Where is the Xisanqi in Beijing? What are the three flags?

In the north of Qinghe Town, Haidian District, Beijing, there are two villages, Xisanqi and Xierqi. In Beiqijia Town, southeast of Changping District, there are two villages, Dongsanqi and Dongerqi. With the vigorous development of urban construction and the rapid expansion of urban area in Beijing, these villages are no longer the old appearance of rural areas. Buildings and villas have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, and residential quarters are scattered all over the place. As a result, the names of these villages are more and more widely known, especially the Xisanqi, whose names can be seen impressively on the expressway street sign in Badaling.

Villages are called "flags", and people can easily associate them with the Eight Banners of Qing Dynasty, such as yellow flag, true yellow flag, true white flag (upper three flags), white flag, true red flag, red flag, true blue flag and blue flag (lower five flags), and even think that these villages were formed because of the Eight Banners stationed in Qing Dynasty. In fact, the formation and names of villages such as Xisanqi have nothing to do with the Eight Banners Army of the Qing Dynasty.

The formation and naming of villages such as Xisanqi, Xierqi, Dongsanqi and Dongerqi were the result of some troops grazing horses in this area in the Ming Dynasty. The military system of the Ming dynasty was to set up guards or stations in some key places to perform the duties of protecting the country and defending the country. Generally speaking, there are 5,600 guards, 1,000 households have 1 120, and 100 households have 1 12. Each command has two general flags and ten small flags. Each small flag has ten levels, and each general flag has fifty levels. It can be seen that the most basic unit in the establishment of the Ming army is also called "flag", just like today's "class". In order to resist the resurgence of Mongolian forces, the Ming Dynasty built the Great Wall on a large scale, and at the same time set up nine towns along the Great Wall, also known as "Jiubian", leading a large number of health officers and soldiers to guard the border. In order to supply the horses needed by the border garrison, many pastures and stables have been established in the mainland to graze horses, and some officers and men have been transferred to specialize in horse grazing and breeding, and even the people have undertaken the heavy task of raising horses for the government. In the Ming Dynasty, there were many horse farms and stables in Beijing, among which Huangtudian, east of Xisanqi, had a stable called Huangtudian. At that time, there were almost no villages around Huangtudian, and there were empty places full of lush grass everywhere. Officials assigned to Huangtudian stables are responsible for looking after the horses and dispersing them according to the compiled flags. Villages such as Xisanqi, Xierqi, Dongsanqi and Dongerqi were the headquarters of the official battalion of Xiaoqi in Ming Dynasty, and later evolved into villages, named after the number and location of Xiaoqi at that time. There is a village called "stable" in the east of Qinghe Town and the north bank of Qinghe today, which is the remains of stable in Qinghe in Ming Dynasty. There is also a stable village in the south of Xiaotangshan in Changping and on the north bank of Wenyu River, which belongs to Xiaotangshan stable. This can be seen from the number of stables in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty.

In the suburbs of Beijing, there are some villages named after the garrison of the Eight Banners Army in the Qing Dynasty, namely around Yuanmingyuan and Xiangshan.

In the early Qing Dynasty, officers and men of Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners and Han Banners all lived in the inner city of Beijing. The four flags are called "Left Wing", Andingmen Yellow Flag, Dongzhimen White Flag, Chaoyangmen White Flag and Chongwenmen Blue Flag. Huang Zhengqi is located in Deshengmen, Zhenghongqi is located in Xizhimen, inlaid with red flag is located in Fuchengmen and inlaid with blue flag is located in Xuanwu Gate. These four flags are called "right wing". At that time, the officers and men of the Eight Banners of the Qing army in the inner city of Beijing formed an obvious but irregular circle structure, in which the Eight Banners of Manchuria took the imperial city as the innermost circle, with the Eight Banners of Mongolia outside and the Eight Banners of the Han army inside. This state reflects the difference of trust of Qing rulers in officers and men of different nationalities.

