The geographical content of Brazil

Brazil's terrain is mainly divided into two parts, one is the Brazilian plateau above 500 meters above sea level, which is distributed in southern Brazil, and the other is the plain below 200 meters above sea level, which is mainly distributed in the Amazon River basin in the north and the southeast coast. The whole territory is divided into Amazon Plain, Paraguay Basin, Brazil Plateau and Guyana Plateau, of which Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the national area. There are three river systems: Amazon River, parana river River and San Francisco River. The total length of the Amazon River is 67,565,438+0 km, which traverses the northwest of Brazil and covers an area of 3.9 million square kilometers in the Brazilian basin. The parana river system includes the parana river and Paraguay rivers, which flow through the southwest, with many rapids and waterfalls, and are rich in hydraulic resources; The San Francisco water system, with a total length of 2,900 kilometers, flows through the arid northeast and is the main irrigation water source in this area. The coastline is more than 7,400 kilometers long, and the width of the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, leading to the overseas exclusive economic zone 188 nautical miles.

Among them, the Amazon Plain is the largest plain in the world. Sao Paulo is the largest city in the southern hemisphere.

Most areas have a tropical climate, while some areas in the south have a subtropical climate. The average annual temperature in the Amazon plain is 25 ~ 27 degrees, and the average annual temperature in the southern region is 16 ~ 19 degrees.

Population profile

The Atlantic coast is densely populated and the inland areas are scarce.

Brazil's national population186957906 (June 2, 2008) ranks fifth in the world. The southeastern region is the most populous region in Brazil. According to the data of the Brazilian Bureau of Geography and Statistics in 2004, the population of this area is about 78 million, which is equivalent to 42% of the total population of Brazil. The region has three states with the largest population in Brazil (S? o Paulo, with a population of 70 million, MG19 million, and Rio150,000) and two largest cities (Rio and S? o Paulo). At the junction of Sao Paulo and Rio, a business district with Sao Paulo and Rio as its pillars has been formed, which has gathered about 23% of Brazil's population and become the most densely populated area in the country.

Ethnic groups and immigrants

There are significant racial and cultural differences in Brazil. Most residents in the south are of European descent, which can be traced back to immigrants from Italy, Germany, Poland, Spain, Ukraine and Portugal at the beginning of the19th century. Some residents in the north and northeast are locals and some are of European or African descent. The southeast region is the most widely distributed region of Brazilian nationalities. There are mainly white (mainly Portuguese and Italian descendants) hybrids, African-Brazilian hybrids, Asians and Indians in this area.

So throughout Brazil, Brazilians, Portuguese and Africans began to mix together frequently. Indians who used to live in this area have obvious cultural characteristics in this area, such as black and white mottled that the Portuguese think is peaceful, and began to attack the Amorites. Then it caused a disaster, and they began to attack and destroy the villages inside. 1532, since the establishment of St. Vincent, the Portuguese began to come here as colonists. Due to the development of mining industry in the18th century, the kings of Portuguese states began to come here one after another, as well as slaves from Angola and Mina in Africa, all of whom belonged to African aborigines. From the first year of colonial rule, the proportion of blacks began to increase greatly.

/kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, Asian and European immigrants began to be stimulated. Germans began to come here in 18 18, Italians in 1875, Spaniards in 1880, and Japanese, Syrians and Lebanese began to come here one after another in the early 20th century. 19 At the end of the 20th century, the biggest migration wave in Brazil occurred in the southeast, and Italians and Portuguese became the main components of this migration, because the slave liberation movement had begun at that time, and plantations and newly developed Brazilian industries needed a lot of labor.

There have been several major waves of migration in the history of Brazil. From 1884 to 1962, more than 4.97 million immigrants moved to Brazil, mainly from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Poland and Arab countries. Most yellow people come from Japan, South Korea and China. There are 6.5438+0.3 million Japanese and 250,000 China people in Pakistan, mainly concentrated in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

The ethnic composition of the Brazilian population

Due to historical reasons, the ethnic composition of the Brazilian population is very complicated. In Brazil, people of different races and colors live together, forming a colorful picture. Indians are the earliest inhabitants of Brazil. Since16th century, immigrants from European countries such as Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany have entered Brazil. With the rise of plantations and mining in Brazil, starting from 1532, Portugal began to traffic slaves from Africa to Brazil. By 1822, when Brazil became independent, blacks had accounted for 60% of Brazil's population. /kloc-After the 9th century, some China and Japanese immigrated to Brazil.

