The development history of the direct selling industry in the United States

1. The development trend of direct selling in the United States

Summary: China's direct selling trade also faces many difficulties. After all, it is an emerging industry, a weak start-up industry, and it faces many strong foreign competitors. The relevant national laws and regulations are not yet complete, and ***'s risk prevention capabilities are not strong. In the face of WTO agreements, China must To open up the direct selling market, *** finally chose to suppress the high returns of direct sales and reduce them to a single level, so that direct sellers do not have high returns. Without high returns, there can be no high risks, which is at least temporarily considered. Therefore, we must look at the present and future of China's direct selling trade rationally.

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In the "Foreign Investment Direct Selling" jointly formulated by the Ministry of Commerce and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce In the draft "Interim Company Regulations", "direct selling" is initially defined as "the supply of goods or services directly at consumers' homes, workplaces or places other than retail stores. This is usually due to salesmen giving detailed explanations or demonstrations of the products on site. "Direct selling has been developing in China for nearly 20 years and is an emerging but rapidly growing industry. At first, under the shadow of illegal pyramid schemes, development was not smooth. It was not until China's accession to the WTO that industry regulations and legal protections were provided that direct selling was able to clear its name and began to flourish.

1. The development prospects of China’s direct selling trade

After years of development and the troubles of MLM clowns, consumers have become more and more rational in their understanding of direct selling, and the encouragement of getting rich overnight , the hype of getting rich quickly has become increasingly unmarketable. Its essence is just a marketing model. Only by providing high-quality products and high-quality services to the market is the only way to gain a foothold in the market in the long run. Only by strengthening the emphasis on product quality and a deep understanding of marketing concepts can we win market share by improving product brand and corporate brand effects.

However, China's direct selling trade faces many difficulties. After all, it is an emerging industry, a weak start-up industry, and it faces many strong foreign competitors. The relevant national laws and regulations are not yet complete, and ***'s risk prevention capabilities are not strong. In the face of WTO agreements, China must To open up the direct selling market, *** finally chose to suppress the high returns of direct sales and reduce them to a single level, so that direct sellers do not have high returns. Without high returns, there can be no high risks, which is at least temporarily considered. Therefore, we must look at the present and future of China's direct selling trade rationally.

2. Relevant countermeasures for the development of China’s direct selling trade

In China, because China’s direct selling has always been in a “grey area” and even has serious sectarianism, there are no good communication opportunities between direct selling companies. Without a good source of information and a lack of understanding of the changes in the market form and foreign competitors in the same industry, China's local direct selling companies have been in a situation of being passively beaten and passively driven. The state will pull the strings, and the companies will follow suit. Sit back and wait, waiting to be acquired or find another "way out." The only relatively standardized communication medium that can be found online now is the China Direct Selling Network. Not only is there a pitiful number of communication platforms, but the content and settings are also rudimentary, not to mention the breadth and depth of information. Direct selling is another good way to solve the current problems of high employment pressure and high requirements for traditional entrepreneurship. Therefore, the effective and rapid transmission of information has become an important prerequisite for self-promotion and mutual communication. For local direct selling companies, they need to strengthen their own quality, accumulate relevant experience, use the preferential policies provided by the state to create their own brands, establish their own competitive advantages, learn from experienced direct selling companies, and develop multi-level marketing channels. Develop a number of direct selling enterprises with Chinese characteristics and certain competitiveness.

In short, China’s direct selling industry will be full of opportunities in the future, but behind the opportunities there are also certain challenges. In terms of the current national conditions of China and the development of direct selling in China, challenges will occupy a greater proportion. , and at the same time, the increasingly intensifying market competition environment has put forward higher requirements for the development of direct selling companies. Therefore, all direct selling companies can only seize the opportunity and make China's direct selling trade grow healthily and rapidly only by working hard on their "internal strength", improving management, respecting the laws of the market, and adhering to a people-oriented approach. Reference: ://chinairr/view/V01/201206/05-100943. 2. What is direct selling

Direct Selling, according to the definition of the World Direct Selling Alliance, refers to face-to-face and non-fixed-point sales. A way to sell goods and services, direct sellers bypass traditional wholesalers or retail channels and receive orders directly from customers.

