Great wall review

Category: culture/art >> Historical topics

Problem description:

Who can introduce me to the Great Wall? Please help me, I need it urgently! ! ! ! ! !

Analysis:

1 Main aesthetic features of the Great Wall architectural art

China's traditional cosmology holds that "one yin and one yang are the Tao". This China's traditional view of the world is in China's traditional aesthetics.

The face is excellent.

Beauty and magnificence, in short, female beauty, the so-called "apricot blossom, spring rain, Jiangnan"; And the beauty of masculinity, the so-called "steed"

Autumn wind, northern Hebei. "The beauty of the Great Wall belongs to the beauty of masculinity, that is, majestic. Magnificence is majestic, vigorous, grand and rough.

Characterized by winning by momentum. Elegance is characterized by softness, charm, beauty, elegance, quietness and harmony, and it is known for its interest. The Great Wall and Congcong

Sao's poems, Han Yuwen's and Su Xin's poems, as well as Weibei in calligraphy, Qin figurines in sculpture, Yungang, Longmen and Leshan.

Buddha statue, Forbidden City in buildings, etc. , reflecting a kind of "harmony between man and nature" momentum and strong artistic appeal. such as

If the feeling process of female beauty has the characteristics of "moistening things silently", then the works of masculine beauty are in an instant.

Shocking people. Judging from the function of these two forms of beauty, it can be said that the beauty of femininity focuses on the internal factors that affect individual personality.

The cultivation of inner world, spirit and sentiment is of great significance for perfecting an independent and complete personality. but

The beauty of masculinity is of great significance to stimulate a nation's self-confidence and spirit, thus promoting historical progress.

Immeasurable value and significance. "Since ancient times, no one has died in life, leaving Dan's heart to shine." Wen Tianxiang's famous sentence "Inspiration"

Countless people with lofty ideals gave their lives for their country. Tragic and hard. The masculine beauty represented by the Great Wall has this influence on historical creation.

The deep connotation of exerting strength. ?

This masculine beauty of the Great Wall, or majestic and sublime beauty, comes from its huge external volume.

Magnificent momentum. The Great Wall of Wan Li has conquered countless tourists with its magical, steep and majestic posture. Homer epic

The famous modern archaeologist Gillman, the discoverer of the Trojan Plateau depicted in the Iliad, saw it for the first time.

China's Great Wall, issued such a surprise: whether it is "from the peak of Java volcano, from the Sierra Nevada in California."

I have seen magnificent scenery at the top of the mountain, from the top of the Himalayas in India and from the Gothic plateau in South America.

The elephant "Du" can never compare with this beautiful and magnificent picture before my eyes. I was surprised and shocked. "

"It seems to me like the mythical creation of giants before the flood", and the Great Wall is magnificent "more magnificent than I expected 100 times.

"。 Everyone will be shocked by the sight of swallowing mountains and rivers when they see the Great Wall for the first time. This is also long.

The main aesthetic characteristics of urban architectural art.

The architectural art of the Great Wall. Judging from the places I have been, the architectural art of the Great Wall is very great. First, its architectural types are very complete, and there may be various architectural forms, various cities, various towns and cities in various places. For example, Datong, one of the nine towns in the Ming Dynasty, has many city walls, towers, temples and government offices, and its artistic level is extremely high. The "Daiwang" of the Ming Dynasty was sealed in Datong, and now the Daiwangfu is gone. The color of the Jiulong wall of Datong Wangfu faded, which was worse than that of Beijing, but its artistic value was higher than that of Beijing. Take Shanhaiguan as an example, the tower of "the first pass in the world" is very magnificent. Like Xuanhua, Hebei Province, the Ming Dynasty was Fu Xuan Town, where the architectural art of the Drum Tower and Bell Tower was excellent. There used to be many watchtowers in Zhangjiakou and Datong, and the brick carvings on the watchtowers were very beautiful. Sima Tai's enemy platform was built very high and magnificent on a very small terrain. There are many buildings, terraces, temples and yamen in Yulin, nine towns in Ming Dynasty. Architectural layout, structure and sculpture all have high artistic value. This point needs to be studied.

Some people say that the Great Wall is just a magnificent project, not an art, which is wrong. In fact, there are many artistic contents in the Great Wall. It should be said that the Great Wall is magnificent, great in engineering and exquisite in art ... Indeed, the Great Wall is not only a project, but also contains great architectural art. ..

(According to the recording)

Characteristic forms and styles with aesthetic value in China architecture. Zixian

The Qin Dynasty was basically a closed and independent system before the middle of19th century.

For more than two thousand years, the style has not changed much, which is generally called the ancient architectural art of China.

