Hakka residential materials

Weilongwu

The styles and forms of Hakka residential buildings have changed in different historical periods and different regions, including Yuan House, Weilong House, Zouma House and Sijiaolou. But the most representative is the dragon enclosure. Wai Lung House is a typical Hakka residential building with Central Plains characteristics. Hakka dragon house, together with quadrangles in Beijing, caves in Shaanxi, polar pillars in Guangxi and seal cutting in Yunnan, is known as the five traditional residential architectural forms with the most local flavor in China, and is called one of the five characteristics of China residential architecture by Chinese and foreign architectural circles. According to the investigation of historians, this kind of residential building is very similar to the room type of the noble courtyard in the Central Plains, and has its historical origin. Hakka ancestors originally belonged to the Han nationality in the Central Plains, and went south to the mountainous area at the junction of Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian due to war and famine. After the Hakka ancestors moved south to settle in Lingnan, they not only spread the advanced farming techniques in the Central Plains, but also maintained the traditional styles of the original buildings and houses.

First of all, the overall layout of the shell

The overall layout of the enclosure is a big garden, and in the overall shape, the enclosure is a Taiji diagram.

The first half of the paddock is a half-moon pool, and the second half is a half-moon building. The joint of the two halves is separated by a rectangular open space, which is compacted and paved with concrete. It is called "Peace" (or Tang Di), and it is a place for residents to exercise or dry their clothes. At the junction of "Heping" and the pond, a high or low stone wall is built with lime and pebbles. The short one is called "Wall Ridge" and the tall one is called "Zhao Qiang". Half Moon Lake is mainly used for stocking fish and shrimp, watering vegetable fields, storing water for drought prevention and fire prevention. It is not only a natural fertilizer warehouse, but also a natural sewage purification pool.

The second half of the building is the square main building in the middle. There are "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" and an enclosure; There are "three floors and four horizontal" and two surrounding floors. The smallest enclosure construction area is several thousand square meters, and the largest is tens of thousands of square meters. Some Dalongwu have hundreds of households and hundreds of people. Generally speaking, "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" are the majority of an enclosure. There are three dragon houses and two transverse walls, including upper hall, middle hall and lower hall. There is a patio between the hall and the hall, which is separated by wooden screens and can be opened and closed as needed. There are north and south halls, upper and lower corridors, toilets, reception rooms, wing rooms, study rooms and living rooms. Around the hall, strewn at random have send, primary and secondary. The building structure is low at the front and high at the back, which is beneficial to lighting, ventilation, drainage and sewage discharge.

The main house-the outer layer of the horizontal house is a half-moon enclosure, some are one enclosure and some are two enclosures, hence the name enclosure. The arc-shaped fence guards the main room, forming a defensive barrier. The windows in the paddock are generally small, and they are natural observation holes and shooting holes, which are convenient for using martial arts such as bows and arrows, soil guns and soil guns to fight against the incoming enemies. In fact, the design and architecture of Dragon House had a lot to do with the situation of Hakkas at that time. Hakkas are Han Chinese who migrated from the Central Plains to the south since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Most of them live in remote mountainous areas and are excluded and bullied by local people. In order to unite against aggression and survive, they had to live together and build a defensive castle-style house-Dragon House, to resist the invasion of bandits and locals. There is also a solid multi-layer "turret" in Longwei, which can be used to store food and forage, and can also shoot invading enemies from the commanding heights. If bandits come to harass and rob, as long as the gate and half the door are closed, the villagers will carry weapons into the dragon circle and turret to fight.

Hakka history

The ancestors of Hakkas originated in the Central Plains and migrated from the Central Plains to the south, which is a branch of the Han nationality in southern China. Because I am in a foreign land, I call myself "Heluolang" because I am attached to my hometown Heluo (Luohe Valley centered on Luoyang). On the one hand, Hakka culture retains the mainstream characteristics of Central Plains culture, on the other hand, it contains the cultural essence of local ethnic groups. Hakkas often follow the example of talented men, inspire and educate their children and grandchildren, and learn from their predecessors who have made great achievements. Some people say: Where there is the sun, there are China people, and where there are China people, there are Hakkas. Others say: where there is sunshine, there are Hakkas; Where there is a piece of land, there are Hakkas who live in groups, work hard and reproduce. Hakkas are called "Oriental Jews" because they travel around the world, emigrate to the world, and there are many successful people in overseas business circles.

