Urgent! Urgent! Urgent! ! ! What is the specific content for travel agencies to establish provision for doubtful debts system? Please help your brothers and sisters, thank you.

Tourism is a comprehensive economic industry integrating eating, living, traveling, traveling, shopping and entertainment. In order to meet the various needs of tourists, it is objectively required to have comprehensive facilities such as diet, accommodation, transportation, culture and entertainment, scenic spots, production and sales of tourist souvenirs and other daily necessities, that is, a comprehensive tourism service system must be formed. This comprehensive objective requirement determines that the accounts receivable of travel agencies are various. First, in addition to receiving individual customers in the business hall, travel agencies usually need to explore some large corporate customers. In order to provide employees with better welfare policies and reflect the cohesion of enterprises, these large enterprises generally organize employees to go out for recuperation on a regular basis. In order to get tourists and show their strength and reputation, travel agencies often take a "gentleman tour" first, or collect some money in advance, and there will be no quality after the tour. Secondly, foreign travel agencies (hereinafter referred to as package tours) organize groups to travel locally and hand them over to local travel agencies (hereinafter referred to as land agencies) for reception. Packaged tours often require tour guides to bring some reserve funds, pay some admission fees, accommodation fees and transportation fees in advance, and then settle the rest after the tour. Sometimes the group society borrows various reasons, such as substandard accommodation, unsanitary catering, insufficient level of coaches and so on. , and refused to pay in full. In order to stabilize customers and increase market share, ground-based travel agencies can only "go their own way" and form accounts receivable between travel agencies. According to statistics, this part of accounts receivable accounts for more than 80% of the total accounts receivable of travel agencies.

It can be seen that the accounts receivable of travel agencies are the product of competition in the tourism market and the result of competitive pressure in the buyer's market where supply exceeds demand. With the establishment and development of China's market economy, the competition in the tourism market is becoming increasingly fierce. As a means of commercial credit and promotion, accounts receivable are widely used by travel agencies. However, accounts receivable will not increase in value in the holding time before recovery, on the contrary, it will lose some time value; If the accounts receivable can't be recovered in time, the capital of the enterprise can't continue to flow, and the normal business activities will be blocked. Travel agencies may also breach contracts with each other, forming a serious triangular debt, resulting in the phenomenon of "abandoning the group". Some even take tourists as "hostages" and detain them in airports, railway stations or tourist buses in order to collect money, which seriously damages the reputation and image of the tour groups. It can be seen that accounts receivable have a certain adverse impact on travel agencies, and the degree of impact depends on the scale and age of accounts receivable. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the management of accounts receivable, speed up its turnover, avoid or reduce the occurrence of losses, and make enterprises better play the commercial credit role of accounts receivable in market competition. Enterprises should take effective measures to seriously prevent and solve. The author believes that we should start from the following aspects:

First, establish the credit standard of accounts receivable.

Credit standard is the lowest condition for tourist customers to obtain commercial credit, which is usually expressed by the expected loss rate of bad debts. If the credit standard set by the travel agency is too high, many customers will be rejected because the credit quality cannot meet the set standard, which will help reduce the risk of default and the cost of collection, but it will also affect the improvement of the market competitiveness of travel agencies and the expansion of tourism revenue. On the contrary, if a lower credit standard is adopted, it will help enterprises to expand sales and increase the market share of tourism, but it will also lead to an increase in the risk of bad debt losses and the cost of collection.

(A) the qualitative analysis of the influencing factors of credit standards

Tourism enterprises should consider: 1 when formulating or selecting credit standards. Competitors in the same industry. In the face of competitors, enterprises should first consider how to be in an advantageous position in the competition and maintain and continuously expand the market share of tourism. If the opponent's strength is very strong, enterprises need to adopt lower credit standards if they want to gain or maintain a dominant position; On the contrary, it can be stricter accordingly. 2. The ability of the enterprise to bear the risk of default. When the enterprise has abundant funds and strong ability to bear the risk of default, it can improve its competitiveness, win customers and expand sales with lower credit standards; On the other hand, if the enterprise has a weak ability to bear the default risk, it can only choose strict credit standards to minimize the degree of default risk. 3. Customer's credit status. When making credit standards, enterprises must investigate and analyze the credit degree of customers, and then judge the credit grade of customers on this basis and decide whether to give them credit concessions. Customer's credit level usually depends on five aspects, namely, customer's credit quality (the primary factor), solvency, capital, collateral, economic situation and so on. Property management is referred to as "5C" system. This information is mainly obtained through the following channels: (1) customer information and credit rating standard information provided by commercial organizations or credit reporting agencies;

(2) Entrusting the credit department of the correspondent bank to obtain information from banks that have business dealings with customers; (3) Exchange the credit information of the same customer with other enterprises that have a credit relationship with the same customer; (4) the financial report of the customer; (5) the enterprise's own experience.

(B) the establishment of quantitative analysis of credit standards

The quantitative analysis of credit standards aims to solve two problems: one is to determine the risk of non-payment by tourist customers, that is, the loss rate of bad debts; The second is to specifically determine the credit rating of tourist customers as the basis for granting or refusing credit. The specific steps are as follows: (1) Set the credit rating evaluation standard. That is, according to the investigation and analysis of customer credit information, the quantitative standard for evaluating credit quality is determined. A set of representative ratios (such as current ratio, quick ratio, accounts receivable turnover rate, property right ratio, asset-liability ratio, etc.). ) This indicator that can explain the ability to pay and financial status is used as a credit risk indicator. According to the worst year in several years, the average value of the above ratios of two types of customers with good credit and poor credit is calculated respectively as the credit standard for comparing other customers in turn. (2) Using the existing or potential customer financial statement data, calculate their respective index values and compare them with the standard values. (3) Risk queuing. Determine the credit rating of relevant customers, and take different credit measures for customers with different credit ratings, including rejecting or accepting customer credit orders, giving different credit preferential conditions or attaching certain restrictions.