/kloc-after the middle of the 0/9th century, with the change of social nature, foreign buildings, especially

In particular, a large number of western buildings have been imported, which makes China's architecture comparable to that of the world.

With more contact and communication, the architectural style has changed greatly, commonly known as bell.

Chinese modern architectural art.

Ancient architectural art in China

China's ancient architectural art matured in feudal society and was based on Han Dynasty.

Ethnic wooden buildings are the main body, including excellent buildings of various ethnic minorities.

The longest history, the widest distribution area and the most obvious style in the world.

Unique artistic system. China's ancient architecture is Japanese, Korean and

Vietnam's ancient architecture has a direct influence, and it was also produced in Europe after17th century.

Had an impact.

Comparison of artistic features with ancient European architecture and China architecture.

Architectural art has three basic characteristics: ① aesthetic value and political and ethical value.

The unification of. Buildings with high artistic value also play a role in maintenance and reinforcement.

The role of social, political and moral systems and ideology. Deeply rooted in

Traditional culture shows a distinct humanistic spirit. One of the architectural arts

Cut off the constituent factors, such as scale, rhythm, composition, form, personality and style.

And so on, all from the aesthetic psychology of contemporary people, so that people can appreciate and reason.

Solution, no ups and downs, strange mysterious, incomprehensible image. ③ Total

Physical integrity. Excellent works of ancient buildings are almost touching.

Members of all the factors and technologies that may constitute the architectural art at that time.

An overall image, from the overall environment to single-family housing, from the external sequence

To indoor space, from color decoration to affiliated art, every part is not.

It is dispensable, and if one of them is removed, the overall effect will be damaged.

These basic features are as follows:

Attaching importance to the overall management of the environment has existed in China since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

The concept of integrated management of building environment. About wild, all, despicable,

The planning system of townships, towns, villages, cities, mountains and shops is not all.

It became a fact, but at least it showed that there was a large-scale regional planning for systematic planning.

Planning ideas. "Guanzi Riding" advocates that "all countries are founded, not in the mountains.

Next, it must be above Guang Chuan ",which shows that environmental protection must be considered in urban site selection.

Department. China's theory of honesty originated very early, except in the cloak of superstition.

Most of them emphasize the relationship between environment and architecture. Ancient cities paid attention to the integration of cities.

Ontology and surrounding environment are managed in a unified way. Qin Xianyang, Beiban, Zhongshui,

South to Nanshan, the peak reaches 200-300 Li, which is super-scale.

Urban environment. Chang 'an (now Shaanxi Xi), Luoyang (Northern Wei Dynasty), built

Kang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), Beijing (Ming and Qing Dynasties) and other famous capitals are all under its management.

The scope is far beyond the city wall; Even ordinary governments, states and counties,

It also integrates the suburbs into the overall environment of the city. Important wind

Scenic spots, such as five towns in wuyue, Buddhism and Taoism, suburban gardens, etc. , are also released.

The first is environmental management; Mausoleum area, but also pay attention to feng shui geography, which

Most of the buildings in some places rely on the environment to show their artistic charm.

Integration of Monolithic Image and Group Sequence: Ancient Monolithic Architecture in China

Relatively simple, most of them are stereotyped styles, and isolated single buildings do not.

The artistic effect of architecture to form a complete artistic image mainly depends on the group order.

The column to get. When a temple is used as a foil to a sequence, the shape will not

If it is too big, the image may be dull, but if it is the main body, it may be very

Tall man. For example, there are not many single architectural styles in the Forbidden City in Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but

Through the transformation of different spatial sequences, each single building shows itself.

Overall independent personality.

Structural technology and artistic image unify the wooden structure of ancient buildings in China.

This system is very adaptable. This system consists of four pillars, two beams and two squares.

As the basic framework of the room, the room can be connected left and right, or front and back, and

Can be stacked up and down, can be combined at will, or modified into an octagon,

Hexagonal, circular, fan-shaped or other shapes. The roof frame has beam lifting type and penetrating type.

Bucket II, no matter which one, can't change the frame system and the house.

Surface curve, and make it become warped cornice at the corner, can also be made into double eaves,

Hook, thrust, cover, etc. The artistic modeling of single building mainly

This depends on the flexible matching of rooms and various styles of curved roofs. this

The external and wooden components are convenient for carving and painting, so as to improve the artistic taste of the building.

The current strength. Therefore, the modeling beauty of the ancient buildings in China has also been reflected to a great extent.

Now its structure is very beautiful.

Roof frame style of ancient buildings in China

Standardization and diversification are unified. The buildings in China are mainly wooden structures. They are

It is convenient for the manufacture, installation, work estimation and material calculation of components, and it is bound to move towards component specification.

It also promotes the modular design. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, in Kao Gong Ji, there were

With the germination of standardization and modularization, it matured in the Tang Dynasty at the latest.