Direct selling refers to a distribution method in which direct selling companies recruit direct sellers, who sell products directly to final consumers (hereinafter referred to as consumers) outside of fixed business premises. Development History In the late 1980s, Japan Life, a Japanese company selling magnetic health mattresses, launched a pyramid selling business in my country.

This company does not have any official operating license.

●On November 14, 1990, the Sino-US joint venture Guangzhou Avon Co., Ltd. was established, the first company in mainland China to formally apply for registration for direct selling. Direct selling was officially included in the formal scope of industrial and commercial administration.

Edit this paragraph Legal formation ●On August 11, 1994, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce issued the "Notice on Suppressing Illegal Activities of Multi-Level Marketing Activities" (Document No. 233). On September 2, the “Notice on Investigating and Punishing Illegal Acts in Multi-Level Marketing Activities” (Document No. 240) was issued again.

The development speed of illegal pyramid schemes has been curbed. ●On March 28, 1995, the Ministry of Domestic Trade issued a document announcing the formal establishment of a legislative body for the "Regulations on the Management of Multi-Level Marketing" and began drafting management measures for multi-level marketing.

●On September 22 of the same year, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Notice on Stopping the Development of Multi-Level Marketing Enterprises" to regulate and restrict the overheating of domestic pyramid schemes; shortly thereafter, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce formulated the "Notice on Stopping the Development of Multi-Level Marketing Enterprises" Implementation Measures for Reviewing and Cleaning Up Multi-Level Marketing Enterprises. ●In April 1996, after review, my country’s *** approved for the first time 41 MLM companies to carry out multi-level MLM business. On April 28, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce promulgated the "Opinions on Permissible Multi-level MLM Business" to 41 multi-level MLM companies. Book".

●On January 10, 1997, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce promulgated the "Measures for the Administration of MLM." Propose the definitions of single-level pyramid schemes and multi-level pyramid schemes.

●Because there are no strict standards for distinguishing multi-level pyramid schemes and single-level pyramid schemes, illegal pyramid schemes companies of all sizes have sprung up like mushrooms after a rain. As a result, from the end of 1997 to the beginning of 1998, illegal pyramid schemes were rampant, and the state almost lost control of direct selling enterprises.

On April 21, 1998, the State Council promulgated the "Notice on Prohibition of MLM Activities", which comprehensively banned and rectified the entire MLM industry. ●On June 18 of the same year, three national ministries (Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, and Ministry of Domestic Trade) issued the "Notice on Issues Concerning the Transformation of Sales Methods by Foreign-Invested MLM Enterprises."

Explicit provisions: It is stipulated that "foreign-invested MLM enterprises must switch to the operation model of 'store + hiring personnel for sales'". It also approved the transformation and operation of 10 foreign-invested direct selling companies, including Amway, Avon, and Mary Kay.

●In 2001, my country joined the WTO. China *** promises that restrictions on wholesale or retail services (including pyramid schemes) provided in a commercial manner without a fixed location will be gradually lifted three years after its accession to the WTO.

●On July 24, 2006, Avon Co., Ltd. was officially approved by the Ministry of Commerce and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, becoming the first domestic enterprise allowed to conduct direct sales pilots. ●On December 1, 2006, Perfect (China) Daily Necessities Co., Ltd. was approved by the Ministry of Commerce to carry out direct sales business, selling health food, cosmetics and cleaning supplies.

●On September 1, 2005, two core regulations related to the Direct Selling Law, the Direct Selling Management Regulations and the Pyramid Selling Prohibition Regulations, were officially promulgated. The "Prohibition of Pyramid Selling Regulations" will take effect on November 1, and the "Direct Selling Management Regulations" will take effect on December 1.