The first migration to the south was in Qin Shihuang's time. After Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, out of political and military needs, he sent 600,000 troops to "explore the south". South of Qin Jun, it enters Ling Jie (namely Jieyang Mountain, now north of Jieyang County 150) from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and reaches the border of Xingning and Haifeng counties. In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang sent another 500,000 troops to "defend South Wuling" (now Guangdong and Guangxi). These soldiers have long been "guarding the five ridges and living in miscellaneous places." After Qin's death, two groups of Qin soldiers who went south stayed in the local area and became the earliest Hakkas.

The second southward migration was in the period of "Five Chaos in China" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, in order to take refuge, some Central Plains residents moved to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Later, due to the confrontation between the north and the south, about 960,000 people from the Central Plains moved south to both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Part of the population flows into Gannan, and part of it enters Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng.

The third southward migration was during the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. First, the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, forcing a large number of Han people in the Central Plains to flee south. During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of Central Plains Han people fled to Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other places. For example, the imperial clan Li Meng moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang, and then moved to Gubi Township in Ninghua, Fujian. In response to the Huang Chao Uprising, Gushi people Wang Xu and Wang Chao led 5,000 peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi, resulting in a sharp increase in the population along the border between Fujian and Jiangxi.

The fourth southward migration was in the late Southern Song Dynasty. Jin people invaded and built Yan, and some officials and scholars moved to Taihu Lake basin. Another part of the cremation or crossed Dagengling in the south and entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou; Or along Hong, Ji and Qianzhou, and then from Qianzhou to Tingzhou; Or stay in counties in southern Jiangxi. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan Army went south in a big way, and a large number of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Song people fled from Putian to Chaoshan, Guangdong Province, and fled to Hainan Island.

The fifth southward migration was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Because of the large population and limited land, the Hakkas living in southern Jiangxi, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong migrated to Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan Province, central Guangdong and western Guangdong. This large-scale migration is called "Westward Movement" in the history of Hakka immigrants. The Hakka dialect in Sichuan is basically derived from this "westward movement". At that time, the population of Sichuan decreased sharply due to wars, plagues and natural disasters, and the Qing government especially encouraged immigrants to fill Sichuan from Huguang.

The sixth southward migration was during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the middle of19th century. At that time, in order to escape the war, some Hakkas migrated to South Asia, and some were lured into indentured labor and taken to Malaysia, the United States, Panama, Brazil and other places.

In addition to the above six large-scale relocations to the south, some Han people in the Central Plains also moved to the south due to droughts and floods, and some settled in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi because of relegation, business and study tours by officials in previous dynasties. However, not all the Han people who moved south became Hakkas, and only people from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi departments and their own departments were called Hakkas.

Hakka ancestors first lived in the north, then moved to the south of the Yangtze River, and lived in Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Taiwan Province, Qiong and other provinces, and gradually spread abroad, all over the world. Gannan is the first stop for Hakka ancestors to move south, and it is also one of the areas where Hakka people live most intensively. The origin of the term "Hakka" is related to the migration of Hakka ancestors. As far as their place of residence is concerned, these people are "guests" who moved from other places. It can be said that without migration, there would be no title of "Hakka".

There are many reasons for Hakka immigration. The early days were mainly due to the pressure of disasters. Such as cruel wars, floods, droughts, insect pests and other catastrophic natural disasters and the epidemic of plague. Almost every large-scale war in the history of China has caused a great migration of Hakkas. According to historical records, there was a great migration of Hakka ancestors during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Imagine, in the long years, the "Five Hus and Sixteen Countries" were constantly at war and filled with sorrow. Can you survive if you don't escape? It is said that our ancestor Chen left his native land in western Henan at that time, moved to Jiangxi and finally settled in Ganxian. "The moonlight at home is how bright!" At first, our ancestors may just want to stay for a while, but they will get used to it. So he built houses, cultivated fields, raised pigs and cattle, and lived for a long time. From temporary residence to permanent home. In this way, you will always be a Hakka!

