in ancient and modern times, such as the Yellow Crane Tower, Tengwang Pavilion and the Forbidden City turret, are mainly composed of "Xieshan", which shows the important position of Xieshan architecture in China's ancient buildings.

⑤ pointed building

The roofs of buildings meet at the top to form a spire. This kind of building is called pointed building. There are a lot of pointed buildings in ancient buildings. Different forms of pavilions in classical gardens, such as triangle, four corners, five corners, six corners, eight corners, round pavilions, etc., are all pointed buildings. There are also a large number of pointed buildings in palaces and temples, such as Zhonghe Hall and Jiaotai Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing, Biyong in imperial academy in Beijing, and Guanyin Hall in Xiaoxitian in Beihai, all of which are palace-style buildings with four corners. The Temple of Heaven and the Imperial Dome are typical circular buildings. There are also a large number of pointed buildings in altar and temple gardens in other parts of the country.

third, according to the region, it can be divided into eight styles: northern style, northwest style, Jiangnan style, Lingnan style, southwest style, Tibetan style, Mongolian style and Uygur style.

① northern style. It is concentrated in the vast plain area from the north of Huaihe River to the south of Heilongjiang. The group is regular, the courtyard is large, but the scale is appropriate; The architectural shape is not undulating, the house is low and flat, and the roof curve is flat; Multi-purpose bricks and tiles, wood structure materials are large, and decoration is relatively simple. The general style is cheerful and generous.

② northwest style. It is concentrated in the Loess Plateau from the west of the Yellow River to Gansu and Ningxia. The courtyard is very closed, the house is low, the roof slope is low and gentle, and quite a few buildings use flat roofs. Bricks and tiles are rarely used, but adobe or rammed earth walls are used, and wood decoration is simpler. In this area, there are often cave buildings, including pit kilns and flat vouchers kilns. The general style is simple and honest. However, there are many mosques in the Hui people's settlements, which are tall, steep in roof, gorgeous in decoration and strong in color, which are obviously different from ordinary folk buildings.

③ Jiangnan style. It is concentrated in the river network area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The group is dense and the courtyard is narrow. There are many large and medium-sized groups (large houses, halls, shops, temples, ancestral halls, etc.) in cities and towns, and there are buildings; Small buildings (general houses and shops) are free and flexible. The roof slope is steep, the wing angle is high, the decoration is exquisite and rich, and there are many carvings and paintings. The overall style is beautiful and dexterous.

④ Lingnan style. Concentrated in the mountainous and hilly areas of the Pearl River Basin. The building plane is relatively regular, the courtyard is very small, the houses are tall, the doors and windows are narrow, there are many volcanic walls, the roof slope is steep, and the wing angle is more tilted. Buildings in towns and villages are dense and closed. Decoration, carving and painting are rich and complicated, with fine techniques. The general style is light and delicate.

⑤ southwest style. It is concentrated in the southwest mountainous areas, and a considerable part of it is inhabited by Zhuang, Dai, Yao and Miao nationalities. More houses are built on the slopes of mountains, which are dry-column buildings with overhead floors. The plane and shape are quite free and rarely appear in groups. Structural members such as beams and columns are exposed, and only panel walls or mats are used as maintenance barriers. The roof curve is soft, dragged out for a long time, and the eaves are far-reaching, covered with shingles or straw. Not too particular about decoration. The general style is free and flexible. Among them, the Dai Buddhist temple in southern Yunnan is huge in space and richly decorated. The shape of the pagoda is similar to that of Myanmar, and the national style is very distinctive.

⑥ Tibetan style. It is concentrated in the vast grassland and mountainous areas where Tibetans live in concentrated communities, such as Tibet, Qinghai, Gannan and northern Sichuan. Herdsmen live in brown rectangular tents. Village residents live in blockhouses, mostly 2-3-storey small patio-style wooden buildings, with stone walls built by bread outside, and a large wall with a flat roof above. The doors and windows on the stone wall are narrow, with black trapezoidal window covers outside the window and decorative lines at the top eaves, which is very expressive. □ well

There are many temples, all of which are built on high ground. They are tall and have strong colors. They also use thick walls and flat roofs, and a small number of slopes protrude from key parts. The overall style is solid and heavy.

⑦ Mongolian style. Concentrated in the grassland areas where Mongolian people live in compact communities. Herdsmen live in round felt bags (Mongolian yurts), and the big felt bags of nobles can reach more than 1 meters in diameter, with columns inside and gorgeous decoration. □ Ma Temple embodies the style of Mongolian architecture, which comes from the prototype of Tibetan □ Ma Temple and absorbs the architectural artistic techniques of Hui and Han nationalities in the neighboring areas. It is both heavy and gorgeous.

⑧ Uygur style. Concentrated in Xinjiang Uygur residential areas. The exterior of the building is completely closed, with a flat roof, and the internal courtyard has a friendly scale, free plane layout and green embellishment. There is a spacious veranda in front of the room, and there are detailed colored wood carvings and plaster decorations indoors and outdoors. The overall style is simple and monotonous outside, flexible and exquisite inside. Mosque and Imam Cemetery are two kinds of Uighur buildings with the most concentrated architectural arts.

The ancient buildings that attract more attention in tourism life are:

1. Imperial Palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties-Beijing Imperial Palace Complex and Shenyang Imperial Palace Complex

2. Temple of Heaven, the place where emperors worship heaven

3. Pingyao Ancient City (Shanxi)

4. Old Town of Lijiang (Yunnan)

5. Langzhong Ancient City (Sichuan)

8. There are many historical sites near Zhengzhou, Henan Province, such as Anyang and Songshan.

9. Jiangnan folk houses in Wuzhen, Suzhou, Xitang and other places in the south of the Yangtze River.