Types of tourism resources in Zhanghewan area

The tourism resources in Zhanghewan area are extremely rich, including both human landscapes and picturesque natural landscapes. According to the preliminary study, it mainly includes: water scenery (reservoir dam, river lake, lake island, river terrace, etc.); Landform landscape (Zhangshiyan landform, intrusive landform); Biological landscape (Nansizhang Forest Park); Historic buildings (Cangyanshan Qiaolou Hall, Longfeng Temple, etc.); Misty and rainy landscape (Le Buddha Mountain); Leisure and summer vacation (Zhanghewan Reservoir, fishing field, Cangyanshan Tanshugou); Geological landscape (Baicheng-Liumiaodi profile, intrusion, metamorphism and displacement, angular unconformity, fault structure, volcanic accumulation, volcanic flow structure, tidal flat deposition, root splitting) is briefly described as follows.

1. Water scenery

The water scenery in Zhanghewan area is one of the important tourism resources and has broad development prospects. After a preliminary study, the main water scenery in the area includes: reservoir dams, rivers and lakes, central islands and small waterfalls.

1. Reservoir Dam

Zhanghewan Reservoir is located at the junction of Caiyu Township and Haoting Township, and the reservoir site is on the main stream of Gantao River near Zhanghewan Village. Zhanghewan Reservoir was built in the late 197s, with a total storage capacity of 86.47 million cubic meters and a maximum regulated storage capacity of 6.516 million cubic meters. The power station has been included in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, with a designed installed capacity of 16kW and a flood control storage capacity of 2755 ×14m3.

As a humanistic tourism resource, reservoir dam has double meanings. On the one hand, the magnificent and magnificent dam and the exquisitely designed and beautiful architectural style have important ornamental value, which embodies the industriousness and wisdom of working people. On the other hand, the reservoir is located on the metamorphic volcanic rocks of the Gantaohe Formation in Proterozoic, and its key structures include dams (retaining walls, main overflow dams and auxiliary overflow dams), drainage holes, desilting holes, drainage holes and cutoff walls, etc. It is a teaching base for increasing knowledge and understanding dam construction.

2. Rivertrack Lake

Zhanghewan Reservoir is a meandering river formed under the control of natural geological conditions and artificially cut off. Going up the river, the river bends in a snake shape, and boarding the Laoye Temple gives a bird's eye view to the southeast, just like a huge green snake winding forward. The lake is located in the meandering section from Haoting of Gantao River to Dingpanzhai Canyon, about 15km long, and it is a typical deep meandering artificial lake. The water surface of the lake is 15 ~ 25 m wide, the water depth near the dam is 6m, the water quality is clean, the water color is clear and the lake is beautiful. It is an ideal tourist destination for fishing, boating and other water activities.

3. Island in the middle of the lake

The island in the middle of the west side of Zhanghewan Reservoir is steep in the south and gentle in the north, showing the characteristics of river lateral erosion. During the flood season, the island is isolated from the land, forming a bright oasis in the clear lake; In the dry season, the island in the middle of the lake is connected with the land to form a "peninsula". On the north side of the island, small sandbanks formed by floods are developed, which are directly inserted into the water body, forming a perfect geological tourism landscape. The island in the middle of the lake is located in the core of the reservoir and has broad development prospects.

4. Waterfalls

The waterfalls in the area are mainly small waterfalls formed after rain, such as

dishuiya Waterfall: located in the southeast of Nantianmen, Fuqing Temple. The cliff here is more than 3 meters high, and the groundwater collected by Housi Naogou usually seeps here, dripping from the crevices at the top of the cliff, crystal clear as pearls; In case of heavy rain, the flood flows down like the milky way upside down, which is very spectacular. In winter, the water drops on the cliff freeze and the ice cone hangs upside down, which is a wonder.

Echo Waterfall: located at the end of Echo Valley in Fuqing Temple. The cliff is arc-shaped and more than 5 meters high. There is a groove with a width of 5m in the middle of the arc cliff. After the rain, the flood in Qiansi Naogou formed a waterfall with a drop of more than 4 meters here. Due to the erosion of waterfall water, the lower part of the cliff is more than 1 meters concave, and the water drops on the top of the cliff fall like rain on a sunny day. People shout in the valley, and the valley is full of echoes, so it is called "Echo Valley".

