What should I pay attention to when traveling (hiking) in Tibet?

July to September every year is called the "golden season" in Tibet, which is the peak season for tourism. Tourists, mountaineers and scientists from home and abroad flocked to Tibet. Although it's a long way, the world is getting smaller now. The road to Tibet is in the air, on the ground and in the west.

The annual average temperature 18-20 degrees Celsius, and the daily average temperature changes greatly, which is really "wearing cotton-padded jacket at night and yarn at noon". In places above 5000 meters above sea level in Ali, in August, the daytime temperature is above 10 degrees Celsius, and the nighttime temperature drops below zero degrees Celsius.

Precipitation: The annual precipitation is very small and seasonal. From October of 65438/kloc-0 to April of the following year, the precipitation only accounts for 0% to 20% of the annual 10; The rainfall from May to September is very concentrated, generally accounting for about 90% of the annual precipitation.

Special note: May-July and September 9- 10/0 can be visited every year to avoid the danger of heavy snow and landslides.

Tibetan folk custom

Offering Hada is the most common etiquette for Tibetans. Hada is usually given at weddings, funerals, folk festivals, visiting elders, worshipping Buddha and welcoming guests. Hada is a kind of raw silk product with different lengths. Offering Hada shows purity, sincerity and loyalty to people. Since ancient times, Tibetans believe that white symbolizes purity and auspiciousness, so Hada is generally white.

When visiting a Tibetan family, the host will propose a toast, usually highland barley wine. Highland barley wine is a kind of unsterilized water wine similar to yellow rice wine, with a degree of fifteen to twenty degrees. When making a toast to a guest, the guest must first take three sips, each of which should be filled by the host, and then drink a full glass. Drinking tea is a daily etiquette. When the guest enters the room and sits down, the housewife or the child will come and pour the buttered tea, but the guest doesn't have to serve it himself, and can only serve it when the host holds it in front of you. Only in this way can they be polite.

When greeting Tibetans, the word "La" is usually added after their names to show respect. When walking, don't get ahead of others. Be polite when meeting others.

Celestial burial is a common funeral method for Tibetan people. For celestial burial, there are many taboos among the people, including prohibiting strangers from watching it. Visitors should fully realize the importance of respecting the customs and habits of ethnic minorities, and don't go to the celestial burial place to watch the celestial burial.

Tibetan tea ceremony

Tea is rarely produced in Tibetan areas, but tea is the best drink for Tibetan men, women and children, and it is indispensable in people's daily life. There is a Tibetan proverb, "One day there is no stagnation in Chaze, and three days there is no pain in Chaze", and there is also a saying that "you can't eat without rice, and you can't eat without tea". The tea culture formed in hundreds of years is also very colorful and full of national characteristics, and it is a wonderful flower in the world tea culture garden.

Tibetans like to drink ghee sticks on weekdays. Tibetans often entertain guests with butter tea. They drink butter tea and have a set of rules. When the guest was asked to sit at the Tibetan square table, the host took a wooden bowl and put it in front of the guest. Then the host lifted the butter tea pot (thermos), shook it a few times, and poured a bowl full of butter tea for the guests. If the guest doesn't drink the freshly poured butter paste, tell the host first. When the host once again mentioned that the butter tea pot stood in front of the guests, the guests could pick up the bowl, blow it gently in the butter tea bowl first, blow away the oil flowers floating on the tea, and then sip it, praising: This butter tea is really good, and oil and tea are inseparable. The guest put the bowl back on the table and the host filled it again. That's it. Add it while drinking. After each drink, the enthusiastic host always fills the guests' tea bowls; Don't touch it if you don't want to drink it; If you drink half and don't want to drink any more, the host holds the bowl and you put it there; When the guests are ready to leave, they can drink more, but they can't drink it dry. Leave some greasy tea in the bowl. This is in line with Tibetan customs and etiquette.

Tibetan clothes

Tibetan costumes have a long history. Fat waist, long sleeves and big breasts are the typical structures of Tibetan costumes. The fur robes and double robes in pastoral areas, the brocade robes of officials and nobles, and the costumes of monks in religious festivals all have this feature. Belts and boots are the main accessories to wear. Various styles of "Luo Song" (waist ornaments inlaid with jewels) are tied on the belt and hung on the hips to form various tail ornaments. All kinds of exquisite "poverty alleviation" (similar to daggers) are also tied on the belt.