By the third year of Song and Yuan Dynasties (1 100), "architectural French" had been modularized.

Full set, "Ministry of Industry Engineering Rules" was promulgated in the 12th year of Qing Yongzheng (1734).

The example has been further simplified. The standardization of architecture promotes architecture.

The style tends to be unified, which also ensures that each building can achieve a certain art.

Level. Normalization does not limit the sequence composition too much, so a single construction

Normalization and diversity of population series can go hand in hand as a kind of emptiness.

Art, obviously this is a mature and progressive phenomenon. Ancient single buildings in China

It doesn't seem to change much, but the group combination is changeable because of the rules.

A high degree of unity of standardization and diversification.

Roof frame style of ancient buildings in China

China Garden, a picturesque natural garden, is an ancient building in China.

The outstanding achievement of art is also an important model of various gardens in the world.

China gardens are based on nature, absorbing the essence of natural beauty and injecting it.

The aesthetic taste of people with rich cultural literacy constitutes the architectural space.

Techniques typify natural beauty and become garden beauty. The feelings contained in it

Interest is poetic; The spatial composition technique adopted is freedom.

Flexible and smooth sequence design. China gardens pay attention to "borrowing skillfully,

The essence is in the body, emphasizing the subtle interpretation of scenery and scenery, enriching the organization.

Watch the pictures. At the same time, it also simulates the natural landscape and creates overlapping mountains to manage water.

Stunt skills, mountains and rivers connected, can be poetry.

This painting is more profound and interesting.

Pay attention to the expression of architectural features and symbolic meanings. Ancient architectural art in China

The political and ethical content of art requires it to show distinctive personality and concreteness.

Symbolic meaning, many methods are used for this. The most important thing is to use the ring

The environment renders different mood and atmosphere, which makes people get a variety of aesthetic feelings;

The second is to stipulate different building grades, including volume, color, style,

Decoration and so on. , showing the social system and architectural content; At the same time, do your best.

A large number of figurative affiliated arts are used until the words of plaques and inscriptions are exposed.

Show and explain the features and contents of the building. Important buildings such as palaces and altars.

Temple, temple, etc. , and specific symbolic themes. For example, Qin Shihuang created salt.

Yang, symbolized by the palace, symbolized by the Weihe River, and symbolized by the Shanglinyuan to dig a pond.

Penglai in the East China Sea. In Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi built Yuanmingyuan, Summer Resort and Chengde.

The eight temples outside simulate important national buildings and places of interest, symbolizing the unity inside the house. bright

Under the circle above the main hall, there are five rooms and twelve halls, symbolizing everything in the world. Some temples

The composition symbolizes the Buddhist world such as Mount Sumi.

Art Form The art form of ancient architecture in China is caused by the following reasons.

Element composition:

The spatial sequence of layout is mainly a group of China architectural arts.

Harmonious art, the connection, transition and transformation between groups, constitutes a rich

Spatial sequence. Most wooden houses are low-rise buildings (mainly single-storey)

The sequence of groups is basically horizontally expanded. The basic unit of space is

Courtyard, * * * has three forms: ① The transverse axis is symmetrical, and the main building is put in.

In the center, this kind of courtyard is mostly used for ceremonial buildings with high specifications and strong commemoration.

Buildings and religious buildings, the number is small; (2) give priority to with longitudinal axis, horizontal axis is complementary, the main

The main building is placed at the back, forming a quadrangle or three-way courtyard, from the palace to the small courtyard.

Houses are widely used and have the largest number; (3) the axis is tortuous or not obvious

Axis, mostly used in garden space. There are regular sequences and free sequences.

Don't. The most outstanding representative of the existing regular sequence is the Forbidden City in Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In the freestyle sequence, some courtyards are integrated with the environment, and the rhythm of the sequence changes.

Slower buildings, such as the imperial cemetery and natural scenic spots; There is also a yard.

Blending with landscape flowers and trees, the sequence changes rapidly, such as artificial gardens.

Lin. But no matter which order, it is composed of preface, transition, * * *, and conclusion.

The tail is composed of several parts, and the breath is cadence.

Combination of ancient buildings in China

Monolithic modeling with the same specifications There were more than a dozen monolithic buildings in ancient China.

There are three names, but most of them have little difference: ① Palace,

The basic plane is a rectangle, and there are also several squares, all of which are round and rarely simple.

Appear alone; ② Pavilion, the basic plane is square, perfect circle, hexagon, octagon and so on.

Form, can be independent of the group; (3) The corridor is mainly used as a single seat.