It is worth mentioning that there is also a special way of migration. It is said that in order to build Epang Palace, Qin Shihuang drove tens of thousands of "wooden guests" to Gannan to cut trees and rejuvenate the country, but they stayed there before they were exhausted. This is probably the earliest ancestor of Hakka people in Gannan.

The process of migration must be difficult and dangerous. Help the old and carry the young, travel across mountains and rivers, and settle in different places. Hakka ancestors cut through thorns and overcome many obstacles, "opening roads on every mountain and bridging bridges when encountering water." They finally survived and formed a thriving ethnic group with tens of millions of people today.

The last procedure of migration is to build houses and settle down. A Hakka elder said: "The most important thing to settle down is to determine the location of the house. How to decide? It depends on feng shui. This feng shui is not the superstitious feng shui that Mr. Geography said. Mainly take sunshine, look at the wind direction, close to the water source, close to the hard mountain, and choose the highland. It is an ideal choice to sit facing south, facing the sun and leeward, with firewood near the water and wide vision. "

People often admire Hakka people for their diligence, courage, perseverance and wit. As a clan group, Hakkas have naturally experienced more diverse and deeper social reality and production reality than other groups due to the long-distance migration of their ancestors, and they are bound to be tempered and nourished and accumulated more experience in dealing with the relationship with nature and social interpersonal relationships. As a result, a large number of politicians, scientists, writers and entrepreneurs have emerged in Hakka communities. ...

There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, mainly including the theory of Hakka Central Plains and the theory of Hakka ancestors. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka * * is the same main body produced by the integration of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". Since the Song Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, passing through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to Meizhou, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, Hakkas, based in Meizhou, have moved abroad in large numbers and moved to the whole country and even the rest of the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.

Speaking of Hakkas, the most famous is their tulou. If you search for Hakka on the Internet, there will be many entries about Tulou at the same time. If you are a stamp collector, you should have noticed that one of the Fujian folk houses with China folk house stamps is Hakka tulou. Because most of the Hakkas lived in remote mountainous areas or deep forests, at that time, not only were building materials scarce, wolves, tigers, leopards and thieves noisy, but also they were afraid of being harassed by local people, so Hakkas built "defensive" castle-like buildings similar to earth buildings. In Fujian, earth buildings are divided into square earth buildings and round earth buildings, and round earth buildings are rare.

There is a joke about tulou. It is said that in the 1960s and 1970s, American spy satellites took photos of China, and they were surprised to find many unknown large buildings, round or square, distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian Province. After analysis, they are considered as "missile launching bases", and China's military strength should not be underestimated. It was not until the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States that Americans knew that the so-called "missile launching base" was actually a typical Hakka residence-Tulou.

Of course, Hakka tofu is also famous. The most famous tofu in China: Hakka fermented tofu, Sichuan Mapo tofu and Hunan stinky tofu. The latter two can only be regarded as side dishes and snacks. Only Hakkas upgrade tofu into a big dish and a main course. Even their songs about new houses contain tofu. For example, one song goes like this:

Newly bought millstones, round bells,

Buy ground soybean milk wholeheartedly,

At midnight, grinding bean curd,

Right, right, right, right.

One: Hakka origin

Hakka is a huge ethnic group of Han nationality in China with a long history and a large number of people. According to the data, there are 55 million Hakkas, including about 45 million in China. Most of them live in some Asian countries, including about 6.5438+0.25 million in Malaysia, 400,000 in Indonesia, 370,000 in Thailand, 300,000 in Vietnam and 20,000 in Singapore.

The ancestors of Hakkas came from the Central Plains. It is because of the large-scale direct migration from the Central Plains in the past dynasties, or moving in, or being an official, relegated, doing business and other reasons. Its ancestors migrated in the following periods:

(A) Qin and Han Dynasties unified China, and Central Plains immigrants began to move south.

1, in the twenty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (222 BC), 600,000 people destroyed Chu, the king of all lands in the north, and set up Minzhong County in 22 BC1year, that is, they divided their troops south and entered the mountain from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, which is now Jieyang Mountain, 150 miles north of Jieyang County, and reached Xingning and Xingning.

2. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang, 500,000 people guarded the Wuling Mountains, that is, Zhao Tuo "led troops to guard Yue". From this point of view, there are two Qin Jun garrisons on the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, one is the border of Ye Nan and the other is Ling Jie.

3. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Tuo built a city in Erli, across the river, controlled Wushui, and built a city of ten thousand people in Zhongshu Mountain. Zhao Tuo built another city in Longchuan. The number of these builders is unknown, but the number of people who moved to the northern border counties in the same period can be tested, ranging from 30 thousand to 50 thousand.

In the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang, it was estimated that the immigrants stationed in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi accounted for more than one third of the local population.

5. In the fifth year of Emperor Ding Yuan (BC 1 15), a large number of soldiers from the Central Plains were stationed in Lingnan in the south, in counties and military strongholds.

6. In the first year of Han and Yuan Dynasties (BC 1 10), all the people from Fujian and Jieyang (Chao Gu and Meigu were Fujian and Vietnam respectively) moved away, leaving only the descendants of immigrants from Qinzhong County. This shows that the residents in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi are mainly immigrants from the Central Plains.

(2) During the period from Jian 'an in the late Han Dynasty to Yongjia in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people in the Central Plains took refuge, and some people moved to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the people of the Central Plains took refuge in Jiaozhou, which once set off a climax. The southward migration mainly came from the sea.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when the North and the South confronted each other, the people of the Central Plains moved southward again on a large scale, with a population of about 960,000. Most of them settled on both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, some of them entered the south of Jiangxi, and some of them entered the border counties of Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng.

On the occasion of Yongjia, the gentry of the Central Plains flowed into Fujian.

(3) The Anshi Rebellion and the war disaster in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, and a large number of people in the Central Plains fled south.

(4) During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of people from the Central Plains fled to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. For example, the imperial clan Li Meng moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang, and then moved to Gubi Township in Ninghua, Fujian. Gushi people Wang Xu and Wang Chao responded to the Huang Chao Uprising and led 5,000 peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the population of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces surged.

(5) At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of Central Plains people fled to central Guangdong and the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.

When Jian Yan went south, some officials and scholars moved to Hangzhou, Su Xiu, Suzhou, Changzhou and Taihu Basin. The other part, and most of it, followed Tai Huang along Hongzhou, Jizhou and Ganzhou, and Tai Huang returned to Lin 'an. These scholars could not return to the north according to the conditions of the Queen Mother, so some people crossed the ridge south and entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou. Part of it entered Tingzhou from the former state. Some of them are trapped in some counties in southern Jiangxi.

At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan Army went south in a big way, and a large number of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Song people fled from Putian to Chaoshan, Guangdong Province, and fled to Hainan Island.

(6) In addition to the large-scale southward migration caused by the above-mentioned war, the people of the Central Plains fled to the south due to drought and flood, and some officials were relegated to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi to do business and study.

Judging from the above historical data, Hakka ancestors mainly came from the Han nationality in the Central Plains. In the process of the formation of Hakka clans, the southern minorities such as She, Yao, Dan and woodcut have been continuously melted and absorbed, and the Hakka team has grown.

Two: Hakka etiquette and customs

(A) the traditional marriage customs

Matchmaker In the past, young Hakka men and women could ask a matchmaker to introduce their marriage after they were sixteen. Generally, the man's parents entrust the woman's home as a matchmaker, and some women's homes let the matchmaker visit the man's home first.

Look at that sister. The two men and women talked through the central media. If both parties are interested, they will agree to "meet the sister".

The two sides agreed to inform each other of their birthdays after writing the Geng post. When you go back, please ask the fortune teller to "check the eight characters". If the eight characters hit it off and don't collide with each other, write a Geng post (common name wedding list) and put it on the incense table. If there is no writing on the wall within three days, the marriage is settled (if the eight characters don't match, the man will return the Geng Tie to the woman's house).

