Quanzhou kiln's Quanzhou folk kiln

Quanzhou folk kiln blue-and-white porcelain includes blue-and-white porcelain produced by Dehua, Anxi and Yongchun kilns, especially Dehua kiln. According to the analysis of field archaeological data, Quanzhou folk kiln blue-and-white porcelain was first fired in the Ming Dynasty, and its production technology was passed from Anxi to Yongchun and Dehua. With the natural advantages of Quanzhou and its surrounding ports, it has become a commodity of the "Maritime Silk Road" and is exported to all parts of the world. Among them, Dehua's unique blue and white porcelain from Dehua folk kiln is famous for its unique traditional technology and ceramic raw materials.

Quanzhou kiln has a long history of producing ceramics. From the Neolithic Age to the Qin and Han Dynasties, a large number of relief pottery appeared, and the kiln site of the Southern Dynasties was also found in Xikou Mountain, Jinjiang. In the Tang Dynasty, with the opening of overseas trade routes, Quanzhou ceramics industry rose suddenly. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, due to the prosperity of Quanzhou port, the maritime silk (porcelain) road began to take shape, cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries became increasingly frequent, and Quanzhou ceramics industry flourished. Quanzhou kiln celadon, celadon, sauce glazed porcelain and black glazed porcelain are exported in large quantities, and overseas orders are accepted to produce porcelain for export.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the introduction of blue-and-white underglaze painting technology, Quanzhou folk kiln blue-and-white rose suddenly, and its products were of high quality, which became a best seller on the road of maritime silk (porcelain) and sold in large quantities to Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa.

1. Anxi blue and white porcelain

Anxi is located in the northwest of Quanzhou, 58 kilometers away from Quanzhou, in the upper reaches of Xixi River in Jinjiang, and can go directly to Quanzhou Port downstream; The southwest is connected with the tributary of Jiulong River and flows into zhangzhou port, with convenient land and water transportation. It is one of the important production bases of ancient Minnan ceramic trade commodities. There are more than 60 kiln sites 160 producing ancient ceramics in Anxi, including 36 kiln sites in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and 26 kiln sites 126 in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are celadon, celadon, old glazed porcelain, blue and white porcelain and so on, and there are many kinds of products.

The early Ming Dynasty was the period when Anxi blue-and-white porcelain was created and fired. Caobei Kiln in Kuidou Town of Anxi and Shenzaizi Kiln in Weixi were typical representatives of this period. These two kilns developed from celadon in the Song and Yuan Dynasties to blue and white underglaze colors in the early Ming Dynasty. In the specimens collected at the kiln site, it is found that there are some dots, grass-rolling patterns and single-character patterns (one, ten, rice, happiness, longevity, yuan, jade, etc.) on the blue and white underglaze decorative objects. ) and flame patterns, retaining the Song and Yuan styles, that is, the objects are open-bellied, shallow-bellied, short-rounded and barefoot. By the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Anxi blue-and-white porcelain had entered a prosperous stage. Blue and white decoration not only adds banana leaf pattern, lotus leaf pattern, chrysanthemum petal pattern and single character pattern, but also adds various landscape figures, flowers and birds, spells, poems, etc., and its shape has also changed. Anxi blue-and-white porcelain is one of the porcelains unearthed in the archaeological excavation of the ancient tomb in the fifth year of Jiajing (1526).

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the blue and white kiln sites in Anxi were mainly distributed in 40 administrative villages in Chengxiang, Kuidou, Penglai, Shangqing, Jingu, Changkeng, Lantian, Longmen, Daping and Longjuan1/towns. The kiln sites in Ming Dynasty were mainly distributed in the surrounding areas of the county, represented by Caobei kiln in Kuidou village, Shenzai kiln in Weixi village and Shangshan kiln in Hanyuan village. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, it was mainly distributed in the Longquan area at the junction with Huaan County in Zhangzhou, represented by the kiln in Zhuta Village and the kiln in Zhuangzao Village. In the late Ming Dynasty, it was mainly distributed in remote Changkeng area, represented by Yuemei Kiln in Yuemei Village. The Qing Dynasty was the heyday of Anxi blue-and-white porcelain, and the kiln sites found were traced back to the whole county. In the early stage, Shuangxi kiln in Hanyuan village, Xiaweishui kiln in Zaoping village, Hululun kiln in Yinkeng village, Pipa kiln in Keyang village and Gongziwei kiln in Keming village were mainly represented. In the middle stage, it is supported by Pipalun Kiln in Keyang Village, Gongziwei Kiln in Keming Village, Shuangxi Kiln in Hanyuan Village, Jiji Kiln in Ji Yun Village and Fudi Village.

The main types of Anxi blue-and-white porcelain are bowls, plates, cups, saucers, bottles, stoves, lamps, pots, cans and spoons. The tire is white or gray, the glaze color is white and slightly blue or bluish white. Blue and white flowers are richly decorated. The decorative patterns mainly include pine, bamboo, plum, morning glory, chrysanthemum, grass leaves, rolled grass, lion, deer, peony bound with branches, bat, pomegranate, happiness, auspiciousness and longevity, as well as single sentences and whole poems. Blue-and-white hall numbers and trade names are Xiesheng, Ruan Yu, Shangyu, Yu Quan, Ruiyu and Heyuan.

Anxi blue-and-white porcelain has experienced a process of continuous development and perfection since the Ming Dynasty. The modeling of porcelain has developed from single to diverse, the decoration of underglaze blue-and-white porcelain has developed from single graphic characters to colorful landscape figures, and the decoration technology has also developed from hand-painted to printed blue-and-white porcelain to improve production efficiency.