Industry Prospects With China's accession to the WTO, the game rules of the international market economy have been fully introduced, and standardized direct selling will surely become an integral part of China's market economy. Regarding this point, we can see from the mature state of market economies abroad for many years that China's Communist Party has also officially followed international norms and promised to open the market in this field within three years after joining the WTO, and is already embarking on more reforms in this field. Effective legislative preparation.

It can be said that direct selling is the trend of future social development. In this regard, the reporter conducted an in-depth interview and investigation on the prospects of China's direct selling market based on the principle of seeking truth from facts. Direct selling is a legitimate profession: Direct selling officially entered China in 1990.

The first company to enter China was Avon. By 1993, there were already a relatively large number of direct selling companies, and the systems of direct selling companies were even more diverse.

Regarding this period, Chinese direct selling theory researchers call it a period of flooding and disorder. It was during this period that "illegal pyramid schemes" were gaining momentum.

As the media continues to publicize the crackdown on illegal pyramid schemes, direct selling has also been cast in a gloomy color, making it difficult to restore its true colors. In fact, direct selling is a legitimate profession that first emerged in the United States in the 1950s. At that time, due to the huge gap between the rich and the poor, many poor people had no chance to change their status quo. Two graduate students from Harvard University in the United States invented the direct selling industry to allow the poor to engage in this kind of work. Occupations allow the rich to consume goods.

Soon, many companies' stagflation products found sales, and the depressed market gained vitality. At the same time, many poor people changed their destiny and joined the ranks of the rich. This new marketing method quickly became popular.

Regarding direct selling, the World Direct Selling Association’s definition is as follows: Direct selling refers to face-to-face sales by independent marketers in places other than fixed retail stores (such as personal residences, workplaces, or other places). In this way, products and services are directly introduced to consumers through explanations and demonstrations, and consumer goods are marketed.

We know that the traditional form of commodity circulation is as follows: manufacturer-general agent-provincial agent-city agent-wholesaler-store-consumer. Each link requires management costs, such as: workers, wages, transportation funds, As the water and electricity bills of the factory increase at each link, the price of the product becomes higher, and advertising fees are also required during the sales process. These costs are ultimately borne by the consumer. When it reaches the consumer, the price of the product that costs one dollar may Achieving six or seven yuan.

In this way, the interests of consumers or manufacturers will be damaged. Pepsi-Cola in the United States pays Aaron Kwok for all the advertising costs. At the same time, the emergence of fake products and the triangular debt problem also endanger the fate of the company, but direct selling eliminates many disadvantages.

Direct selling shortens the intermediate process. 3. The development history of direct selling

It has been nearly 20 years since the direct selling industry entered China. After years of development, China's direct selling market has gradually matured.

The development of direct selling in China has experienced turmoil and twists and turns. Let us review the development of direct selling in China. Development History 1. The emergence and legislative process of direct selling operations in my country. The direct selling operation method was introduced into my country in the early 1990s. Its development has generally gone through four stages: First, the rise stage (1990-1993).

In November 1990, the Sino-US joint venture Guangzhou Avon Co., Ltd. was established, the first company in my country to formally apply for registration as a direct selling business, marking the official entry of direct selling business into the mainland market. The method of direct sales personnel coming to explain and sell products has aroused social attention to this new marketing method.

The entry of Avon and the success of its initial operations set a strong example. Facing the huge Chinese market, other foreign direct selling companies followed closely, starting in 1992 with sole proprietorships and joint ventures. form into our country. Some domestic companies have also followed suit.

Second, chaotic management reached the preliminary standardization stage (1994-1997). With the entry of direct selling operations, the direct selling form has been used by some criminals to engage in illegal pyramid schemes and "pyramid fraud" activities under the banner of direct selling.

According to statistics from relevant departments, by the end of 1995, the vast majority of enterprises engaged in pyramid schemes across the country were operating illegally. These companies are neither registered nor have standardized marketing methods. Most of them resort to "pulling people over" or forcibly selling products at ridiculously high prices. Some even use direct sales to engage in activities such as fraud, gangs, and superstitious gatherings, which are detrimental to social stability. and serious impact on public security.

