Knowledge about Loulan

Loulan, the ancient name of the western regions. Loulan is an ancient small country in the west of China, and its capital is Loulan City (the site is on the northwest coast of Lop Nur, Xinjiang, China). It connects Qiemo, Jingjue, Zumi and Yutian in the southwest, auto market in the north, Yanqi in the northwest and Bailongdui in the east. Dunhuang is the hub of the Silk Road. China people belong to the Indo-European language family. At the beginning of Emperor Wudi, all envoys to the Western Regions had to pass through Loulan. Loulan acted as the eyes and ears of Xiongnu for many times, and attacked and robbed the messengers of the Western Han Dynasty. In the third year of Fengfeng (BC 108), Han sent troops to beg Loulan and capture his king. Loulan was surrendered by Han and attacked by Huns, so he sent servants to surrender to both sides. Prince Xiongnu made Loulan the queen and kissed Xiongnu. Wang He and Tu Jian surrendered to the Han Dynasty and reported the situation to the Han Dynasty. In the fourth year of Zhao Yuanfeng (77 BC), he sent Fu Jiezi to Loulan to assassinate Wei Tuji, changed his name to Shanshan, and made his capital in Huni City (now near Ruoqiang, Xinjiang). Later, the Han government often sent officials to station fields in the former site of Loulan City, and set up beacon towers and pavilions along the way from Yumenguan to Loulan. During the Wei, Jin and Liang Qian Dynasties, Loulan became the seat of the Western Regions with a long history. About 1600 years ago, Loulan disappeared, leaving only the ruins of the ancient city. Gulou is located at 892222 east longitude and 402955 north latitude. It is located in the northern border of Ruoqiang County, Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, in the northwest corner of Lop Nur, 7 kilometers away from the south bank of Peacock River. The ancient history of Loulan is still unclear. The name Loulan was first seen in historical records. 755-79000 recorded that around the 3rd century BC, Loulan people were founded and Loulan was ruled by Yue people. From 177 BC to 176 BC, the Huns defeated Yue State, and Loulan was under the jurisdiction of the Huns.

Loulan, the ancient name of the western regions. Loulan is an ancient small country in the west of China, and its capital is Loulan City (the site is on the northwest coast of Lop Nur, Xinjiang, China). It connects Qiemo, Jingjue, Zumi and Yutian in the southwest, auto market in the north, Yanqi in the northwest and Bailongdui in the east. Dunhuang is the hub of the Silk Road. China people belong to the Indo-European language family. At the beginning of Emperor Wudi, all envoys to the Western Regions had to pass through Loulan. Loulan acted as the eyes and ears of Xiongnu for many times, and attacked and robbed the messengers of the Western Han Dynasty. In the third year of Fengfeng (BC 108), Han sent troops to beg Loulan and capture his king. Loulan was attacked by Huns and Han Chinese, so he sent servants to attack him on both sides. Prince Xiongnu made Loulan the queen and kissed Xiongnu. Wang He and Tu Jian surrendered to the Han Dynasty and reported the situation to the Han Dynasty. In the fourth year of Zhao Yuanfeng (77 BC), he sent Fu Jiezi to Loulan to assassinate Wei Tuji, changed his name to Shanshan, and made his capital in Huni City (now near Ruoqiang, Xinjiang). Later, the Han government often sent officials to station fields in the former site of Loulan City, and set up beacon towers and pavilions along the way from Yumenguan to Loulan. During the Wei, Jin and Liang Qian Dynasties, Loulan became the seat of the Western Regions with a long history. About 1600 years ago, Loulan disappeared, leaving only the ruins of the ancient city. Gulou is located at 892222 east longitude and 402955 north latitude. It is located in the northern border of Ruoqiang County, Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, in the northwest corner of Lop Nur, 7 kilometers away from the south bank of Peacock River. The ancient history of Loulan is still unclear. The name Loulan was first seen in historical records. Xiongnu biography. 755-79000 recorded that around the 3rd century BC, Loulan people were founded and Loulan was ruled by Yue people. From 177 BC to 176 BC, the Huns defeated Yue State, and Loulan was under the jurisdiction of the Huns. The ancient city of Loulan now covers an area of 6.5438+0.2 million square meters, nearly square, with a side length of about 330 meters. The whole site is scattered in the Ya Dan landform group on the west bank of Lop Nur. Gu Lou is 350 kilometers northwest of Korla and 330 kilometers southwest of Ruoqiang County. The Discovery of the Ancient City of Loulan The earliest discoverer of Loulan Kingdom was the Swedish explorer Swindin. 