2. Geomorphology and Landscape Category

1. Features of Zhangshiyan landform

The landform type of Zhanghewan area belongs to "Zhangshiyan landform" (Guo Kang, 1992), and compared with other areas, it is characterized by cliffs made of pink Shi Ying sandstone with sharp edges and corners. The difference is: some are majestic and high, the cliffs are steep, the three stacks of stairs are obvious, the vegetation is lush, the mountains are stacked, and the momentum is magnificent; Some are deep and ingenious; Some are middle and low mountains with a height of more than 1m, such as Zhangshiyan and Zhanghewan; Some are skillfully combined with human landscape; Some are unique in their rugged natural mountains. As a whole, it is long and ridge-shaped, and the hills and valleys are connected in a complete set, with obvious edges and corners, showing a giant ladder shape. These features are different from the famous Danxia landform. The "Zhangshiyan landform" includes four features:

( 1) The long wall of Danya

The first impression of Zhangshiyan landform is its magnificent cliffs and steep walls. The steep wall composed of red Shi Ying sandstone rises like a huge red wall, with a height of 5 ~ 7 m, standing face to face, which is very magnificent. This landscape is divided into east-west and north-south zones, starting from Xiakou Town in the west, Baoduzhai in the east and Linxian County in Henan Province in the south. On the routes of east, west, north and south, the long wall of Yanshiyan Danya is more like a red Great Wall.

( 2) Stepped Cliffs

The cliffs are distributed in a step-like manner, showing a three-step shape near Zhangshiyan, where the wide ones are called terraces and the narrow ones are called stacks, which adds a sense of layering and richness to the cliffs. The platform stack surface is composed of soft sand and shale, on which there are pine, oak and other trees. However, the ladder-shaped Dan cliff only developed in Cangyan Mountain, and the first-class Dan cliff developed on the east-west line, which was replaced by the third-class Cui cliff and platform stack.

(3) Ω-shaped gullies

Among the larger geomorphic units of Danya long wall, there are various sub-level geomorphic units, among which Ω-shaped gullies are the most developed. The echo wall of Zhangshiyan is a typical arc-shaped valley developed on the first-class Dan cliff, with an arc diameter of 9m and a wall height of 1m, which is regular in shape and has a good echo effect. It is called the largest natural echo wall in China.

( 4) Sharp-edged block modeling

The second impression of Zhangshiyan landform is sharp-edged block modeling. Whether it's a few kilometers long Danya long wall or tens of thousands of grotesque caves, the landform of Zhangshiyan is based on the angular block shape. This is also one of the important signs that Zhangshiyan landform is different from other landforms (such as Danxia landform).

2. Basic types of "Zhangshiyan landform" in Zhanghewan

There are nine basic types of Zhangshiyan landform in the area, among which there are six types in positive landform: single-sided rock wall, Fangshan-Yan, rock wall, peak cluster and stone pillar, solitary peak (column) and stone pier (platform); Negative landforms include valley, rift and cave.

( 1) Single-sided rock wall

The single-sided rock wall of nearly 1m is distributed in Laoyemiao on the west side of the reservoir and on the south-north mountain ridge along the southeast side of Zhuang, and the wall is concave at the head of the ditch and convex at the headland. Seen from the front, the rock wall is stepped. The steps at the unconformity between the bottom of the Great Wall red Shi Ying sandstone and the Paleoproterozoic strata are "one stack", "two stacks" and "three stacks" (composed of different lithology of Changzhougou Formation of the Great Wall system), and the altitudes are 497m, 653m and 752m respectively. The top of the mountain is called the "top platform", which is the denudation surface of mudstone in the Cambrian Mantou Formation, with an altitude of 842m m.. One-sided rock wall is a kind of rock wall landform in the early stage of the development of Zhangshi rock landform.

Cliff narrow stack: that is, there are multiple narrow platforms between the cliffs, which is a major feature of the cliffs in the area. It is formed by the erosion of gully running water and the collapse along joints. The two scenic spots in Fuqing Temple, the "farewell column" and "Danya Diecui", are its representative scenic spots.

Farewell Hall: It is located on the mountainside from Qiaolou Temple to Xifeng of Princess Temple, facing Baizhang Cliff in the lower part and Baizhang Cliff in the upper part. The plank road built by cutting the wall is narrow and wide, or straight or curved. The ancients skillfully used the steep narrow stack to build temples and buildings, highlighting the mystery of religion.