Some illegal pyramid schemes use "get rich quick" as bait to attract people who don't know the truth to join, seriously damaging the interests of consumers, disrupting market order, and affecting social stability. In this regard, the relevant competent authorities of our country have successively promulgated a series of laws and regulations and departmental rules to regulate the chaos that occurs in direct selling operations.

Despite this, the chaos in MLM operations and a large number of illegal and fraudulent activities have not been fundamentally curbed. Third, pyramid schemes and some foreign-funded direct selling enterprises are prohibited from transitioning into business operations (after 1998).

Since my country's market development was still relatively low at that time, regulatory measures were not yet perfect, residents' consumer psychology was immature, and they did not know much about direct selling methods. In addition, some people had an urgent desire to get rich quickly, which led many people to Being deceived gives illegal direct selling operators an opportunity. Faced with the increasingly serious harm caused by illegal pyramid selling activities to social stability and consumer rights, the Chinese Communist Party decisively took strict measures to prohibit pyramid schemes and issued the "Notice of the State Council on Prohibiting MLM Business Activities" in 1998.

The notice stipulates that no enterprise shall engage in pyramid schemes or disguised pyramid schemes in any form. At the same time, the "Notice on Issues Concerning the Transformation of Sales Methods of Foreign-Invested MLM Enterprises" was issued, approving 10 foreign-funded direct selling companies in the United States such as Amway, Avon, and Mary Kay to transform into store operations and hiring salesmen.

After 2000, a number of "Notices" and "Regulations" were issued successively to regulate the behavior of transforming enterprises. In 2001, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce established the "Office of Combating MLM", which is mainly responsible for combating domestic illegal pyramid schemes and related fraudulent activities and protecting the interests of consumers.

Fourth, the opening of the direct selling market and the official introduction of direct selling regulations (September 2005). Based on my country's economic growth and the development of diversified circulation methods, as well as fulfilling relevant WTO commitments, my country has accelerated the process of direct selling legislation.

In September 2005, the State Council promulgated the "Direct Selling Management Regulations" (State Council Order No. 443) and the "Prohibition of Pyramid Selling Regulations" (State Council Order No. 444), and they were implemented on November 1, 2005. It will be officially implemented on December 1st. The promulgation of the two regulations marks that the opening of my country's direct selling market and the direct selling legislative process have entered a new stage.

2. Direct selling laws and regulations that our country has promulgated. As of the end of 2004, the laws and regulations formulated and promulgated by relevant departments in my country to regulate and manage direct selling activities include: On August 10, 1994, the National Administration for Industry and Commerce In accordance with the instructions of the State Council, the General Administration formulated and issued the "Notice on Suppressing Illegal Behaviors in Multi-Level Marketing Activities".

On September 22, 1995, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Notice on Stopping the Development of Multi-Level Marketing Enterprises" (Guoban [1995] No. 50), which required local industrial and commercial administrative agencies and other relevant administrative agencies to stop approval and registration. Register enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households that carry out business activities in the form of pyramid schemes.

In 1996, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce promulgated the "Opinion Letter on Permitting Multi-level MLM", officially approving 41 companies to conduct pyramid schemes; on January 10, 1997, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce issued the "Measures for the Administration of MLM ", this is the first time that my country has relatively comprehensive regulations on MLM marketing methods, marking a breakthrough in my country's legislation in this field; On April 18, 1998, the State Council promulgated the "Notice on Prohibiting MLM Business Activities" (State Council [ No. 10, 1998), a comprehensive ban on pyramid selling (including direct selling) activities; On June 18, 1998, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the Domestic Trade Bureau and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce issued the "Notice on Issues Concerning the Change of Sales Methods of Foreign-Invested MLM Enterprises" " (Foreign Economic and Trade Development [1998] No. 455), approved the transformation of 10 foreign direct selling companies such as Avon, Amway, and Mary Kay; in 2000, the State Council also issued the "General Office of the State Council forwarded to the Industrial and Commercial Administration and other departments on severely cracking down on pyramid schemes and disguised schemes. Notice of Opinions on Pyramid Selling and Other Illegal Business Activities" (Guobanfa [2000] No. 55); In February 2002, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the Domestic Trade Bureau and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce promulgated the "Regulations on Relevant Issues in Implementation" (Industrial and Commercial Zi [2002] No. 31). 4. The development history of China’s direct selling industry