Making a red list is also called "opening a red wedding post", or talking about bride price. The man's parents, clan relatives and matchmaker go to the woman's house together and draw out the bride price that the man wants to give to the woman's house. Some red lists should also include gifts for husbands, such as hats, silver flowers, clothes, shoes, socks and so on. In the process of opening a red bill, the two sides will bargain and finally finalize it through negotiation. After the red list is opened, men and women will exchange rings, handkerchiefs and other tokens. Finally, the man came to the woman's house and went back after lunch.

Engagement is also called "big marriage", that is, formally confirming marriage again. Young men and their parents are going to the woman's house to deliver pig's head, fish and meat. , as well as the woman's parents, brothers and sisters, uncles and grandparents will appear. After lunch, girls will come out to meet and call each other "parents" and "parents-in-law" and "mother".

Housekeeping means that the woman goes to the man's house to see the family, some before the "big tie" and some after the "big tie". Except girls and their parents, the woman's aunt and sister will go. A dozen people, big and small, don't bring gifts, even if they bring a little, the man is afraid to pick them up.

After the wedding date is set, the man should ask the fortune teller to choose the date to go home, including the date and time when the bride goes out and the time to go home. In addition, the date when the woman cuts the red skirt and the man makes the bed should also be chosen at the same time.

One or two days after the bride delivers the vegetables and brings the dowry, the man's family should ask the clan to send the bride price and the fish, meat, poultry, noodles and other things stipulated in the red list to the woman's family, and bring the bride price and furniture back to the man's family when they come back.

Wedding reception is also called picking up the bride or going through the door. On the day before the wedding, the man's family will go to the woman's house to pick up relatives, including a drummer band, firecrackers, a sedan chair, a censer (going to the woman's ancestral temple, temples and social workers to burn incense), a porter, a chicken guide (a male and a female) at one end, wine and Song Ming at the other end, and the woman will bring the clothes worn by the bride and a wooden basket.

When the parents arrive, they eat snacks first, and then they take them to the ancestral temple to burn incense to worship their ancestors. At noon or in the evening, the woman's family will hold a banquet.

The bride usually leaves at midnight or midnight. She is getting brighter and brighter, which symbolizes that she is moving towards the light. If she had gone out at night, she wouldn't have had such unlucky things as carrying a coffin. In front of the wedding procession are lanterns, followed by drummers, sedan chairs in the middle, and people who accept the wedding ceremony in the back.

When the bride arrives at the man's house, she will wait at the gate or the house next door if she hasn't arrived at the prescribed time. The introductions are usually at 7: 00 or 8: 00 in the morning, and some even have to wait until noon. When entering, the bride will kick open the door of the sedan chair, and the man's bridesmaid will lead the bride out of the sedan chair and then "cross the fire" at the gate. Before entering the gate, the bride will cross the fire with fir branches.

After the bride entered the hall with the sound of drums, she began to pay homage. There are incense tables in the hall, with parents and elders in the east, consorts in the west, relatives in the north and younger generations in the south. Before meeting the bride, the husband will hang red on the groom and cover him with a five-foot red cloth.

I read aloud: "I have five feet of red in my hand, and I only beat the groom, so that the groom can have a son and his son can be the champion." When visiting the church, the groom stands on the left and the bride stands on the right. Li Sheng said: One worships heaven and earth, the other worships ancestors, the third worships Gaotang, and the four couples respect each other as guests.

Finally, relatives meet and give the bride a red envelope. After the ceremony, the bridesmaid led the bride into the new house with red roses, and the bride and groom scattered wedding candy from the door to the hall with firecrackers. Then the bride and groom propose a toast. The maid of honor held a plate of chicken and said while drinking: "Round and round, beads on the wall" and "Guanyin gave birth to your son early"; Husband and wife make up and grow old together. This kind of etiquette is not common in Meizhou and has been replaced by modern wedding mode. )

Hold a banquet at noon, eat a wedding banquet, invite guests with firecrackers, once every half hour, and let the banquet ring three times when you start sitting. Then, the gift students signed up for the table, and two people took the table. According to seniority and personal relationship, arrange them to sit at the table first, and then others can sit at the table casually. The male and female guests are seated separately, and the bride and groom want to propose a toast.