1900 At the beginning of March, Heding Expedition reached Lop Nur wasteland along the dry left riverbed of Peacock River. When crossing a desert, people found that their shovels were accidentally left in the camp last night. He Ding had to ask his assistant to go back and find it. The assistant quickly got back the shovel and even picked up some wood carvings. He Ding was excited to see the ruins and decided to dig them. 190 1 In March, Swinhuddin began to excavate and found a stupa, three halls, wooden building components with Greek art and culture, five Thai baht banknotes, a letter from the guru and many other cultural relics. Later, they found many beacon towers in the southeast of this ruin, extending to an ancient city buried by sandstorms on the west bank of Lop Nur. This is the ancient city of Loulan. The plane of the ancient city is nearly square, with a side length of about 330 meters, and almost all of it is buried by quicksand. The city wall is made of mud and red willows alternately rammed. There is an ancient canal that passes through the city obliquely from northwest to southeast. There is an octagonal dome adobe stupa in the northeast of the canal. On the terracotta terraces in Tarnum, there are a group of tall wooden building sites, as well as Chinese and Luwen documents, bamboo slips, five baht, silk wool products, daily necessities and so on. Has been unearthed. In the middle section of the Southwest Canal, there are three large-scale wooden adobe houses. A large number of Chinese documents, wooden slips and early Sogdian and gourd documents have been unearthed in and around the house, which is estimated to be the remains of the yamen. A group of courtyards in the west may be official residences, and small houses are distributed in the south. All kinds of documents and bamboo slips unearthed in the city are called Lop Nur documents. During the inspection in the early 20th century, a large number of Loulan cultural relics were taken away by foreign delegations. Loulan culture Loulan culture is the most humanistic landscape in the world. According to archaeologists, human activities in the Tarim River basin have a history of more than 10,000 years. I

Luntai ancient city, Qiemo ruins, ancient tombs, ancient beacon towers, mummies, ancient rock paintings, etc. They are all world-class tourist attractions. Loulan is a mysterious name in human history. Its past glory has formed its special position in the history of world culture. China people's interest and enthusiasm for Loulan culture fully shows that Loulan belongs not only to China, but also to human beings. Loulan is an immeasurable historical heritage left by ancestors to Bazhou, and it is also the pride of Bazhou people. At the same time, it also means the excavation, arrangement and research of Loulan culture. Bazhou people should have the responsibility to show Loulan and the ancient western culture in various ways. 2 1 century is coming, and the times provide an excellent opportunity for Bazhou people, that is, to develop the cultural heritage of Loulan and the ancient city in a planned way with the rapid economic development as an opportunity and the overall economic strength as the premise. Make them serve the construction of modern spiritual civilization and material civilization. In fact, this is a new life that we have given to Loulan culture in the new historical period. According to the Historical Records of Loulan Country (Historical Records and Biography of Xiongnu), as early as the 2nd century, Loulan was a famous walled country in the Western Region. East to Dunhuang, northwest to Yanqi and Yuli, southwest to Ruoqiang and Qiemo. The ancient Silk Road diverged from Loulan in the north and south. During the Wei, Jin and Liang Qian Dynasties in China, the Western Regions College had a long history. Located in the northwest of Lop Nur, Xinjiang. It was named after the Chinese documents unearthed from the site, among which the cities were named Kulolena and Loulan and HuluLena. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Englishman Stan and others came here many times. After 1950s, China scholars made investigations and excavations. Loulan is one of the 36 countries in the Western Region, adjacent to Dunhuang, and closely related to the Han Dynasty around A.D. The records of Loulan in ancient times are based on Historical Records, Biography of Dawan, Faxian and Xuanzang. 055-79000 Record: Shanshan Kingdom, whose real name is Loulan and Wangcheng, arrived at Yangguan 1600 Li, which lasted 6 100 Li. 5570 households, 44 1 000 households. According to Buddhism, this land is rugged and barren. Ordinary clothes are the same as Hanfu, but the carpet is different in brown. Its king serves the law. More than 4000 monks know Hinayana Buddhism. At the end of the trip, Genjyo Sanzo made a very simple narrative: From then on, he traveled thousands of miles to Napo, the old country, which is Loulan Land. Loulan country in Han Dynasty sometimes became the eyes and ears of Xiongnu, sometimes attached to Han Dynasty, playing with the dual policy, between Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, and skillfully maintained its political life. Because Loulan is located in the transportation hub between Han and western countries, Hanergy can't cross this area to fight Xiongnu, and Xiongnu can't threaten the power of Han Dynasty without using Loulan. Both Han and Xiongnu tried their best to appease Loulan. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian, the prince of Bo, to Da Yueshi, but he failed to form an offensive and defensive alliance. Since then, he has sent troops to crusade against the distant kingdom of Dawan and sent envoys to various countries in the western regions many times. When these messengers passed Loulan, Loulan killed them because of the heavy burden. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally sent troops to crusade against Loulan. As a result, Prince Loulan was sent to the Han Dynasty as a hostage as evidence of surrender. Loulan also sent a prince to Xiongnu, saying that he was strictly neutral between Xiongnu and Han people. Since then, when the Han Expeditionary Force attacked a vassal state of Xiongnu, King Loulan became attached to Xiongnu and stationed an ambush in Xiongnu's home, which angered the Han court. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once again sent troops to attack Loulan, forcing the capital to stand in a mud city. King Loulan was frightened and immediately opened the city gate to apologize. Emperor Wu told him to keep an eye on the Huns. In 92 BC, King Loulan died, and the prince who was taken hostage in the Han Dynasty reigned. The prince is very sad and doesn't want to go home easily. His younger brother succeeded to the throne. The new king died for a long time without T. Xiongnu took this opportunity to inherit the throne with the eldest son of the former king, who was in O.

Loulan border is near Yumenguan, and Han envoys often travel to western countries through Yumenguan. They must pass through a desert called Bailongdui in Loulan. There is often wind in the desert, which throws quicksand into the air and makes people lose their way. The Han Dynasty constantly ordered Loulan Kingdom to provide guides and drinking water. Because Ambassador China abused the guide many times, Loulan refused to obey their orders, and their relationship deteriorated. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally sent an assassin to assassinate the new king. Marry the prince who was taken hostage in the Han Dynasty and send a Maggie back to Loulan to inherit the throne. But the king was afraid of being assassinated. In the name of protecting the king, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Tunlan, thus gaining the initiative to crusade against Xiongnu and other western countries. The above is the relationship between Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Loulan. Since then, the Han dynasty has been weak, and Loulan has betrayed it. The Mystery of Loulan In 400 AD, the monk Faxian traveled west to learn from the scriptures and passed by here. He said in the biography of the Western Regions of Han Dynasty that birds and beasts are everywhere here, and only the bones of the dead are used to identify the ears. Loulan, an important town on the Silk Road, once flourished for nearly 500 years and gradually disappeared from the historical stage. After the 4th century AD, Loulan suddenly disappeared. According to "History of the Western Regions", after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Loulan was seriously short of water due to the diversion of the middle reaches of Tarim River. Soller from Dunhuang led 65,438+10,000 soldiers to Loulan, and mobilized 3,000 soldiers from Shanshan, Yanqi and Qiuci to divert water from the river to Loulan day and night to alleviate the water shortage in Loulan. However, after that, despite Loulan's efforts and attempts to dredge the river, the ancient city of Loulan was eventually abandoned because of lack of water. It is said that Loulan's death was man-made and violated the laws of nature. Loulan people blindly cut down trees, leading to soil erosion, sandstorm attack, river diversion, abnormal climate, plague epidemic, water reduction, salt and alkali accumulation, and finally the kingdom will inevitably perish. Anyway, one thing is certain, the last blow to Loulan people is the plague. This is a terrible acute infectious disease, which is called hot nest disease in legend. A disease caused the death of a village and a family. In the face of catastrophe, Loulan people chose to flee to-,just like the previous migration, which was forced. When the building collapsed, people climbed up the Tarim River blindly. Where there are trees and water, they go. They go where they can live, and only a few people can live. Lazy people want to cry without tears. When they hit the road, they caught an unprecedented sandstorm and were buried in the grave. It's getting dark, flying sand and stones, and it sounds like a spectre. The ideal city collapsed and was scattered in the haze. At this point, the glorious ancient city of Loulan disappeared silently from history forever. Although the fleeing Loulan people have dreamed of reviving Loulan for generations, the dream can only be a dream. Besides, in the end, even the dreamer can't wait to disappear. Loulan is also home to sandstorms and the kingdom of death. TTGTTG Loulan: The Western Regions of Han Dynasty, commonly known as Shanshan Kingdom, is located in the southeast of Shanshan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and is an ancient civilization with a long history. 300 years, think about what this concept is and how long the time span is. In 3800, the Xia Dynasty came to power. The Loulan girl in the article lived in that era. No matter what the living conditions were at that time, the beauty of Loulan girl crossed time and space and left it to us who lived after 3800 years. It is not easy to find people who have never been to the ancient tomb ditch. In fact, this is a developing landform of Ya Dan, with similar gullies one after another, seemingly unified and separated from each other. We had a hard time finding the ancient tomb ditch in this ravine group. The ancient tomb is only a few miles away from Peacock River, and the cemetery is selected on the platform, which is also in danger of flood control. It seems that people at that time liked Feng Shui very much. The first sight of the cemetery gives you a sense of shock. On the huge cemetery, it seems that countless radiant suns have fallen, and each sun is a grave. I can't help but think of this scene: The day after Sun Li shot, did the nine suns fall here? Every c

