Where do people usually go shopping on Christmas Eve in Mangshi, Dehong Prefecture?

Dai, with a population of 1,025,000. The Dai people mainly live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and the rest are distributed in cities and counties in Yunnan. Claims to be "Big Roku Dai, Dai Ya", named after Dai.

Dai language belongs to the traditional phonetic text of Dai language of the Zhuang and Dong language groups in Tibetan language.

Dai’s faith is Theravada Buddhism.

The Dai people have a long history. The historical records of China in the 1st century BC include the Dai people. In 109 BC, the Han Dynasty established Yizhou County, and the Dai area was under the jurisdiction of Yizhou County. AD 69, Dai area in Yongchang County. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the hereditary chieftains were abolished in minority areas, the Dai areas gradually normalized temporary officials (liangguan), and the "chief" policy rules changed to the direct rule of the court. The People's Republic of China was established in the County Education Bureau of the Dai area.

The Dai people live in bamboo buildings, which are gantry-style buildings. The bamboo building is approximately square with dozens of bamboo supports, a vacant workshop, a thatched roof, and a large gap between the bamboo walls. It is ventilated and light-transmissive. The two sides of the sloping roof are in the shape of an "A". The bamboo building is divided into two levels. The upstairs is for living, and the downstairs is where livestock is stored, where sundries are piled, rice is pounded, and cloth is weaved.

Dai men generally wear a long-sleeved shirt with a double-breasted collar, trousers, and a white or green cloth headband. The clothing of Dai women is about the same, but basically it has the same characteristics as hair buns, tube skirts, and shirts. The tube skirt is long to the feet, tight-fitting with a short hem and waist, and long, narrow sleeves.

Dai’s staple food is rice, the most unique bamboo tube rice. The production method is to add water to fresh bamboo rice and grill it over fire. It tastes fragrant and delicious. All parts of Pu'er tea, a specialty product of Yunnan Xishuangbanna exported to China, were exported to Southeast Asia and South Asia during the Tang Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. Now they have entered the markets of Japan and Western Europe and other countries and regions, and are well-known teas in China and abroad.

Dai has his own calendar. The difference between the Gregorian calendar year 638 and the Gregorian calendar year 639 is the first year of Dai Li. The Dai Li year is a year in the Gregorian calendar, and the month is the first month of the lunar calendar. Dai Li is divided into three seasons, from January to April, the cold season, from May to August, and the hot season, September to December, which is the rainy season.

The Dai people like poetry very much, especially narrative poetry. The narrative poems "Zhao Shudun, and Ma Nan Nuona", "Ashima" and "E" and other works are precious cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.

The Dai dance has many types of movements, mainly simulated *** Based on the activities of local animals, the peacock dance imitates the beautiful movements of the peacock, and also comes from the beautiful legend of the Dai people.

The Water Splashing Festival is the Dai people's most distinctive national characteristic. The Water Splashing Festival is the Li New Year's Day of the Dai people. It is from June 6th to July 6th, which is equivalent to the Songkran Festival in the Gregorian calendar. The flowers floated in the clear water and then splashed playfully on each other and wished each other. At first, the hands and bowls were used to splash water with basins and buckets, and the splashing songs became more intense, with drums, gongs, splashing sounds, and cheering sounds integrated into one. . During the Water Splashing Festival, dragon boat races, flying lanterns and other traditional entertainment performances and various activities are also held.

The specialty of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province is very rich, and there are more than just fruits. 110 species, many plant and animal species here, the famous plant kingdom, animal kingdom. Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve was opened to the outside world in 1991, and people can visit the treasure house of nature and appreciate the rich subtropical style. p>

Dai Custom

Dai still retains the belief in the primitive religion introduced by Theravada Buddhism, which believes that everything in the world includes humans and animals. , plants, and all inanimate objects have souls, and the soul is immortal. It can cause various diseases and disasters when the sick soul is injured in some way, and the soul leaves the body and never comes back. Fear, but also a strong desire to conquer disasters, try to call back the souls of harm or freedom (also called soul calling). It can not only call people, but also livestock, poultry and grains.

Dai "awakening Huanlong" attracted a large number of souls, calling, Huan case (recruiting little souls), Filipino Huan "(souls)," Oh, helping people summon souls Huan Nanlang" (recruiting black girls Soul) 4. There are three types of livestock, poultry and crops to choose from: "awakening the soul of the cow" (recruiting the soul of the cow), "awakening the soul of the chicken" (recruiting the soul of the chicken) and "awakening the soul of the rice" (recruiting the soul of the rice).

