Utilization of marine space in China

Status, characteristics and classification of marine resources in China 1, and marine resources in China are the basic conditions for human survival and development. The rapid development of productive forces, the progress of social civilization and the prosperity of the country are all closely related to resources. China is the most populous coastal country in the world, with a territory spanning the tropics, subtropics and temperate zones, bordering the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea in the southeast, with a long coastline, numerous harbors and vast sea areas. The vast ocean contains extremely rich marine resources. The ocean is a rich and undeveloped treasure house of natural resources. Marine natural resources include sea area (marine space) resources, marine biological resources, marine energy, marine mineral resources, marine tourism resources and seawater resources. China is the most populous marine country in the world, and the development of the ocean has formed a multi-industry marine economic system. The further discovery, development and utilization of marine resources are of increasingly important strategic significance to the long-term sustainable development of China. 2. Basic characteristics of marine resources (1) The coastline is long and the sea area is vast. Chinese mainland is located in the northwest Pacific Ocean, with coastline18,000 km, marine fishing ground area of more than 2 million square kilometers and continental shelf1300,000 square kilometers. It is rich in tidal flat resources, marine fishery resources, marine mineral resources, harbor resources and marine tourism resources. China's inland waters and territorial waters cover an area of about 380,000 square kilometers. Due to the unfinished demarcation work, it is still difficult to determine the exact area of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, which is estimated to be about 2 million square kilometers. These jurisdictional waters are an important foundation for the long-term survival and reproduction of the Chinese nation. China can also easily enter the world's oceans and develop and utilize marine resources in the high seas and international seabed areas. (2) China is one of the countries with the longest coastline in the world, with the coastline of the mainland as long as10.8 million kilometers and the coastline of the islands as long as10.4 million kilometers. The total length of coastline ranks fourth in the world, with the continental shelf area of10.3 million square kilometers and the water area of 2-3 million square kilometers ranking fifth in the world. China's coastal deep-water coastline is more than 400 kilometers, which is suitable for the construction of more than 60 ports/kloc-0 with intermediate berths and above, including 62 deep-water ports. There are more than 20,000 kinds of marine life in China, which is rich in fishery resources. The beach area is 2 17 1 10,000 hectares, and the sea area within the 30-meter isobath is 2 billion mu, making full use of its biological productivity, which is equivalent to1000 million mu of farmland. There are more than 0/500 coastal scenic spots/kloc-,and there are many beaches and waters suitable for developing marine tourism and entertainment. These are all important strategic resources of the country. 3. Classification of marine resources Marine resources refer to substances and energy that exist in the ocean and the seabed crust and can only be obtained by human beings at the cost. According to their natural attributes, marine resources can be divided into marine biological resources, seawater chemical resources, seabed mineral resources, marine space resources and marine renewable energy. According to the formation of marine resources, marine resources can be divided into renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable marine resources are divided into two categories. The flow or transformation of the first type of marine resources has nothing to do with the current utilization level of human beings, mainly including: marine renewable energy and seawater chemical resources; The second kind of marine resources refers to the natural regenerative capacity, but whether they can be used continuously depends to a great extent on whether the utilization degree of human beings exceeds the threshold of their natural regenerative capacity. Humans can take certain measures to control the utilization rate within their own regenerative capacity, or take certain technical measures through investment to improve the regenerative capacity of their own resources, so as to achieve the goal of sustainable utilization. Such resources mainly include marine biological resources, marine tourism resources and marine space resources. Second, the development and rational utilization of marine resources in China. The ocean is a rich and undeveloped treasure house. The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly puts forward the specific requirements of "implementing marine development" with far-reaching historical significance, which means that marine development has been included in the agenda of the development strategy of the Party and the country. This is a historic opportunity for the great development of the marine industry and the best opportunity to start the strategy of building a maritime power. Marine resources are not only the land resources of countries, but also the resources of the whole world. The area involved in the strategic study of marine resources should include nearly 3 million square kilometers of China's sovereign and jurisdictional waters (internal water, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf), as well as 250 million square kilometers of international seabed area and high seas. We should take resources as the main body and the relationship between resources and economy as the center, make overall consideration of population, environment, science and technology and management issues related to the development and protection of marine resources, make accurate development orientation and strategic choices, and make the ocean a strategic base for food resources, mineral resources, water resources and metal resources, and become a logistics channel and a space for survival and development for China to integrate into the global economic system. For a long time, the development of marine resources in China has been in an extensive state. It has experienced the transformation from insufficient development of marine resources to partial development, from less pollution to more pollution, and from single