Danya Diecui: Located at the north cliff of Chaoyang Peak in Fuqing Temple (Plate-5). Dan means red, which is between the red rock wall and the red rock composed of iron Shi Ying sandstone. On the steps of the stacks, there are many green shrubs, the sun is shining, and the Dan wall is brilliant among the green trees, which really has the artistic conception of Dan cliff overlapping with green.

Face Cliff: Located at the northern end of the east peak of Fuqing Temple. From the south of Cangshan Hotel on the north bank of Sigou, the outline of the cliff line resembles the profile head of an ape-man, and the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth and jaw are very realistic. Especially in the evening, the cliff ridge lines are clearer and the profile of the human face is more moving.

( 2) Fangshan landform —— A mountain with a flat top and steep cliffs is commonly called a "mountain", such as Luantai Mountain and Temple Mountain in Cangyan Mountain Scenic Area, Yubi Mountain and Heping Anzhai in Nansizhang Scenic Area. A typical example is the Luantai Leng, which is located opposite Cangyan Mountain. The east, south and north sides are steep cliffs of more than 2 meters. The top of the Leng is slightly inclined from east to west, with hundreds of acres of cultivated land and more than a dozen households. Its formation is due to the development of valleys on the north and south sides, and the erosion and collapse of cliffs into square mountains. This "mountain ridge" should be one of the positive landform types in the second stage of the early development of Zhangshiyan landform.

( 3) Rock wall

Rock wall in Zhangshiyan landform is the wall-like rock mass left after Fangshan or single-sided rock wall collapses along the structural zone. Rock walls vary in size. There is also a large east-west rock wall between Yubi 'nao and Taohua 'nao in Nansizhang Scenic Area, which becomes the watershed between Nansigou and Wangzhaigou, and its shape is very similar to that of the ancient Great Wall, so it is called the "Proterozoic Great Wall".

( 4) Peak clusters and stone pillars

Rock walls developed further, some walls collapsed, and rows of stone pillars stood on the wall foundation, forming peak clusters similar to karst landforms. For example, the Camel Peak in the south temple palm of Jingxing, and the "Old Mother Sending Daughter" in the south of Xuhan Village on the east side of Cangyan Mountain are all peaks or stone pillars formed by the weathering and collapse of red Shi Ying sandstone in the Great Wall system.

( 5) solitary peaks (columns)

There are solitary peaks (columns) in Zhanghewan area, such as Lingxiao Pagoda on the east side of Cangyan Mountain, Lefo Mountain on Ping 'an Village, and the conical mountain of Longfeng Temple. This solitary peak (column) developed from peak cluster is a sign of the late development of Zhangshiyan landform.

Niujinzhai is the most representative of the stone pillars that are developed in the collapse of the ridge, cliff mouth and the top rock of the branch ditch in the sandstone exposed area of Shi Ying. Niujinzhai in the north of Gaojiayu Village is 1111. 1m above sea level, with a relative height of over 5m. The base of the mountain is Archean and Early Proterozoic metamorphic rock series, and the upper part is composed of Shi Ying sandstone of Great Wall system. Because the occurrence of sandstone strata is nearly horizontal, and the lithology of each layer is different, under the action of stage uplift and differential weathering of the crust, the mountainside has formed eight stacks (that is, narrow platforms), so the whole mountain is like a "pagoda" standing in the clouds. This kind of stone tower is different, with large and small scales, single tower, double tower, inverted hanging and other shapes.

( 6) Stone pier (abutment)

The butte (column) collapsed and the remaining pedestal became a stone pier (abutment). Stone pier is one of the signs of the final stage of the development of Zhangshiyan landform. For example, the dangerous platform, one of the sixteen scenic spots in Cangyan Mountain, and the Yuxi platform in the south temple palm, etc.

( 7) Valley nesting

Valley nesting is one of the special negative landform types in Zhangshiyan landform. Mr. Guo Kang called the set of valleys "ω"-shaped valleys. Seen from the plane, this kind of nested valley is an arc valley that opens to the downstream of the valley, and if viewed from the three-dimensional space, it is half barrel-shaped. Because most sets of valleys have echo effect, some of them are named echo wall. There are also three sets of valleys like Cangyan Mountain, one is "Yin Cliff Stone Milk", the other is "Nine Rings Set" in Shannan, and the third is "Echo Valley" in Donggu. The thickness of red Shi Ying sandstone in Cangyanshan Great Wall System is small, so the scale of the valley is not large. For example, Yinya Stone Milk, one of the sixteen scenic spots in Cangyan Mountain, is located in the southeast corner of the East-West Valley in Fuqing Temple, with a cliff height of more than 2 meters and an arc length of about 3 meters. Under the cliff, stalactites are hung on the huge arc-shaped rock wall before the cliff crest protrudes. The south wall squats like a thousand buddhas, the east cliff falls like a stone stream, and the north wall covers the hole like a water curtain.