Historical politics

history

Indians lived in ancient Brazil. 1500 April 22, Portuguese navigator Pedro? Cabral arrives in Brazil. He named the land "Holy Cross" and declared that it belonged to Portugal. Since the plunder of Portuguese colonists began with the felling of Brazilian redwoods, the word "Brasil" gradually replaced "Holy Cross" and became the name of Brazil, which is still in use today, and its Chinese transliteration is "Brazil". In 1930s, a Portuguese expedition established a colony in Pakistan, and 1549 appointed a governor. 1807 Napoleon invaded Portugal and the Portuguese royal family moved to Brazil. 1820, the Portuguese royal family moved back to Lisbon, and Prince Pedro Liuba served as Regent. 1822 On September 7th, it declared its complete independence from Portugal and established the Brazilian Empire. 1889165438+1October 15 General Fonseca launched a coup to overthrow the monarchy and establish the United States of Brazil. 1964 Pakistan military coup came to power, 1967 was renamed Brazil Federation. 1in March, 985, the military government returned to the people. 1989165438+1October15th, Pakistan held its first national direct election in nearly 30 years, Fernando? Collor was elected president. 199212 On February 29th, President Collor was forced to resign on suspicion of taking bribes, and Vice President itamar? Franco took over as president today. 1994101October 3rd Fernando? Enrique? Cardoso won the national election and became the 38th president of Brazil on June 1 995+1October1. 1998101October 4th, Cardoso was re-elected. 1 999,65438+1October,1,and Kaka became the 39th president of Pakistan. His term of office ended in 65438+February 2002, 3 1.

In June 2002, 5438+ 10, Luis Iná cio Lula da Silva participated in the presidential election for the fourth time and won it. He was elected as the 40th President of Brazil, and took office on June 5438+ 10, 2003, with a term of four years. He is the first worker-born president in Brazilian history. In 2006, he was re-elected as President of Brazil in June 5438+10, and was formally sworn in in June 65438+ 10, 2007, becoming the second president in Brazilian history to be re-elected through direct elections.

Brazil was once ruled by Portugal, which was the official language. However, Brazilian Portuguese is deeply influenced by Indian and African languages, and even some place names and animal and plant names follow African dialects. So the Portuguese dictionary is of little use in Brazil, because Portuguese is very different from its birthplace in Brazil. Brazilians usually know basic Spanish, but English is not common.

national flag

Brazil's national flag is a green rectangle with a yellow diamond in the middle and a dark blue circle in the middle. The circle is a celestial globe, and the white ribbon says "order and progress" in Portuguese. There are white five-color stars on the celestial globe, symbolizing the 26 administrative regions of the country. Green and yellow are the national colors of Brazil. Green symbolizes forest, and yellow symbolizes mineral deposits and resources.

national emblem

A big five-pointed star stands out in the middle of the pattern, symbolizing the independence and unity of the country. There are five small five-pointed stars on the blue circle in the big five-pointed star, representing the Southern Cross. There are 22 small five-pointed stars on the ring, representing Brazilian states and the Federal District. The five-pointed star is surrounded by a garland woven with coffee leaves and tobacco leaves, and a sword stands behind it, with the hilt at the lower end of the five-pointed star. In Portuguese, the ribbon reads "Federative Republic of Brazil", "1889165438+10/5" and the national emblem of Brazil (the founding day of the Republic).

The national flower is crab claw orchid.

National anthem: Brazil's national anthem

The first national anthem after Brazil's independence was written by Pedro I, who was gifted in music. 1On September 7th, 822, Brazil declared its independence. He composed the song "Motherland, Emperor and People" and personally sang it at the patriotic rally in Sao Paulo that night, accompanied by a chorus. This song became the first national anthem of Brazil. After Pedro I abdicated, Francisco, the founder and famous musician of the National Conservatory of Music in Rio de Janeiro? Da Silva wrote a song that later became the national anthem of Brazil. 1909 The famous poet Orisso? Duke? Rewritten by Estrada, examined by the expert committee, 1922 was designated as the national anthem of Brazil. Memories of the national anthem "Listen to the Voice of Piranga"1On September 7, 822, Pedro I issued "Give me independence or give me death!" The scene of the call praised the independence of the motherland and was full of Brazilian people's love for the motherland.