(1) The introduction period (1990-1993) is marked by the American direct selling giants such as Avon/Amway/Xianliide taking the lead in landing in China.

At this time, domestic companies have not yet intervened in large numbers. (2) Chaotic period (1993-1996) A large influx of foreign capital (led by Taiwan), followed by domestic enterprises, caused chaos in the market.

During this period, *** conducted its first passing action. (3) Trial period (1996-1998) The State Administration for Industry and Commerce approved 41 multi-level marketing enterprises in April 1996, and promulgated the "Measures for the Administration of MLM" on January 10, 1997.

Later, due to the system hype of many MLM companies using the "rolling system"/"dual-track system"/"computer network arrangement", a large number of MLM refugees appeared, causing serious social problems. Therefore, "MLM " was deemed by the Communist Party to be inconsistent with the national conditions at that time, and in April 1998, MLM operations were completely banned. (4) Transformation Period (1998-2005) *** After the one-size-fits-all approach to direct/MLM sales in April 1998, 10 more foreign-funded transformation enterprises were approved in June of the same year. These companies include: Amway/Avon/Mary Kay /Rihui/Fudi/Shanghe/Perfect/Bimei/Tupperware/Naris, allowing them to continue operating as "store direct sellers".

(The direct selling licenses of the "Ten Transformed" enterprises were officially abolished on December 31, 2006) (5) Opening-up transition period 2005 is regarded as the first year of direct selling in China. Because *** finally on September 2, 2005, the State Council officially promulgated the "Direct Selling Management Regulations" and the "Prohibition of Pyramid Selling Regulations."

(1) The introduction period (1990-1993) is marked by the American direct selling giants such as Avon/Amway/Xianliide taking the lead in landing in China. At this time, domestic companies have not yet intervened in large numbers.

(2) Chaos Period (1993-1996) A large influx of foreign capital (led by Taiwan), followed by domestic enterprises, caused chaos in the market. During this period, *** carried out its first passing action.

(3) During the trial period (1996-1998), the State Administration for Industry and Commerce approved 41 multi-level marketing enterprises in April 1996, and promulgated the "MLM Management" on January 10, 1997. way". Later, due to the system hype of many MLM companies using the "rolling system"/"dual-track system"/"computer network arrangement", a large number of MLM refugees appeared, causing serious social problems. Therefore, "MLM" was deemed inappropriate by *** In line with the national conditions at the time, MLM operations were completely banned in April 1998.

(4) Transformation Period (1998-2005) *** After the one-size-fits-all approach to direct/MLM sales in April 1998, 10 more foreign-funded transformation enterprises were approved in June of the same year. These companies Including: Amway/Avon/Mary Kay/Rihui/Fudi/Shanghe/Perfect/Bime/Tupperware/Naris, allowing them to continue operating as "store direct sellers". (The direct selling licenses of the "Ten Transformed" enterprises were officially abolished on December 31, 2006) (5) Opening-up transition period 2005 is regarded as the first year of direct selling in China.

Because *** finally the State Council officially promulgated two regulations, the "Direct Selling Management Regulations" and the "Prohibition of Pyramid Selling Regulations" on September 2, 2005, and issued them on December 1, 2005 and 2005 respectively. It will be implemented on November 1, 2020. This means that direct selling has become a legal industry in China.

Since the two "Regulations" were officially implemented, all direct selling companies are making internal adjustments and actively applying for licenses to adapt to this new regulation. This will be a relatively long "transition." period" and will continue. (6) Transitional high-risk period (2006-2008) During the "open transition period", we are experiencing such a more special period.