2. Yongchun blue and white porcelain

Yongchun is in the northeast of Quanzhou, bordering Dehua, the capital of porcelain in the north, Nan 'an in the south, Anxi in the west and Xianyou in the east. Convenient land and water transportation, south into Jinjiang to Quanzhou. Good natural resources provide the necessary material conditions for the prosperity of Yongchun porcelain industry.

Yongchun blue-and-white porcelain was first burned in the early Ming Dynasty and developed on the basis of blue-and-white porcelain in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties. Porcelain kilns are mainly distributed in Fu Jie, Sukeng, Huyang and other towns bordering Dehua. The modeling and decoration of their products promote the firing of Dehua blue and white porcelain to some extent. Huyang Wan Yun Kiln and Wanyaokeng are the representative kiln sites of Yongchun blue and white porcelain production in Ming Dynasty. Huyang Wan Yun Kiln was changed to firing blue-and-white porcelain on the basis of Yuan Dynasty. Judging from the blue and white porcelain samples collected in this kiln, there are obvious characteristics of the production process in Yuan Dynasty. Wan Yun kiln fired blue and white porcelain earlier than Wan Yun kiln.

Bowl-Yunyao blue and white porcelain is mainly bowl, which is open, shallow-bellied, round gray and hard in texture. The glaze is blue and white, sometimes green. The soles of the feet are mastoid and not glazed. The exterior wall is decorated with underglaze blue and white flowers, which are a bit like patterns, rolled leaves, tangled branches and broken flowers and fruits. There are two circles under the glaze of the insole. The words in the circle, such as Fu, Lu, Shou, Hua, San, Da, San, Tian, Yu, Shan, Jing, Ren and Dong, are all cursive or draw some grass patterns. The blue-and-white wares in the pit kiln are mainly bowls, including cups, plates and cans. Bowl: open, shallow abdomen, round feet and hard tires; Apply white glaze, circle the foot to expose the fetus, and the foot palm has mastoid process. There are grass patterns, dot patterns and leaf patterns under the glaze.

Yongchun blue and white porcelain in Qing Dynasty was mainly distributed in Fu Jie, Sukeng, Dongping and Huyang. The kiln sites are Fu Jie Chen Lan Kiln, Heiba Kiln, Wailong Kiln, Fenglingtou Kiln, Guoluxi Kiln, Baige Kiln, Nanshe Jiao Ling Kiln, Sukeng Porcelain Kiln, Kiln Houshan Kiln, Shengpersonality Kiln, Dongping Shizheshan Kiln and Huyang Bowl Kiln. There are bowls, plates, cups, plates, pots, spoons, bottles, cans, stoves and so on, especially bowls and plates. The tire is white or gray, hard, white glazed and bright. Blue and white are thick and elegant. Decorative patterns mainly include rolling grass pattern, cloud dragon pattern, broken branch flower pattern, morning glory pattern, flying phoenix pattern, peony pattern, circle pattern, branch-bound pattern, butterfly-bound pattern, the word "fu", the word "longevity", Buddha's hand pattern, poems, landscape figures and so on, as well as grass, small animals, small flowers, small drops of water and small flames with strong randomness. Blue and white brushwork mainly includes hall number, trade name, auspicious bottom money, etc., such as the years of January, Ji, Cheng, Ji, Yong, Baozhen, Shuang, Kaiyuan, Hezhen and Chenghua.

3. Dehua Blue and White Capital

Dehua is in the north of Quanzhou, more than 20 kilometers away from Quanzhou/KLOC-0. It is adjacent to Xianyou in Putian City and Yongtai County in Fuzhou City in the east, Youxi County in Sanming City in the north, Datian County in Sanming City in the west and Yongchun County in the south. In the past, the waterway entered the Minjiang River eastward through Dazhangxi to Fuzhou, and the land went south over the mountains to Yongchun, and then it took two days to reach Quanzhou by waterway, with convenient transportation. Dehua has been developing and innovating the production technology of ceramic kiln industry since the establishment of kiln to burn porcelain wells in the Tang Dynasty, relying on the unique advantages of natural resources. During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Dehua ceramics won a high reputation in the world porcelain circle with its excellent quality and exquisite craftsmanship.

Dehua blue and white porcelain was first fired in the middle of Ming Dynasty. In the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1559), the epitaph unearthed from Chen's tomb was written with underglaze blue and white pigments.

The firing of Dehua blue and white porcelain can be divided into initial stage, prosperous stage, prosperous stage and declining stage. The initial period was from the middle of Ming Dynasty to Shunzhi in the early Qing Dynasty, and it was in the trial burning stage. The main kiln sites are located in Sanban Town near Xunzhong and Yongchun and Gekeng Town at the border with Youxi County. The kiln sites are represented by Dongtou Kiln in Xunzhong, Qudou Palace Kiln in Longxun, Xiacang Tail Kiln in Gekeng, Shifang Kiln, Shuangxikou Kiln and Sutian Kiln. The flourishing age was in the early Qing Dynasty, from Kangxi to Qianlong. During this period, the imperial court imposed a sea ban, residents moved in, and talents and funds flowed in, which promoted the development of Dehua ceramics industry. Looking up the folk genealogy, it is found that almost every household in Chengguan and surrounding towns and villages has people engaged in porcelain industry, who engage in porcelain during busy farming hours and engage in porcelain in leisure time. The heyday was in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, from Jiaqing to Daoguang. During this period, blue-and-white porcelain dominated, with kiln sites all over most villages in the county, with large output, excellent quality and rich decorative patterns. The decline period was from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. During this period, the hair color of blue-and-white was obviously faded, the composition was poor, and the utensils were clumsy. Printed blue-and-white and other glazed porcelain varieties began to appear. The kiln sites are mainly distributed in the eastern region, and the representative kiln sites are Qianou kiln, Chalin kiln, Dongtou kiln, Xunzhongling bucket kiln and three types of Shangliao kiln.