Brazilian currency-the real economic strength of Brazil ranks first in Latin America. 1992 Brazil's GDP is $430.5 billion. In July 1994, 1, the original currency name was abolished (1 USD to 2750 Cruseroreal), and the new currency name was named Real (1 USD to 1 Real). On April 5, 2009, the exchange rate was 1 US dollar to R $2.2095. In 2008, the total GDP was US$ 654.38+0665 billion, making it the tenth largest economic power in the world, only behind Spain, which ranked ninth, with US$ 654.38+08 billion.

Brazil is rich in mineral resources, with proven iron ore reserves of 65 billion tons, ranking second in the world in terms of output and export. The reserves of uranium, bauxite and manganese ore rank third in the world. In addition, there are abundant chrome, nickel and gold mines. The coal mine reserves are 23 billion tons, but its grade is low. Oil reserves are about 3.6 billion barrels, oil shale is equivalent to 654.38+0.5 billion barrels of oil, and natural gas reserves are 654.38+0.3 billion cubic meters. Water resources are abundant. The forest coverage rate is 52.2%. Industry ranks first in Latin America. In the 1970s, a relatively complete industrial system was established. The main industrial sectors were steel, automobile, shipbuilding, petroleum, cement, chemical industry, metallurgy, electric power, textile and construction. Nuclear power, communications, electronics, aircraft manufacturing and military industry have entered the ranks of advanced countries in the world.

The output of coffee, sucrose and citrus ranks first in the world, followed by cocoa and soybeans, and corn ranks third. Grain is basically self-sufficient, but a small part of wheat needs to be imported. Animal husbandry is developed.

The main tourist spots are churches and ancient buildings in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, El Salvador and Brasilia, Iguazu Waterfall, Itaipu Hydropower Station, Manaus Freeport, Black Gold City and Parana Stone Forest.

(Itaipu Hydropower Station is jointly built by Brazil and Paraguay. )

Brazil's road transportation accounts for 70% of the total national transportation, with railways accounting for 17% and waterways less than 10%. The total length of highway is 6.5438+0.5 million kilometers, and the total length of railway is 30,300 kilometers. The main ports are Victoria, Sandars and Rio de Janeiro. There are three airlines in China.

The main trade targets are the United States, Europe, Japan, the Middle East and Latin American neighbors. It mainly imports petroleum, chemical raw materials, optical instruments and wheat. Export steel, transportation equipment, iron ore, pulp, leather shoes, coffee, sugar, soybeans, orange juice, etc.

Brazil is famous for its high quality and rich taste of coffee. It is the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world and is known as the "coffee kingdom". Coffee originated in Ethiopia, Africa, and was introduced to Brazil in 1727. Brazil is located in the southeast of South America, in the tropics and subtropics. Its unique geographical and climatic conditions are very suitable for growing coffee. In addition, the labor force is cheap, and the coffee planting industry has risen rapidly. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, coffee was planted almost all over Brazil, and then a "coffee boom" lasted for nearly a hundred years. The large-scale cultivation of coffee has brought wealth and prosperity to Brazil. At the beginning of the 20th century, Brazil's coffee production accounted for more than 75% of the world's total output, so it won the reputation of "coffee kingdom". Coffee is one of the important pillars of Brazilian national economy. There are 500,000 coffee plantations, with a planting area of about 2.2 million hectares and a working population of more than 6 million. The annual output of coffee is about 2 million tons, and the annual export earnings are nearly 2 billion US dollars. In recent years, due to the change of export structure and the depression of international coffee market, Brazil's coffee production and export volume have declined. Brazilians like coffee. In 1960s, the per capita annual coffee consumption in Brazil reached 5.8kg.. In the past two decades, with the emergence of other beverages, the per capita coffee consumption in Brazil still exceeded 3 kg. In Brazil, all kinds of cafes can be seen everywhere, whether in cities or villages. People can drink hot coffee with strong fragrance almost anytime and anywhere.