This period is the most sensitive period for the direct selling industry, and it is also a highly dangerous period for direct selling companies and dealers. This is mainly reflected in the strict control of direct selling companies after obtaining licenses by the competent authorities and the severe crackdown on all pyramid selling activities.

Even companies that have obtained a license will not be able to engage in direct selling activities or even have their direct selling licenses revoked if they cannot comply with the provisions of the Regulations. (7) The arrival of the mature period of opening up will mark the formal improvement and implementation of the "Direct Selling Law"; it will mark the establishment and operation of relevant organizations such as the "China Direct Selling Industry Association"; it will mark the relationship between China's direct selling and the "Direct Selling Industry Association". The integration of "World Direct Selling Alliance" marks that the time has come for China's direct selling to fully open to the outside world.

Expand. 5. History of the Economic Development of the United States

1. From the North American wilderness to the rise of a great power and towards the world's superpower The history of the United States can be divided into three periods: early, modern and contemporary periods: Early period (before 1492 - 1776 years); modern times (1776-1898); and modern times (1898 to the present).

The landmarks that distinguish the three periods are the independence of the United States in 1776 and the Spanish-American War in 1898. 1. Early development history of the United States (before 1492 AD - 1776 AD) The development characteristics of this stage are the development from primitive clan society to the capitalist mode of production and the jump to pre-capitalist forms.

The development of social forms during this period was not a sequential transition. It did not go through the development stage dominated by slavery and feudal social systems. In terms of the dominant form of production relations, it is the period when pre-capitalist and capitalist modes of production began to develop.

In terms of social and political life conditions, it was the period of the 13 British North American colonies in which the indigenous Indians were the main residents and the English were the main residents. The basic reason lies in the influence of the English, who were already in the advanced stage of capitalist development, coming to America.

The United States can be divided into three stages of development. 1) The period when Indians developed North America (before 1492-) Indians were the earliest original inhabitants of the North American continent.

They have long been the main force in developing North America. Their activities formed the mainstream of ancient North American history before the establishment of the 13 British North American colonies.

But the Indians' development of North America was very slow. If it were not for the continuous exploration and colonization of North America by white Europeans since the late 15th century, North American Indians would still have influenced the evolution of the history of the North American continent.

2) The period of exploration, development and colonization by European powers in North America (1492-early 17th century). At this time, Indians were still the main residents of the North American continent, but it was white Europeans who dominated the destiny of the continent. European powers, mainly the Spanish, Dutch, French and English, successively broke into the North American continent and established their own colonies.

Generally speaking, the Spanish and French colonization in North America had a strong sense of feudal plunder. The colonization of North America by the English and Dutch was mainly associated with the capitalist mode of production.

3) The 13 colonial periods of British North America (1607-1775) During this period, Britain established 13 colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America, from Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 to 1733 Georgia lasted for 126 years. Before and after this, the French had huge colonies on the Mississippi River, the Spanish controlled Florida and Mexico, and the Dutch controlled the New York area.

After the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763, the British controlled Canada and the vast area west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River, becoming the overlord of the North American continent east of the Appalachian Mountains. . It needs to be pointed out that, firstly, the mainstream of immigrants during this period were WASPs, mainly English people, that is, Puritans among the white European Anglo-Saxons; the residents included whites, black immigrants, and original indigenous Indians; among the immigrants, free immigration and contract Servants are different in nature.

During this period, Britain established 13 colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America, which lasted 126 years from Jamestown in Virginia in 1607 to Georgia in 1733. Before and after this, the French had huge colonies on the Mississippi River, the Spanish controlled Florida and Mexico, and the Dutch controlled the New York area.

After the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763, the British controlled Canada and the vast area west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River, becoming the overlord of the North American continent east of the Appalachian Mountains. .

It needs to be pointed out that, firstly, the mainstream of immigrants during this period were WASPs, mainly English people, that is, Puritans among the white European Anglo-Saxons; the residents included whites, black immigrants, and original indigenous Indians; among the immigrants, free immigration and contract Servants are different in nature.