I counted, every cemetery in the poplar wood circle has seven floors, and the number seven must have some meaning at that time. Maybe it's the same as the seven-story pagoda? On the periphery of the cemetery, there are some shallow graves. It is these small cemeteries that bring us unexpected surprises. When the first mummy appeared in front of us, everyone rushed to take pictures and left a permanent memorial. But I was lost in thought. I have seen the photos taken by Dangheding in Loulan, and I was deeply impressed by the female corpse of that year. I didn't expect that I would witness the true image of Loulan with my own eyes. The female corpse I saw with my own eyes gave me a strong feeling. Miss Loulan is really beautiful. Their faces are small, their chins are pointed and their eyes are big, which seems to make us feel the clarity and comfort in those bright eyes. Long eyelashes, countless. The high nose bridge effectively enhances the beauty of the whole face. Thick tan natural curly long hair, very fashionable loose shawl, wrapped in a top felt hat. The edge of the black felt hat is decorated with dazzling red wool, and the color is harmonious and beautiful. There are several brightly colored feathers around the top of the hat. The neck is covered with a layer of fluffy fur, which is both warm and beautiful. Naked body tightly wrapped in wool blanket. The exposed feet are wearing a pair of short waist boots that have been mended several times. The overall image is a charming and beautiful girl. Later, researcher Wang Binghua, director of Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, told me that they used wood, woolen cloth and sheepskin unearthed from Tomb Valley Cemetery as materials and invited many authoritative research institutions in China to do *** 10 group carbon measurement. Except for the big difference between the two groups, the others are around 3800. Basically, it can be considered that the burial date of the ancient Zhugou tomb is around 3800. There was once a story about two different sets of measurements. That year, Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology sent someone to send Loulan's female corpse to Shanghai for exhibition, and eager reporters rushed to the airport to meet her. The comrade in charge of escort in the archaeological institute accidentally said the age of the female corpse was wrong. The next day, Shanghai's History of the Western Regions first published a report saying that Loulan's female corpse was 6000 years old. This 6,000-year-old corpse far surpassed the record of the 5,000-year-old mummy of the Egyptian Pharaoh and caused a sensation in the world. Fortunately, this error was corrected after a large number of test results came out. Although Lou's female corpse is only 3800 years old, it is preserved in a natural state and well preserved enough to set a world record. On the unearthed female corpse, we found withered bedbugs and dead lice in her slender blonde hair. Lice and bedbugs are heat-induced parasitic insects, but did they leave because of human death and cooling, or because they had a deep love with the beautiful Loulan girl? This may be a new subject worthy of further study by entomologists. The life of the beautiful Loulan girl is actually very difficult. It can be seen from her rough fur and leather shoes that the material was not very rich at that time. Judging from the unearthed mummies or human bone specimens, people died at a very young age, and the hard living environment led them to run out of energy prematurely and came to the end of their lives. Where is Miss Loulan from? After seeing the female bodies in the ancient tomb ditch, I strongly felt that they were very similar to today. A high nose, brown curly hair and pointed felt hat are the characteristics of Tajiks. Archaeologists told me that my feeling was correct, and they did have some kinship with Tajiks. In the tombs of Gulobo people, there is a small bag on the blanket that wraps the body, and there are some chopped fine flax branches in the bag. Begemann, a Swedish scholar, believes that this burial custom is similar to Baha 'i, and I am an Indian. In religious ceremonies, Bahia people use a plant to produce so-called horma or soma, which makes the soul ascend to heaven safely. The flax twigs used by ancient people in rob probably also played this role. Bashi people are a branch of Guyilan people, and Tajiks in Xinjiang are also a branch of Guyilan people. The consistency of this custom may also be a reflection of their ethnic origin. Of course, due to the exchange of cultural concepts, neighboring areas may also show the same customs.