Capital: Brasilia.

Brasilia Brasilia is located in the middle of the Brazilian Plateau. The climate is divided into dry season and rainy season, with September to April as the rainy season and May to August as the dry season. The wet and dry seasons are obvious, and the temperature difference between morning and evening is also large. The annual average temperature is 19 degrees. The population is 265,438+10,000.

Brasilia was built on the plateau at an altitude of 1000 meters in Goias, Brazil in the late 1950s. 1960, the capital officially moved here from the old capital Rio de Janeiro.

In order to develop the vast northern areas and develop the inland and coastal areas in a balanced way, 1956, Brazil moved its capital from Rio de Janeiro on the Atlantic coast to Brasilia in the middle of the Brazilian plateau. Considering the high terrain and cool and pleasant climate, the builders designed a modern city with unique architecture and beautiful environment. The designer also cleverly dammed two streams flowing through Brasilia to form an artificial lake with an area of 46 square kilometers to adjust the air humidity in the city. Brasilia, a green garden city, miraculously appeared on the originally desolate red soil plateau in about three years.

Brasilia is the shortest city in South America. 1987 12 17, UNESCO approved the city as a "world cultural heritage".

The city was built according to the "Aircraft Master Plan" of the famous Brazilian architect Lucio Cospe. By damming the river and building an artificial lake, the whole city is like a giant jet plane with its head held high, which means Brazil is flying against the rising sun.

"Nose" is the party of the three powers, where parliament, court and presidential palace are located; The fuselage is an east-west main road with a length of 8 kilometers and a width of 250 meters. The "front warehouse" is the square of government ministries and commissions, and the office buildings of these ministries are arranged on both sides. The "back warehouse" is the cultural and educational area, sports city, national theater, TV tower and other buildings. "Wei" is an industrial zone serving the capital; The "two wings" are overpasses and residential areas along artificial lakes. Square of the three powers is the core of the capital of Brazil. Its parliament building stands side by side with two 28-story buildings, which are connected by an H-shaped aisle in the middle. H is the first letter of "people" in Portuguese, meaning the legislative purpose of "all for the people".

There are two huge bowl-shaped strange buildings on the platforms on both sides of the building. On the right side of the House of Representatives building is a "big bowl" facing the sky, symbolizing "accepting public opinion"; On the left side of the Senate building is an inverted "big bowl", which symbolizes "public opinion concentration". Below the "bowl" are the conference halls of the two houses, as well as ancillary buildings such as restaurants, shops and garages.

Main tourist attractions in Brasilia:

1) square of the three powers: one of the landmark buildings in Brazil and one of the must-see tourist attractions in Brazil. There are many buildings around the square, such as Congress, Senate, National Grand Court, Presidential Palace, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National National Independence Memorial Hall, Workers' Monument and so on. The biweekly flag-raising ceremony often attracts many tourists.

2) Presidential Memorial Hall: Located in the middle of the "airplane", the statue of President JK faces the Parliament Building, and the memorial coffin of the President and various historical relics left over from the construction period of Brasilia are displayed in the memorial hall.

3) Brasilia Cathedral: The Cathedral is a hyperboloid transparent building with a giant angel statue hanging from the top. Heads of state often hold some important activities here, and Pope Pedro II preached here when he visited Brazil.

The largest city: Sao Paulo.

Sao Paulo is the largest city in South America. Founded in 1554, it is the largest city in Brazil and South America. It is the capital of S? o Paulo State, located in the southeast of the state. It is 760 meters above sea level, with an area of over 1.500 square kilometers, three times that of Paris, and a population of over1.6000. Sao Paulo has a pleasant climate. The climate and temperature change little in a year, but the temperature difference between morning and evening is large.

Bigger, there is a saying that "there are no four seasons in a year, and there are four seasons in a day". The seasons in Brazil are opposite to those in China. From February 65438 to February of the following year, it is summer in Sao Paulo, which is rainy, but the highest temperature is about 30 degrees. June-August is winter in Sao Paulo every year, and the average temperature is around 16-20 degrees.