Second, there are differences between the British model of colonization and the Spanish model. The former is basically capitalist colonization, while the latter is basically feudal commercial plunder. Third, the social nature of the colonial period was a capitalist society with dependency and pre-capitalist remnants.

On the whole, it is basically a transplantation of British capitalism under special conditions in North America. It can be said to have North American characteristics. 2. Modern American History (1776-1898) This period was the period of full development of American liberal capitalism.

The young bourgeoisie has achieved decisive and major victories in various fields such as politics, economy, ideology and culture, and territorial expansion. The United States has firmly established and expanded the bourgeois democratic republic, gradually established the dominance of the industrial bourgeoisie, rapidly developed its national economy, and in a short period of time became one of the world's leading industrial powers. At the same time, in the latter part of the 19th century The transition to the modern capitalist stage began in the 1930s, and after completing mainland expansion, it began to expand overseas.

The modern United States can generally be divided into the following four stages of development: 1) The two wars against Britain (1776-1815). The North American Independence Revolution from 1775 to 1783 overthrew the British in North America. Colonial rule liberated social productive forces and opened up broad prospects for the rapid development of American capitalism. The publication of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 was a milestone in American history. It was a programmatic document of the American bourgeoisie, marking the birth of the United States of America and the beginning of modern America.

In the 30 years from 1783 to 1812, the American bourgeois republican system was firmly established, including the establishment of the republican system, federalism, presidential system and stable federation. constitution. The second war against Britain from 1812 to 1815 was mainly a war between the young United States of America and the world's industrial powers that oppressed it. Its results contributed to the consolidation of the federal government, the rise of the American national spirit, and the elimination of capitalism. The greatest external threat to development, the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and the long period of peaceful nation-building.

2) The westward movement, territorial expansion and the period of intensification of the contradiction between the two social systems (1815-1860) The westward movement has a link between the past and the future in the nearly hundred years between the North American Revolution of Independence and the Civil War. important role. It is the result of the North American Revolution of Independence and the prelude to the Civil War.

It precedes territorial expansion, and the content of its activities precedes territorial expansion. 6. Briefly describe the origin of direct selling and the development history of direct selling in China

The origin and development history of direct selling

Shadowed, talk about direct selling. It was not until 1979 that the American company Amway entered Japan and brought the legitimate direct selling concept. Japan's direct selling industry has just begun to develop. In 1995, Japan's total direct selling sales reached US$30.4 billion, higher than that of the United States. The largest direct selling company is Amway, which achieved a performance of US$1.5 billion in 1992 and claimed to have a surplus of approximately 100 million yuan. The number of Amway employees is as high as 1.3 million. Amway is also the most successful foreign businessman in Japan, ranking second only to Coca-Cola Company. After Amway Japan's stock was listed, it became the tenth largest company in terms of turnover on the New York Stock Exchange. today. Japan is the world's largest direct selling kingdom.

In order to ensure the stable and reliable development of Japan's direct selling industry, Japan has formulated a series of relevant laws and regulations. In 1980, Japan established the Direct Selling Association, which is a semi-official organization. Two-thirds of the association's funds and main directors and staff are appointed by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. In 1992, the association had 206 member direct selling companies.

After more than 20 years of development, direct selling in Japan is growing at an average rate of almost 30%. According to estimates from the Japan Direct Selling Association, in the 1980s, Japan's direct selling industry had sales of US$12 billion and more than 1 million employees. By 1995, Japan's direct selling turnover was US$30.4 billion, accounting for 40% of the world's total direct selling, becoming the world's largest direct selling country. Now, about 80% of Japan's domestic retail industry's annual turnover is completed through direct sales, and it is quickly expanding overseas.

The direct selling industry in Hong Kong, China, originated in the 1970s and has a history of 30 years.

In 1979, three companies, Amway, Avon and Times Life, initiated the establishment of the Hong Kong Direct Selling Association

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