Tibetan Dao is a must for all Tibetans. It can be used to eat meat and protect the body, and it is also an ornament. Men's Tibetan knives are generally rough and sharp, while women's Tibetan knives are more exquisite. The most famous Tibetan Dao is the Lashi Dao and Xietongmen Dao in Shigatse area. The exquisite silver sheath is the main feature, and it is difficult for other families to imitate it.

Auspicious babao

Eight treasures are auspicious, known in Tibetan as "Tashi Dajie", which is the most common and profound combination in Tibetan paintings.

White conch: According to the Buddhist scriptures, when Sakyamuni said it, the sound shook everywhere, like the sound of conch. Therefore, in this kind of occasion, the conch is often blown. In Tibet, the right-handed white snail is the most revered. It is regarded as a symbol of world-famous for 3,000 years, and it also symbolizes the echo of Buddhism.

Aquarius: Bottles in Tibetan Buddhist temples contain pure water (manna) and precious stones, and peacock feathers or wishful trees are inserted in the bottles. That is, it symbolizes auspiciousness, purity and wealth, and also symbolizes that all treasures are leak-free, the garden is blessed, and wisdom is immortal.

Treasure Umbrella: In ancient India, nobles and members of the royal family used umbrellas to cover the sky when traveling, which later evolved into a ceremonial instrument, implying supreme authority. Buddhism takes the umbrella as a symbol to shield the evil influence and protect Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism also believes that the umbrella symbolizes the authority of the Buddha's teachings.

Auspicious knot: The original meaning of auspicious knot symbolizes love and dedication. According to Buddhism, the auspicious knot also symbolizes that if you follow the Buddha, you will be able to salvage wisdom pearls and revelation treasures from the ocean of life.

Golden wheel: In ancient India, the wheel was a powerful weapon. Later, it was borrowed from Buddhism, symbolizing that Buddhism rotates like a wheel and never stops.

Goldfish: Fish can swim smoothly in the water. Buddhism uses its metaphor to express a practitioner who transcends the secular, free and open-minded. In Tibetan Buddhism, a pair of goldfish, a male and a female, often symbolizes liberation, recovery, immortality and rebirth.

Lotus: Lotus emerges from the mud without being stained, and it is pure and flawless. Tibetan Buddhism believes that lotus symbolizes the ultimate goal, that is, to achieve positive results.

House of Victory: the flag of ancient India. Buddhism uses buildings to show that the root of trouble and evil can be freed, and enlightenment will have results. Tibetans also use it to describe eleven kinds of troubles as the power of governance, namely, abstinence, determination, wisdom, liberation, great compassion, emptiness, no desire, convenience, no ego, clear origin, no prejudice, self-protection and self-purification by the blessing of Buddha.

Present Hada

Offering "Hada" is the most common etiquette of Tibetan people. In Tibet, it is customary to offer "Hada" at weddings, funerals and celebrations, to see off the elders, to pay homage to the Buddha statues and to see them off on a long trip. Offering "Hada" is to show purity, sincerity, loyalty and respect for each other. It is said that when Tibetans enter the temple gate, they first offer Hada, then pay homage to the Buddha statue and visit the temple. When they left, they put a hada behind the seat where they used to sit, indicating that although I left, my heart stayed here.

Hada is a kind of raw silk fabric, which is loosely spun into a net and also made of silk. The top grade "Hada" is woven with various hidden flower patterns such as lotus, Aquarius, umbrella cover and conch, which means good luck. Hada's material varies with different economic conditions, but people don't care about the quality of the material, as long as they can express their master's good wishes. Hada varies in length, ranging from 1 to 2 feet for the elderly to 3 to 5 feet for the short. Tibetans believe that white symbolizes purity and good luck, so Hada-'is usually white. In addition, there are colorful Hada, the colors are blue, white, yellow, green and red. Blue means blue sky, white is white clouds, green is rivers, red is the protector of space, and yellow symbolizes the earth. Multicolored Hada is the most precious gift for making colorful arrows for bodhisattvas and their loved ones. Buddhist teachings explain that colorful hada is the costume of bodhisattva. Therefore, multicolored hada is only used under certain circumstances.