This strange landscape can be formed in Shi Ying sandstone, and the mystery can be solved by exploring along the ravine. It turns out that there are limestone strata at the top of the temple not far from the valley. Limestone is a soluble rock, which is easily dissolved and sinks along cracks. When the groundwater containing Ca( HCO3)2 permeates into the arc-shaped ravine, due to the pressure drop, CO2 precipitates and part of the water evaporates, so that CaCO3 precipitates, and over time, a strange sight of cliff and stone milk is formed.

( 8) Rift Valley

Rift Valley or fissure formed by red Shi Ying sandstone splitting along joints. The "Hanging Cloud Treading Ladder" in the Sixteen Scenery of Cangyan Mountain is a small fault rift in red Shi Ying sandstone, which strikes NWW295°, with a valley bottom of 2. 5 ~ 4m wide and a valley depth of 38m. The two walls stand upright, such as cutting, standing at the bottom of the valley and looking up, I can only see a glimmer of blue sky, so it is called "a glimmer of sky" spectacle. The ancients built stones at the bottom of the cave to make climbing stone steps, which was called "hanging clouds and pedaling ladders". A bridge building flies above the stream, which becomes the spectacle of "the bridge hall flying rainbow". In the Ming Dynasty, Qiao Yu, a tourist, once exclaimed, "Who made the divine hand split the double rocks?". In fact, the rift valley was formed by long-term erosion along the nearly east-west normal fault.

( 9) caves

The caves developed in the red Shi Ying sandstone of the Great Wall system are caves developed along faults or cracks, such as Tiger Cave in Cangyan Mountain, which also belongs to this kind of caves, but the scale is small. Tiger Cave is located at the west cliff of the east peak of Fuqing Temple. The entrance faces northeast, with a width of 1-1 ～1. 4m, a height of 2. 5-3. 5m and a length of 26m. The extension direction of the tunnel is consistent with the strike of two groups of joints in Shi Ying sandstone in the area, indicating that the tunnel developed along sandstone fractures. Legend has it that after Princess Nanyang rode a tiger up the mountain to cut her hair, the tiger got into this hole, hence the name Tiger Cave.

The Thousand Buddha Cave is located on the side of the Thousand Buddha Cliff on the west side of the Gantao River in the north of Qishi Village. The mouth of the cave is 42m above sea level, 12m higher than the riverbed, and its formation time should be from the late Neogene to the early Quaternary from the height of uplift. The entrance of the cave faces 12, and the main cave is 34m long, with the same direction as the entrance of the cave. The largest hole is 5m high, narrow at the front and wide at the back. The bottom is 2 ~ 7m wide, and there are ancient stone Buddha statues on the south wall. There are two branches at the top of the main tunnel, and the branch on the north side extends in the direction of 34, with a length of about 2m, and the end is narrowed, so that people can't enter. The hole is nearly 3m higher than the bottom of the main tunnel, and there are four big bamboo shoots and collapsed rocks at the bottom of the tunnel. The south branch tunnel and the north branch tunnel have the same strike, which indicates that they are developed along the same strike of structural fractures. There is a stone pillar in the cave. The cave is a large karst cave in the area, and its development has basically stopped, but small stalagmites, stone pillars and ancient stone Buddha statues can still be seen. The Thousand-Buddha Cave is of certain value in terms of cultural relics appreciation and geological investigation.

to sum up, the positive landform and negative landforms formed by the Great Wall red Shi Ying sandstone are the results of the transformation of multi-stage tectonic movements after the extremely thick and hard sandstone, underlying mudstone and structural joints are well developed. The internal and external dynamic geological processes led to the retreat of the rock wall, forming positive landform in different development stages and its unique negative landform.

iii. Biological landscape

The forest landscape in the area can be divided into forests, ancient trees, shrubs and flowers.

1. Nansizhang Forest Park

is mainly distributed in shady and semi-shady slopes around Nansizhang, with Yubi 'an and Taohong 'an having the largest growth areas.

The forest mainly includes camphor wood, Chinese fir, larch, cypress, poplar and cotinus coggygria, and colorful shrub and grass flowers. Surrounded by towering trees