A noisy room is noisy in the lobby, a noisy room is in the new house, and a noisy room is in the lobby first and then in the new house. During the noisy period, firecrackers will be set off every few minutes until midnight.

The back door is also called "turnstile". Generally speaking, on the third or fifth day after marriage, the woman will send the bride's sisters and other women to invite the bride and groom to be guests, and the matchmaker and the bride and groom's sisters will also go. ***7- 14 people have lunch and come back the same day.

Send the full moon one month after the wedding, the bride's family will come to send the full moon and send chickens, vegetables, seeds, seeds and beans at the same time. It means that the grain is abundant and the fortune is prosperous.

(2) Traditional festival customs

1. Birth etiquette

It marks the celebration and blessing of a person's birth and is the beginning etiquette in life.

When a married daughter is pregnant and about to give birth, it is usually one or two days before the baby is born. The bride's family will bring chicken, eggs, noodles and dried noodles to her daughter's house to give birth, which means wishing her a safe birth. When my mother was gone, my sister-in-law was born and gave a banquet at noon.

After the baby is born, the son-in-law will bring chicken, eggs and rice wine (some of which have dozens of pounds) to Yue's house to report the good news, and the grandmother's house will invite guests, and relatives and friends will attend to congratulate him. Grandparents will give back chickens and red eggs.

To be a child of three dynasties is to be a child of three dynasties. Give the child a bath first and invite the midwife to eat. Grandma will send a rooster, eggs, noodles, glutinous rice flour and so on. To make "three dynasties wine" and entertain grandma and in-laws. Some places will also send red eggs to relatives and friends, and relatives and friends will send back chicken, eggs, noodles and other things before the full moon.

A baby with a full moon will have a "full moon" one month after birth. Grandma will give the baby a rooster (big capon in many places) and eggs, as well as clothes, quilts, hats, collars, windbreakers, skirts, silver bracelets and braces. Female relatives such as uncles and aunts usually send chicks, eggs, clothes, cloth and so on.

Celebrate the birth of centenary100th day. On this day, the grandfather and uncle of the woman's family will celebrate with the rooster, and other relatives will generally give red envelopes to the baby.

When a one-year-old child is born at the age of one, it is necessary to be a "week" to celebrate the child's "week". The first birthday is more grand than the full moon, and more guests come to celebrate.

2. Adult etiquette

Hakka rite of passage can be divided into two types: male and female. The adult ceremony for men is called "crown ceremony" and the adult ceremony for women is called "ceremony". There seems to be no such etiquette now, at least in my place (Meizhou, the world's guest capital). )

3. Birthday etiquette

Birthday Hakkas, like other customs, have a small birthday every year and a big birthday every ten years, but big birthdays are more common. From the age of ten, it can be called a birthday, and it lasts until you are in your forties and fifties and sixties. Eating noodles and poached eggs on your birthday means that you will live to be 100 years old. (This custom has also been simplified, only birthdays: over 60 years old)

Birthday birthday, the married daughter will send a rooster, as well as a shroud, birthday hat, birthday cake, birthday shoes and birthday socks, from head to toe. Father will celebrate his birthday, and at the same time, he will send a whole set to his mother. In addition, he will also send birthday axes, happy firecrackers, birthday candles, roosters, birthday peaches, birthday noodles, birthday cakes, birthday wine and birthday meat. Others come to celebrate their birthdays. Generally, relatives and friends send birthday wishes, birthday couplets, or gifts.

In many places, birthday ceremonies are held for elderly people over 70 years old, with many descendants and good family circumstances.

Hakkas' birthdays and birthdays are all gifts from insiders themselves, and congratulations from home are given first, then invited; Except in-laws and close friends, send invitations, not invitations.

4. Build a house and move to a new house

Hakka people regard building a new house and moving to a new house as one of the major celebration activities, which should be celebrated grandly.

When building a house, please ask Teacher Kan Yu to determine the location of the house and the orientation of the door. When the column is on the beam, it should be decorated with lanterns and pasted with red couplets. After the completion of the new house, you should "exorcise evil spirits" and "eliminate evil spirits" the night before you move in.