According to the survey, there are 81 ways to attract (called) souls. They believe that people have 32 ghosts and 92 ghosts. As long as the ghost hurts or leaves the human body, part of the human body will become sick or even die. To cure diseases, it is necessary to have 81 kinds of soul-calling methods to call the soul. All of them are called "hun", the most famous one is "awakening the soul of Huan Nanlang", which is the so-called black girl's soul, which has the word "hun".

The spirit-calling rituals vary from region to region: in some areas, the villagers are asked to be responsible for worshiping the souls of Bo Nian; in some areas, elderly parents are asked to do so.

In order to help people call souls, there are soul-calling words, for example, to recruit the souls of sons and daughters. "The soul-calling words are like this:" Today is an auspicious day, I call the soul, the soul, the soul's father and mother love, do not go and hide in the cave To be alone in sorrow is not to hide the tears by the river, not to enter the forest grassland trees, cattle and horses not to drill the head and soul, it is the head life, the back tooth oasis of the tooth soul, the ear soul eye soul the person who travels to the leather soul The souls that paid the bill did not run about 32 souls came back today, 92 souls came back today, the souls of all the souls should be thick today, parents tied to you. spread! The soul is back! The soul of the cow, chicken, and duck is called the soul of the valley. There is a set of rituals, and the word "hun" is also fixed.

In addition to the soul-calling ritual, Dai Bingguo will also have a funeral ceremony. The traditional funeral of the Dai people is a burial And cremation is more common.

In the past, people of different levels had different names, and different cemeteries were buried in the "death" of the deceased's home. If someone dies in the village, the family and friends will be notified immediately. Neighbors, relatives and friends will immediately break up and make various funeral preparations.

We must take the time to take a bath and shave our heads. The deceased is male, but the deceased is also bathed and put on two new sets of clothes, which are the best white trousers.

Then you have to ask the temple monks to pray for the salvation of the deceased. Relatives complained. The next step is to choose the auspicious day for the funeral and select the cemetery according to the state regulations of throwing eggs at the deceased's cemetery.

Finally, the funeral procession is fixed. It is an auspicious day for cremation. On the day of the funeral, the iron tripod should be removed from the fireplace, and the ashes of the deceased should be cleaned and either cremated or thrown into the river and washed away. There are grain seeds sown in the underworld for the souls of the deceased.

The monks lead the way, and the relatives and villagers who lead the way are still lined up to mention the sand crucible and arrive at the cemetery. After being dismissed, he quickly returned home, resettled the iron tripod on the fireplace, and rekindled the fire in the pond. The funeral drums and gongs were played, and the gun display was carried out. Most of the mourners returned to the cemetery, leaving only a few. Ten young men exhumed or cremated the remains. After the funeral procession, the "Mang Evening" scripture monk chanted the ghost to the family. At this point, the funeral was sorted out.

If one of the spouses dies, a ceremony is also performed to sever the relationship between husband and wife: a bolt of life with a white thread of betel nut and a pair of wax strips. Hold one end of the thread and tie the other end to the body of the deceased's relatives in the coffin or to the lifting plate. An old white line is cut in the middle, which means that after severing the relationship between husband and wife, a man can remarry a woman and remarry without restraint.

BR />Wedding

Dai generally has a monogamous individual family with two generations of parents and children, and three generations living under the same roof. After the children grow up and get married, they separate and their parents separate the family. When parents have young sons or young women living together, the young children inherit the family property and it is the younger children's responsibility to support their parents. The children who have been separated may also be part of the property for a small amount. Equality between men and women in the family, economic independence,

Women begin to have personal savings before marriage. The groom’s family property can be taken back to his natal family once divorced. In the case of men and women, In the family, if the relationship between husband and wife breaks down, the man can also move his own things back to his parents. Widows can remarry and bring men back home. If the man lost several months away from home and a woman was able to find another spouse, the couple died, regardless of age, and had to get a divorce, a simple procedure where a candle was placed on the coffin of the deceased, saying that the deceased was divorced.

Worship

>There are many taboos about letting go. When the future guests are ranked, old people, men, women and early people are on the floor. Men use clothing and tools, not more than women. The daughter-in-law and father-in-law pass directly through the items that must be passed, the daughter-in-law should pass the items on the table or in the appropriate location, and then her father-in-law and uncle take them. Meet men and women, women's bottoms. Lu Yu's parents, mother-in-law, and daughter-in-law should have their skirts bent and bent to give way. Ji Long, foreigners are not allowed to participate in the film festival, and they can participate in the ceremony without smoking. If foreigners do not have farm work, they will not take leaves into the village. The house cannot rest on a central pillar. In Mengla Pu'er, you need to take off your shoes in the next three villages, and you are not allowed to touch the little monk's head temple. Guests in the Bamboo House are prohibited from sitting above the firepit and across from the fireplace, not the master bedroom.