Archaeologists in Xinjiang have also made ethnographic measurements on six skulls unearthed in the tombs in the suburbs of Loulan, among which five belong to European race and 1 belongs to Mongolian race. Four skulls of five European races are similar in shape, close to the Indo-Afghan type of the East Mediterranean branch, and the other is between the Mediterranean type and Pamir-Fergana type, but it may still be a variation of Mediterranean races in many characteristics. It belongs to the skull of Mongolian race, slightly close to the type of South Siberia. Therefore, it can be speculated that the ethnic composition of Gulob people is mainly the Eastern Mediterranean branch of European race. This feature is similar to that of Pamirsek residents, indicating that there is a close ethnic system relationship between them. The existence of individual Mongolian skulls shows that the anthropological composition of the Gulob people is not a pure European race. Lop Nur Depression and Tarim Basin were once part of the ancient Mediterranean in geological times, but after cutting off the natural connection with the Mediterranean, they showed amazing similarities in anthropology in historical periods. This fact shows that the environment and society are hereditary. Some experts pointed out that Peacock River and Cherchin River meet with Tarim River and enter Lop Nur via Kuruk River. Lop Nur is the source of life of the ancient Loulan. The migration of Lop Nur dried up Loulan, and the water and plants in the United States died, resulting in a bad climate. Loulan people can only stay here and wait for death, so they have to abandon the city, and the ancient city of Loulan disappears into history. Many scholars also believe that the decline of Guloulan is closely related to social and cultural factors. According to China's ancient books, the last existence of the ancient Loulan was in the Sixteen Countries Period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which was the most chaotic period in China's history. Many nationalities in the north have become vassals, fighting with each other. Loulan is a military stronghold and a battleground for military strategists. Frequent wars and looting have destroyed the vegetation, traffic and business conditions in Loulan. Without these two basic elements, the ancient country on the edge of the desert could not survive. The result is a scene of yellow sand all over the sky today. But what is the real reason why Loulan was abandoned? Experts are still exploring the real reason for the disappearance. Lop Nur was once the largest lake in the arid area of northwest China, with an area of 654.38+0.2 million square kilometers, and it still reached 500 square kilometers at the beginning of last century. At that time, Loulan people built an ancient city of Loulan with an area of 654.38+10,000 square meters near Lop Nur, but it finally dried up in 1972. What caused Lop Nur, once rich in water and fish, to become a vast desert? What caused the ancient city of Loulan, the key point of the Silk Road, to become a deserted desert Gobi? This has always been a scientific mystery. Recently, the scientific investigation team of environmental drilling in Lop Nur, China Academy of Sciences conducted a comprehensive and systematic environmental scientific investigation in Lop Nur. According to preliminary inference, with the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 70,000 to 80,000 years ago, Lop Nur moved from south to north, and the drought gradually intensified, eventually leading to the drying up of the whole lake. This explanation is obviously unsatisfactory. Professor Zhou Kunshu from the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences believes that the reasons for the dryness of Lop Nur are very complicated. This is not only a global issue, but also a regional issue. Besides natural reasons, there are also human factors. 1. Global climate drought is the background. About 10 thousand years ago, the earth experienced unprecedented changes, that is, from the dry and cold environment of the last ice age to the humid environment of the post-ice age. Taking this as an opportunity, human culture also entered the Neolithic Age from the Paleolithic Age. Ten thousand years later, the geological environment experienced three major changes in stages, from ten thousand years ago to eight thousand years ago, from eight thousand years ago to three thousand years ago, from high temperature (suitable climate period) to three thousand years ago, and from now on, from cooling down. These three changes in environmental pattern have been confirmed by paleoenvironmental studies of geology, biology, chemistry and physics, but the time of the three stages is slightly different due to different methods, places or research objects. This change of environment and climate has planned the scope and mode of human activities. Take Loulan as an example.