When moving into a new house, you should bring lanterns (or oil lamps), fire cages, scales, etc. When you enter the house, you should also bring a nest of chickens and steam them into the new house to show that the new couple is prosperous and beaming. When you move to a new house, you should hold a "house wine" to entertain relatives and friends, builders and helpers. There should be leeks, tofu, pig intestines, pig blood and rice cakes in the dishes, which means long time and high fortune.

Hakka is an outstanding branch of the Chinese nation. Hakka ancestors used to be the cradle of Chinese civilization-the Han nationality in the Jianghuai Valley of the Yellow River. From the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to natural disasters and wars, they moved southward in large numbers. They first took root in the vast mountainous areas at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and then spread to southern provinces and overseas. Now there are tens of millions of Hakkas in more than 70 countries and regions around the world. People often say: "Where there is the sun, there are China people, and where there are China people, there are Hakkas." Hakka has become one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups in the world today.

Country and family. Nation refers to all kinds of people at different stages of social development, such as primitive nation, ancient nation and modern nation. At the same time, there are other widely used, such as the Chinese nation, the Arab nation and so on. The concept of clan system was invented by Luo Xianglin, an expert on Hakka studies in 1930s. Its connotation is each independent branch or unit within the same nation. Today, the concept of various ethnic groups within the Han nationality has almost become a professional term in academic circles.

Today, the Hakkas in China are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan Province and other provinces. Hakkas abroad are mainly distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and other countries and regions. In the history of the development of the Chinese nation, the development of the Yangtze River valley and the Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi triangle by Hakka ancestors and their descendants has had an inestimable impact on the economic and cultural prosperity of South China, the development of the Han family, the spread and development of Chinese culture and the civilization of the Central Plains. Since modern times, Hakka ancestors have also played an important role in promoting economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. In the modern history of China, outstanding Hakka sons and daughters came forth in large numbers, fought bravely for national independence and national liberation, and wrote an epic and glorious historical chapter. In today's wave of world development, Hakkas are still charming and have made great achievements. m)& lt；

Hakka clans have not existed since ancient times. It can be seen from the fact that Hakkas are called "Hakkas" but call themselves "Hakkas" that Hakkas are the products of historical immigrants. Immigration-immigration-re-immigration-re-immigration, Hakka ancestors experienced hardships. With its unique lifestyle and tenacious vitality, Hakkas have created their own unique cultural traditions and vast social areas, thus becoming a special ethnic group with a large population, wide distribution and talented people.

So, what is Hakka? It can be said that Hakka is an important ethnic group of Han nationality; Hakka is a unique and stable Han group. The gathering place of Hakka people is the triangle of Gannan, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong (there are 29 pure Hakka counties here, which are the base camp of Hakka people). Hakka dialect is a unique language of Hakka people. Hakka people have special Hakka culture and customs; Hakka people have a unique Hakka spirit. To sum up, Hakka is a unique and stable ethnic group of Han nationality formed due to historical reasons. They share the same interests and have a unique and stable Hakka language, culture, folk customs and emotional mentality (that is, Hakka spirit). Anyone who meets the above stable characteristics can be called Hakka.

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Hakka, which is synonymous with wandering and weather-beaten suffering, is full of blood, tears and bitterness in the migration process of Hakka; Hakkas, synonymous with the glory of hard work and pioneering, have created the famous Hakka spirit and culture through hardships-their glory and brilliance are worthy of pride.

When the ancestors of Hakkas traveled around and finally found this base camp in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, they were regarded as "guests" by other ethnic groups around them, that is, "outsiders". Hakka people who are always guests and everywhere are not only called "guests", but also call themselves "guests", which shows that they are generous and open. It is this kind of magnanimous and open-minded spiritual quality that the Hakka people can "be at home in a foreign land", integrate the aborigines in southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and eastern Guangdong, and finally form a unique and excellent Hakka family. The formation process of Hakka clan is also the process of the formation, development and growth of the Chinese nation. Hakkas are outstanding members of the Chinese nation. Learning and understanding the formation process of Hakka clans will help Hakka descendants to understand the historical footprint of the Chinese nation more deeply and enhance their sense of historical responsibility and mission to the country and the nation.