Sao Paulo is the largest industrial, financial and cultural center in China. About half of the country's industrial production categories are concentrated here, and the industrial output value accounts for about half of the national output value. Three fifths of the largest 500 companies in China are headquartered here. There are 3,000 financial institutions in Sao Paulo, 1, more than 300 banks, and Santos is the largest coffee export port in the world. At the same time, there are dozens of universities, including the famous University of S? o Paulo and Medical University, 6 TV stations, more than 270 newspapers and magazines, and the National Library with millions of books. The wealth created by Sao Paulo every year is higher than the annual gross national product of1/four countries in the world.

Sao Paulo is a modern city, which has been changing and updating at a dazzling speed for more than 400 years. Many overpasses, subway lines, ring expressway and helicopter companies make the traffic very convenient. The business district of Sao Paulo is mainly concentrated in paulista Avenue and Plaza (Pra? A Republic). Mainly selling some handicrafts, gems and antiques. China signs, China restaurants and shops selling China goods can be seen everywhere in Libertad.

Main tourist attractions in Sao Paulo:

1.Catedral Metropolis: The largest cathedral in South America, completed in 1954, is a towering Gothic building with magnificent momentum, surrounded by a pedestrian plaza and one of the shopping areas.

2. Ibirapuera Park: Located in the southern suburb of S? o Paulo, it covers an area of 6.5438+0.6 million square meters, with artificial lakes, group sculptures and numerous museums. It is one of the famous big parks in the world.

3.Liberdade: Many places where Japanese, China and Korean nationals live have a distinct oriental cultural atmosphere, and there are many restaurants, shops and travel agencies run by China people.

The second largest city: Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro is Brazil's second largest city, the largest seaport and the national commercial and financial center. Rio de Janeiro has the most beautiful beaches and beautiful scenery in the world and is the largest tourist center in Brazil.

Located in the southeast of Brazil, on the west bank of Guanabara Bay, which extends northward, there is a 14 km highway bridge connecting the city of Niteroi on the east coast. In June of 65,438+0,502, Portuguese colonists came to this bay, mistakenly thinking that it was the mouth of a big river, so they casually named it "January River", which transliterated as "Rio de Janeiro". 46660.6866868666 1

After more than 400 years of development, Rio de Janeiro has become a mega-city, the industrial and commercial and financial center second only to S? o Paulo, and the largest foreign trade port alongside Santos Port, with the most famous museums in Brazil, the largest library in Latin America, the largest football field in the world, and the largest parks and botanical gardens in China.

Two bread-shaped peaks (Mount okuka) standing at the south entrance of Guanabara Bay are symbols of Rio de Janeiro. Take the cable car to the top of the mountain at an altitude of 395 meters, and when you look up, you will see the beautiful city of Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Bay with white sails shining; On the long beach by the bay, silver sand is dazzling, tourists are like ants, and sun umbrellas are blooming like flowers; The wide seaside avenue extends to the invisible end, cars are constantly shuttling, and modern buildings near the sea are dense. ......

Many Christian countries in the world have carnivals, but in terms of scale, number of participants, rich content and warm atmosphere, Brazil is the first to promote them, and Rio de Janeiro is the largest among major cities in Brazil. Every year in the middle and late February, Brazil will celebrate for three days and three nights. At that time, the streets of Rio de Janeiro will be decorated with lanterns, colorful flags and festive costumes everywhere. People appeared in the city and poured into the streets. Men, women and children are wearing heavy makeup, twisting their waists, waving their hands and dancing samba, as if to vent all the troubles and hardships accumulated in their hearts over the past year. All kinds of music, dance, drama performances and competitions come and go. The grand parade of costumes pushed the festival celebration to a climax, and large floats surrounded the elected "king" and "queen" to lead the way. In the vast team, the devil, angel, beauty, demon fairy, samurai, dignitaries, nobles, slaves and other grotesque costumes are dazzling; The audience cheered for their favorite characters and threw flowers and ribbons. The annual carnival vividly shows the enthusiastic national character of Brazilians.

Main tourist attractions in Rio de Janeiro:

1) Mount Jesus (Cordoba), named after the statue of Jesus, is 38 meters high and weighs 1200 tons, becoming a symbol of Brazil.

2) Rio Beach: A beach stretching for tens of kilometers from north to south has become one of the destinations that tourists all over the world yearn for, among which Copacabana and Ipanema are the most famous.