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2

The Great Wall is the epitome of mountaineering in China and a symbol of Chinese civilization. The Great Wall of Wan Li is one of the architectural wonders of the world. It criss-crosses the east, west, south and north, and stretches on the vast land of China. The distance from east to west is more than 5,000 kilometers, so it is called the Great Wall of Wan Li. It is the "only visible man-made project" on the moon, the first scenic spot in China and the representative of Chinese tourist attractions. It has been listed in the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO.

Since Yan began to build the Great Wall, it has a history of more than 2000 years. What people see today is the Ming Great Wall, which starts from Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west and ends at Yalu River in the east. Badaling is the representative section and peak of the Great Wall, with an altitude of 1000 meters above sea level, and it is one of the tourist attractions. The average height of the Great Wall is 7.8 meters, and the width of the top is 7.8 meters. Five Kyle can ride together, and ten pillars can ride together.

Visitors to China want to visit the Great Wall. The best place to visit the Great Wall is Badaling in the suburbs of Beijing. After leaving Beijing and heading northwest, the car will drive for about 1 hour and reach Badaling at an altitude of 1000 meters. Juyongguan of the Great Wall of Wan Li is the gateway to Badaling.

The Great Wall of Wan Li was built in the 7th century BC. At that time, the northern governors of China were divided. In order to resist the invasion of neighboring vassals, they successively built sections of defensive walls in their respective territories. At the same time, the northern part of the three vassal States of Yan, Zhao and Qin is adjacent to the Xiongnu, a nomadic minority. In order to resist the harassment of Xiongnu slave owners, the three countries each built the Great Wall on their weak side. In the 3rd century BC, Qin Shihuang unified China and connected all parts of the Great Wall, which became the foundation of the Great Wall in Wan Li. Later, after successive generations of additions, it was built in the Ming Dynasty. It starts from Shanhaiguan in Bohai Bay in the east, passes through Hebei, Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia to Jiayuguan in Gansu, and stretches for more than 12000 miles, hence the name Wan Li Great Wall.

It is really a great thing to build such a huge project when the ancient means of transportation are extremely backward. In particular, it is not an ordinary earth wall, but a neat stone and solid blue brick masonry. It has been calculated that if the bricks, stones and earthwork used in the Ming Great Wall are built into a wall with a thickness of 2 meters and a height of 4 meters, it can circle the earth. Needless to say, firing these bricks and stones is to transport them to the construction site through rugged mountain roads, which is already a very pet project. Therefore, visitors to the Great Wall are moved by the great spirit and perseverance of our ancestors.

Pass, city wall, city platform, beacon tower

The Great Wall consists of four parts: the pass, the city wall, the city platform and the beacon tower. Generally, passes are built in dangerous places, and Juyongguan is a prominent representative. The average height of the Great Wall near Juyongguan and Badaling is 7.8m, and the highest height is14m. The outer side of the city wall is generally built on a steep cliff, which increases the difficulty of siege. Not far from each other, there is an arch called "ticket gate". Soldiers guarding the city go up and down from here. The top of the city wall is 5.8 meters wide and can accommodate five horses. The city platform is a group of square buildings that rise from the top of the wall every 300 to 500 meters, and it is a patrol place. This beacon tower is dedicated to transmitting military information. It is stipulated that one cigarette and one cannon, that is to say, the enemy has about100; Put two smoke bombs and two cannons to attack about 500 people; More than 65,438+0,000 people fired smoke bombs three times and fired three shots ..... In this way, the court can know the enemy's situation thousands of miles away in a few hours.

Juyongguan Great Wall is built in the middle of a valley15km long, with overlapping mountains on both sides, lush trees and splendid flowers. As early as 800 years ago in the Jin Dynasty, it was listed as one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing, and it was called "Juyong Diecui". Juyongguan is the gateway for the north to enter Beijing, and it has the momentum of "one person defends it, and ten thousand people cannot force it". In the center of Juyongguan, there is still a beautifully carved white marble platform called Yuntai. In the Yuan Dynasty, three stone pagodas were built on this platform, which were destroyed in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. After the destruction of the three pagodas, a courtyard named "Tai 'an Temple" was built on this platform. This temple was destroyed by fire during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, leaving only this pedestal-Yuntai. In the ticket gate of Yuntai, there are four statues of heavenly kings carved on the stone wall, which are beautifully carved and vivid; There are also Buddhist scriptures carved in Sanskrit, Tibetan, Mongolian, Mongolian, Xixia and Chinese.

One way to visit the Badaling Great Wall is to take the sightseeing bus from downtown, which is more expensive but more comfortable, and you can also visit the Ming Tombs. The road from Beijing to Badaling, after completion, is flat and wide. You can also go by train, and the bus will be distributed at 7: 40 in the morning, which takes more than 2 hours by car. Badaling ushered in the peak of tourists, with an average of more than 1 10,000 tourists every day.