During the reign of Kangxi, the Qing Dynasty began to build royal gardens in the western suburbs of Beijing. 1. Changchun Garden (on the west side of Peking University Campus) was built on the abandoned campus of Tsinghua in Wuqing, Ming Dynasty, and served as the summer resort of Emperor Kangxi and Empress Dowager. In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), the Yuanmingyuan was built in the north of Changchun Garden and given to the fourth son, Yin Zhen. In the sixty-first year of Kangxi (1722), Kangxi died in November, and Yin Zhen, the prince of Yong, succeeded to the throne and established Yuan Yongzheng. Later, during the Qianlong period, Yuanmingyuan was expanded on a large scale, and Changchun Garden was built in Shuimo Village on the east side. Several furniture gardens outside the southeast wall of Yuanmingyuan, mainly Jiaohui Garden, were merged and transformed and renamed Qichun Garden. In this way, Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden are closely connected, forming a beautiful and brilliant royal detached palace with the reputation of "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens"-Yuanming Three Gardens. Since Yongzheng, emperors such as Li Ganlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng have lived in Yuanmingyuan for several months every year to take charge of state affairs. Yuanmingyuan has become another palace outside the Forbidden City. In order to protect the safety of Yuanmingyuan, in the second year of Yongzheng (1724), eight barracks were built around Yuanmingyuan. Each barracks had more than 1500 official rooms, surrounded by walls, and some officers and men were selected from the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty in Beijing. Among them, Huangqiying is in the west of Houshu Village of Yuanmingyuan, Baiqiying is in the east of Shucun Village, Baiqiying is in the northeast of Changchun Garden, Huangqiying is in the north of Xiaojiahe Village outside the northwest corner of Yuanmingyuan, Hongqi Camp is in the northwest of Bei 'an River Bridge, Hongqi Camp is in the northeast of Yuquan Mountain, Lanqiying is in the east of Haidian, and Lanqiying is in the south indigo factory of Qingyi Garden (Summer Palace). Except for another small barracks of Zhengbaiqi, all other flags are concentrated in one place. There are four or five hundred officers and men stationed in each barracks, and the housing is distributed according to military ranks, ranging from thirteen to three. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, all the Eight Banners barracks in Yuanmingyuan have evolved into village houses without exception, scattered around the ruins of Yuanmingyuan, and only the names of Lanqiying, Baiqi, Zhenghuangqi and Hongqi announced the origin of these villages.

In the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), a battalion of "special forces" was set up in Xiangshan to train officers and men to climb stairs and attack the city pool, which was named Jianrui Ladder Battalion. The officers and men of Jianrui Ladder Battalion are all elite tours to suppress Jinchuan and Jinchuan in previous battles, and they are brave and good at fighting. At that time, there were more than a thousand officers and men of the Eight Banners, divided into left and right wings. There are four flags on the left, yellow, white, white and blue, and four flags on the right, yellow, red, blue and red. There are fourteen four-story watchtowers and eighteen three-story watchtowers on the left. There are two five-story watchtowers, ten four-story watchtowers and twenty-four three-story watchtowers on the right wing, which are used to train officers and men to climb the stairs and climb the city head. After the establishment of the Eight Banners, more than a thousand officers and men were added. In the fifteenth year of Qianlong (1750), when he went to the Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan, he specially sent meals to the sergeant of Jianrui Yunti Camp as a reward and care. Later, Emperor Qianlong visited Jianrui Camp in Xiangshan many times to check the training situation, which was greatly appreciated. For example, in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign (1772), he wrote: "Children of the Eight Banners, our camp is healthy and sharp. There is no temptation to get together and strive to be self-sufficient. Watch for a while and wait for Gancheng another day. It has also received obvious results, and the Western Division is quite famous. " It can be seen that the officers and men of Jianruiti Battalion played a powerful role in Gan Long's efforts to pacify Xinjiang's rear area. "You have gone forward bravely, won many battles and made outstanding achievements." (Emperor Qianlong's language) And the barracks of the Eight Banners of Jianrui Lading in Xiangshan are scattered at the eastern foot of Xiangshan. This is why there are Tuancheng, Yuewu Building, villages and place names in front of Xiangshan Park today, such as Huangbeiying, Huangxiying, Zhengbaiqi, Zhengbaiqi, Zhenglanqi, Zhenghongqi, Qiong Qi and Lan Qi.