The action of offering Hada varies from person to person. Generally speaking, you should hold Hada with both hands, lift it to shoulder height, then stretch forward and bend down to give it to the other party. At this time, Hada is flush with the top of his head, showing respect for each other and the greatest blessing-good luck. The other party greeted him respectfully with both hands. When offering Hada to venerable persons and elders, raise your hands above your head, lean forward slightly, and hold Hada in front of your seat or at your feet; For colleagues or subordinates, it can be tied around the neck.

Offering Hada is very common in Tibet. Even when people communicate with each other, they will attach a small Hada to the envelope to show their blessings and greetings. What is particularly interesting is that Tibetans will take a few Hadas when they go out, in case they meet long-lost relatives and friends on the way.

Hada stands for different meanings on different occasions. On the day of the festival, people presented Hada to each other to congratulate them on a pleasant journey and a happy life; Offering Hada at the wedding means wishing the newlyweds a mountain of love and a long life together; When welcoming guests, offer Hada to show piety and pray for the blessing of Bodhisattva; Hada was presented at the funeral to express condolences to the deceased and comfort to the family of the deceased.

There are many theories about the origin of Hada. There is a saying that Zhang Qian sent two envoys to Tibet in the Han Dynasty and presented silk to the local tribal leaders. In ancient times, the Han people regarded silk as a symbol of pure friendship. In this way, Tibetan tribes think that this is a kind of etiquette to express friendship and blessings, and the moon is a great etiquette from the prosperous times of the Central Plains, so it has been used ever since. There is also a saying that the French king Basiba of ancient Tibet brought it back to Tibet after meeting Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu. At that time, there were designs of the Great Wall of Wan Li and the words "good luck" on the silk. Later, people made some religious explanations about the origin of Hada, saying that it is a ribbon on the fairy, and white symbolizes holiness and supremacy.

Lamaism

In the 7th century, Buddhism was introduced into Tibet from the Tang Dynasty and India. After a long period of development, it has formed the basic doctrines of maintaining Buddhism, including "Tibetan Buddhism" with strong Tibetan characteristics and local characteristics, commonly known as "Lamaism". There were many sects in the history of Tibetan Buddhism. At present, there are mainly four sects, namely Gelug Sect (commonly known as Yellow Sect), Ma Ning Sect (commonly known as Red Sect), Sakya Sect (commonly known as Flower Sect) and Kagyu Sect (commonly known as White Sect).

Custom taboo

When receiving guests, whether walking or talking, we should put the guests or elders first, and use honorifics, such as adding the word "la" after the name to show respect and kindness, and avoid calling them by their first names. You should bend your knees and smile when welcoming guests. Sit indoors, cross-legged, don't straighten your legs, and don't look around. When accepting gifts, you should pick them up with both hands.

Tibetans are absolutely forbidden to eat donkey meat, horse meat and dog meat, and some areas do not eat fish. When toasting, the guest must first dip his ring finger in a little wine and bomb it in the air three times in a row to show his sacrifice to heaven, earth and ancestors, and then take a sip gently, and the host will fill it in time, then take another sip and fill it up again, and then drink it three times in a row. When they fill it for the fourth time, they must drink it all at once.

When eating, don't bite, don't make noise, and don't drink loudly. When drinking butter tea, the host pours the tea, and the guest can only take it if the host holds it in front of him. No spitting and clapping on others' backs. When you meet religious facilities such as monasteries, manidui and stupas, you must go around from left to right. Do not cross the vessel, brazier or prayer wheel, and do not turn it upside down. Don't touch them with your hands.

Note: In Tibetan areas, you will occasionally see cattle and sheep hanging with red, yellow and green cloth labels wandering in the countryside. Don't drive or hurt them at will. It's a sacrifice to the gods by Tibetans. Don't aim a shotgun at vultures, Tibetans are afraid of hurting their sacred birds.

Do not enter the temple without permission, and do not smoke after entering the temple. It's okay to look at the things in the temple, but don't touch the Buddha statues and scriptures without authorization. Don't drive counterclockwise.