Credit standard is the basis for travel agencies to evaluate tourist customers and decide whether to give or reject them. However, due to the complexity of the actual situation, there are often great differences in the same index of different enterprises, which requires financial decision makers to analyze and judge each index in detail in combination with previous experience, and can not be mechanically copied.

Second, the provisions of the credit conditions of accounts receivable

The so-called credit terms refer to the payment requirements put forward by travel agencies when accepting credit orders from customers, which are basically expressed as "2/ 10" and "N/45" in financial management. It means that customers can enjoy a 2% cash discount if they can pay within 10 days after the invoice is issued. If you give up the discount, all the money must be paid within 45 days. Here, 45 days is the credit period, 10 days is the discount period, and 2℅ is the cash discount rate. However, due to the different length of tourist routes and the different gross profit of tourists, it is impossible for travel agencies to provide commercial credit to sporadic customers with a gross profit of only a few hundred yuan. Therefore, in practical work, it is difficult for travel agencies to apply uniform credit conditions to different customers.

Three. Formulate the collection policy of accounts receivable

Collection policy refers to the collection strategies and measures taken by customers when they violate credit conditions, default or even refuse to pay accounts. Theoretically speaking, performance payment is the undoubted responsibility and obligation of customers and the legitimate rights and interests of travel agencies. However, for travel agencies, it is often not the most effective way to solve all the debts or non-payment of customers by legal means, because the purpose of solving disputes with customers' accounts is not to argue right or wrong, but to recover the accounts most effectively. Forcibly recovering the account through the court requires not only a considerable legal fee, but also a lot of travel and communication expenses. Based on this consideration, if the travel agency can negotiate and compromise with the customer, it may be able to recover most of the accounts. The usual steps are as follows: when the account is in arrears or refuses to pay, the enterprise must first analyze whether there are defects in the existing credit standards and credit approval system; Then re-investigate and evaluate the credit rating of the defaulting customer. For customers with poor credit quality, they should be deleted from the credit list, and they can be collected by letter, telegram or personnel, and gradually strengthen their attitude and give a warning; Finally, send a lawyer letter to the other party. When these measures are ineffective, they can be decided by the court; For customers with normal credit records, on the basis of calling and sending letters, we might as well send people to negotiate with customers, communicate opinions and reach an understanding and compromise, which can not only bring the relationship closer, but also help to solve the problem of arrears ideally. In daily management, travel agencies should pay special attention to the following phenomena: 1. The office moved from high-grade to low-grade; 2. Frequent avoidance of financial personnel; 3. Often can't find the person in charge of the unit; 4. Don't call back if it is abnormal; 5. There are frequent changes in management and business personnel, and the number of employees in the unit has increased; 6. Serious internal contradictions at the decision-making level; 7. Being sued by other companies.

Four. Aging analysis of accounts receivable

The time of accounts receivable of travel agencies varies, some are within the credit period and some are overdue. Generally speaking, the longer overdue, the more difficult it is to collect accounts, and the higher the possibility of becoming bad debts. Therefore, aging analysis and paying close attention to the recovery of accounts receivable are important links to improve the efficiency of cash recovery of accounts receivable. Aging analysis is a structural analysis of the aging of accounts receivable and a screening activity to determine the key points of accounts receivable management. Financial personnel should always check the accounts to determine how long and why the accounts receivable exceed the contract or credit policy, and prepare the accounts receivable collection plan; If the reconciliation takes a long time and the amount is large, the financial personnel should ask the unit leader to arrange time or organize personnel to collect it; For accounts receivable that are not due, management and supervision cannot be relaxed to prevent new arrears.

Five, the establishment of bad debt reserve system

No matter what strict credit policy the travel agency adopts, as long as there is commercial credit behavior, the occurrence of bad debt losses is always inevitable. Since it is inevitable, it is extremely necessary to estimate the possibility of bad debt losses in advance and establish provision for doubtful debts to make up for bad debt losses, that is, to extract provision for doubtful debts. According to the current accounting system, enterprises should regularly or at least at the end of each year conduct a comprehensive inspection of accounts receivable, predict the possible bad debts of various accounts receivable, and make provision for bad debts for accounts receivable that cannot be recovered. When determining the proportion of bad debt provision, travel agencies should make reasonable estimates based on past experience, credit degree and operating conditions of debt units; It should be pointed out that the creditor-debtor relationship between the travel agency and the debtor will not be dissolved because the enterprise has been treated as a bad debt. The travel agency still has the right to recover the money, and once it is recovered, it should be credited in time.

With the improvement of people's material and cultural level, if travel agencies want to be bigger and stronger, they must expand the tourism market share and increase sales, which will inevitably produce accounts receivable; This is because the debtor occupied this fund for free before returning the accounts payable, which is equivalent to using an interest-free loan, so he is subjectively unwilling to return it. The existence of a large number of accounts receivable increases the management cost and recovery cost of creditors' accounts receivable, inflated the sales income on the books, exaggerated the operating results and reduced the efficiency of enterprise capital use. In my opinion, if the state promulgated relevant laws and regulations: for the accounts receivable between enterprises, in addition to the creditor's initiative to give up their rights, the debtor should be used as a loan and pay interest to the creditor at a certain interest rate. In this way, it will be unprofitable for the debtor to occupy this fund, so as to reduce the pressure on funds as a whole, untie the debt chain that plagues the enterprise, and make the enterprise operate normally on the basis of fairness, equality and integrity. This is very necessary.