resource development to comprehensive development. With the deepening of marine development, the long-term "excessive, disorderly and random" use of the sea has seriously restricted the rational utilization of marine resources. Marine resources are the foundation of marine economic development. Only by scientific development and rational utilization of marine resources can the healthy development of marine economy be realized. In this regard, we should strengthen the investigation of marine resources and rationally develop and utilize the ocean. China offshore continental shelf is rich in oil and gas resources. Over the past 40 years, the basic geological and geophysical surveys of about 2 million square kilometers of sea areas with different scales and the exploration of mineral resources dominated by oil and gas have been completed, and more than 30 sedimentary basins and nearly 100 oil-bearing structures have been discovered. After the evaluation of oil and gas resources in 10 sedimentary basins, the oil resources reached 24.56 billion tons, accounting for 26.2% of the total oil resources in China (94 billion tons). The natural gas resources are 8.43 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 2 1.4% of the total national resources (38.04 trillion cubic meters). Marine survey activities gradually expanded from offshore to ocean; The development of marine resources has also changed from "the benefit of fishermen and the benefit of salt" to the all-round development and utilization of marine space resources. Mineral resources, biological resources, chemical resources and marine energy. The marine industry has developed from traditional marine fishing, seawater salt making and marine shipping 40 years ago to modern marine oil and gas development, marine aquaculture, marine chemicals, marine drugs, marine energy power generation and other emerging industries that have flourished since the reform and opening up. The rapid and sustainable development of marine economy depends more and more on scientific and technological progress. With the increasingly severe situation of safeguarding marine rights and interests and the increasingly active marine development activities, marine science and technology have also encountered rare opportunities for development. China has formed a comprehensive research and development capability for unmanned underwater vehicles. The 6000-meter underwater robot independently developed has been applied in the exploration of ocean polymetallic nodules in China, and the first on-board instrument of ocean color satellite has been successfully developed. Although China has made a series of important achievements in marine scientific research, it is far from solving a series of key problems in the development of marine science and technology. Under the background that international marine scientific research is actively concerned about the changes of global resources and environment, China should attach importance to and strengthen the research on the sustainable development technology of marine resources and environment, gradually advance the survey method of marine resources from sea surface observation to the stage of space remote sensing, comprehensive sea surface survey, direct seabed exploration and deep water exploration, and quickly integrate modern new technologies such as information technology, space technology and automation technology into the research field of marine resources and environment to improve the understanding and control ability of marine resources. It is necessary to formulate effective measures to strengthen the application and promotion of marine high-tech, and intensify efforts to transform traditional marine industries, develop emerging marine industries and cultivate marine high-tech industries with high-tech. On the basis of ensuring sustainable utilization of marine resources, strengthen the depth and breadth of development, improve the scientific and technological content of development, continuously improve the technical level in the field of marine development and marine services, accelerate the popularization and application of advanced and applicable technologies, and strive to maximize the added value of marine economy. Comprehensive development and utilization of marine resources to improve the efficiency of resource utilization; Constantly discover new resources, apply new technologies, form and develop new marine industries, and promote the sustained, rapid and healthy development of marine economy. For marine renewable resources, to improve the utilization efficiency of resources, we should not only use them as much as possible, but also maintain the strong resilience of the ecosystem and its sustainable reproduction capacity; Non-renewable marine resources should be developed moderately in a planned way so as not to affect the interests of future generations. Optimize the allocation of marine resources and give full play to its functions. Comprehensive development of land and sea. The development of marine resources can promote the economic development of coastal areas, so it is necessary to implement the strategy of land-sea integration, coordinate the land development of coastal land and sea areas, and gradually form coastal economic zones and marine economic zones to promote the further prosperity and development of coastal areas. Development and protection are harmonious. Formulate a coordinated development plan for marine development and marine ecological environmental protection, and strengthen marine environmental monitoring, surveillance and law enforcement management in accordance with the principles of putting prevention first, combining prevention with control, and whoever pollutes will be treated; Focus on strengthening the management of land-based pollutants and implementing a total pollutant control system to prevent damage to the marine environment. Protect the equal rights and interests of human beings to marine resources. The ocean is the common wealth of all mankind, and the development of this common property should be paid. Through the way of asset management, appropriate resource tax is charged for the use of marine resources, and the whole society can enjoy rights equally through transfer payment. Improve the comprehensive marine management system, formulate guiding and unified marine development policies, establish and improve laws and regulations beneficial to sustainable utilization of marine resources, gradually improve the management and coordination of various marine development activities, and realize the legalization and asset management of marine resources.