Step into Tibetan tents and bedrooms, don't step on the threshold and don't spit in front of others.

When traveling to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, you must bring enough warm clothes, dry food and drinking water to prevent freezing. You must also wear anti-ultraviolet sunglasses, plus sleeping bags and skin cream. If you have symptoms of altitude hypoxia, you should rest or use oxygen inhalation therapy.

Shorts are not worn in Tibetan areas. Moreover, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is vulnerable to cold due to the large temperature difference between day and night.

Tibetans stick out their tongues to show respect, not ridicule; Folding is a kind of etiquette.

Lhasa, Xigaze and Zedang are the main tourist areas in Tibet. The famous tourist attractions in Lhasa are Potala Palace (located in the city center, within walking distance) and Barkhor Street (an ancient circular road centered on Jokhang Temple). It retains the characteristics of Tibetan market streets, in which many imported goods are sold. Tashilhunpo Temple in Shigatse and Changzhu Temple in Zedang are both famous Buddhist temples.

Tibetan-flavored foods include Ciba, highland barley wine and butter tea. The three can be mixed and eaten together, which can quench thirst and keep out the cold.

You must apply for a visa to travel to Tibet.

Xinzang Highway is the longest and most dangerous highway in Tibet. On the way, you have to climb over several mountains of more than 5000 meters to reach the big board.

1, not suitable for people who travel to Tibet.

Patients with obvious heart, lung, brain, liver and kidney diseases, as well as severe anemia or hypertension, should not close their eyes and enter the plateau. If you have never been to the plateau, it is recommended that you have a strict physical examination before entering the plateau.

2, matters needing attention on the way into the plateau

(1). Oxygen and drugs to prevent and treat acute altitude sickness, such as nifedipine (also known as nifedipine) and aminophylline, should also be prepared as much as possible, as well as drugs, antibiotics and vitamins to prevent and treat colds, just in case.

(2) Due to the cold climate in the plateau and the large temperature difference between day and night, we should pay attention to preparing enough warm clothes to prevent colds. Both colds and respiratory infections may cause acute altitude sickness.

(3) If you have severe symptoms of altitude sickness on the way to the plateau, you should treat it immediately and take aminophylline or nifedipine 20 mg in time. In severe cases, oxygen should be inhaled. In case of severe chest tightness, severe cough, dyspnea, pink foam phlegm cough, or slow response, indifference or even coma, in addition to the above treatment, you should go to a nearby hospital for rescue as soon as possible, or transfer to a lower altitude area for treatment and recovery as soon as possible.

3. Matters needing attention after arriving at the plateau

(1). When you first arrive at the plateau, everyone will feel different degrees of hypoxia symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest tightness and dyspnea. But that doesn't mean you can't adapt to the plateau. If you can protect yourself correctly, the above symptoms can generally be improved or disappeared after 2 ~ 4 days.

(2) If you go to the plateau by plane, the symptoms of mountain sickness usually appear around 12 ~ 14 hours. Therefore, when you first arrive at the plateau, you must not be violently transported, and you should stay in bed immediately. Otherwise, once you feel the reaction, you need more time to adapt.

(3) People often use saliva to absorb oxygen to relieve chest tightness and discomfort. Of course, oxygen inhalation can temporarily relieve chest tightness, shortness of breath, dyspnea and other symptoms, but after stopping oxygen inhalation, the symptoms will reappear, delaying the time to adapt to the plateau. If the above symptoms are not very serious, it is recommended that you do not take oxygen, so that you can adapt to the plateau environment more quickly. Mild altitude sickness will heal itself, so don't take oxygen easily to avoid dependence.

(4) Eat more carbohydrates and digestible food after entering Tibet; Drink plenty of water to keep your body hydrated; Dinner should not be too full. It's best not to drink or smoke. Eat more foods rich in vitamins such as fruits and vegetables.

(5). Pay attention to avoid excessive fatigue and have a regular diet and daily life. A few days before you arrive at the plateau, don't take a bath frequently to avoid catching a cold. Cold is often the main cause of acute high altitude pulmonary edema (difficult to recover under hypoxia)