However, after entering the cooling zone, the water and soil environment becomes worse, rivers decrease, lakes shrink and deserts expand. About 2,000 years ago, the drought became more and more serious, which was manifested by glacier advance, loess accumulation, extinction and degradation of lakes and swamps in the vast area of northern China. The ancient city of Loulan disappeared from around A.D. to the 4th century A.D. (Han Dynasty in Central Plains to Northern Wei Dynasty), which was a period of intensified drought. In fact, in this drought, not only the ancient city of Loulan died, but also Niya, Karaton, Milan, Nirang, Khan and Wantong died one after another due to the expansion of the desert. The destruction of the ancient city of Loulan occurred in the north of China, even in the context of the world's climate drought. This is not an isolated space, but because Loulan is located in the arid inland, the changes in the humanities and natural environment here are more significant. Second, the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a regional factor. Besides global climate change, the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the most important regional cause. 70,000-80,000 years ago, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau rose rapidly. This uplift plays a decisive role in the climate of northwest China. Lop Nur is located in the northwest inland of East Asia, where warm and humid air currents from the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean rarely arrive every year. When the global climate changes, drought, desertification and Gobi begin to appear in the whole western East Asia. During this period, Lop Nur began to move from south to north. About 70,000 years ago, the lake dropped sharply to the bottom. Due to the uneven topography at the bottom of the lake, the once huge and unified ancient Lop Nur was divided into taitema lake, Kara Heshun Lake and the larger northern Lop Nur. Among the regional factors, there is another point that must be noted. It is said that according to the recent remote sensing data, a landslide occurred in the upper reaches of the peacock. The landslide completely blocked the channel of Peacock River, resulting in the inflow of Lop Nur being cut off. The problem now is that we don't know the specific time of this landslide, and whether it happened before Lop Nur dried up remains to be verified. Third, human overexploitation accelerated the demise of Lop Nur. In recent years, the influence of human activities on the drying up of Lop Nur has become more and more serious. Water source and trees are the key to the survival of wasteland oasis. The ancient city of Loulan was built in the delta area of the lower reaches of Peacock River with developed water system at that time, where a prosperous Hu Yangshu could be built. At that time, Loulan people built an ancient city of Loulan with an area of 654.38+10,000 square meters near Lop Nur. They cut down many trees and reeds, which will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the environment. During this period, the intensification of human activities, the change of water system and the destruction of war further worsened the fragile ecological environment. The dense male stump "Xiaohe No.5 Cemetery" shows that Loulan people had felt the crisis of tribal survival at that time and had to pray for reproductive worship to protect their children and grandchildren. However, they cut down a large number of already scarce trees, which made the local environment worse. The final drying up of Lop Nur is related to the over-exploitation of the upper reaches of Tarim River after liberation. We diverted a lot of water from the upper reaches of the Tarim River, but the water in the Tarim River could not make ends meet, and the downstream was cut off. This can be proved by the interruption of the Yellow River in recent years. Lop Nur also began to shrink rapidly and eventually died out because there was no water source. Four. The disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan has become a great regret. When the ancient city of Loulan is mentioned, people will think of the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin, because he first announced the existence of the ancient city of Loulan in 190 1. 1900 On March 28th, Swedish explorer Swinhuddin visited the Rob Desert. The donkey worker and guide he hired, Eldik, a Uighur farmer, accidentally discovered an ancient site on the northwest coast of Lop Nur because his tools were lost. After hearing the news, Swindin and Eldik immediately went to the site and found that the ancient site was littered with exquisite wood carvings, fabrics and coins. Swinheddin had to return because of lack of drinking water. One year later, on March 3rd, 190 1, Swing Harding made a special trip to this site and dug for a week.

After sorting out and analyzing, He Ding named this cultural relic Loulan according to the word Loulan in the unearthed documents. This great discovery shocked the world and won great honor for Swing Harding. Later, British Stan and Japanese Zuqiao Lihua discovered the Loulan site along the road map of Heding. Their excavation work is more thorough and meticulous, but it is also destructive and predatory. These works have become an important geographical basis for Loulan's future exploration. Although it is difficult to distinguish Loulan City from the landforms of Gobi and Ya Dan, scientists found from a large number of data and investigations that Loulan City, which was abandoned 1500 years ago, was once brilliant as an important town on the Silk Road. According to experts' analysis, Loulan site has a history of 1800 years. After being looted by the wind and sand, only the incomplete Populus euphratica wooden frame and several reed walls were left. Judging from the size and building materials of the house, the housing conditions of ordinary people were relatively simple at that time, but a large number of finely crafted wooden products and ancient coins left in the ruins reminded people that there were also wealthy families in Loulan City. Experts believe that there has been a polarization between the rich and the poor in Loulan City. At the same time, these wooden products showed us the superb woodworking skills at that time and the economic prosperity of Loulan. Experts found that there are dozens of houses like this, which are concentrated in the west of the city to form residential areas, while the east of the city has administrative and military areas. The city has complete functions, clear layout and obvious awareness of urban planning and development.