20 12 how to answer the geography of the college entrance examination?

All knowledge points of tourism geography

High school geography elective ③ (tourism geography) knowledge points are summarized.

First of all, briefly describe the connotation of tourism resources.

1. Concept of tourism resources

All kinds of things and factors in nature and human society that can attract tourists, develop and utilize tourism and produce economic, social and environmental benefits are collectively called tourism resources.

2. Understand the classification of tourism resources.

Natural tourism resources: geological landscape, water landscape, biological landscape, astronomical phenomena and meteorological landscape.

Humanistic tourism resources: sites, building facilities, tourist commodities and cultural activities.

3. Explain the diversity of tourism resources with data.

(1) Regional differences in natural environment

(2) Differences in historical and cultural background and folk customs.

(3) the level of social, economic, cultural and scientific development.

(4) People's travel motives are complex and diverse.

4. List examples and compare the differences between natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources.

The difference between natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources

Types of natural tourism resources and humanistic tourism resources

Form natural things and phenomena formed by nature, as well as cultural things and phenomena created by human beings.

The scale is generally large and small.

Change is usually slow and rapid.

More distribution in the wild, more residential areas.

Functional eco-tourism, adventure tourism, sports tourism, holiday tourism, fitness tourism, cultural tourism, religious tourism, leisure tourism, shopping tourism, conference tourism, etc.

Examples include mountains, water, vegetation, wildlife, meteorological wonders, astronomical wonders, geomorphological features, natural disaster relics, nature reserves and other historical sites, gardens, handicrafts, performing arts, folk customs, religious ceremonies, urban and rural features, social customs and so on.

5. Illustrate the main features of tourism resources with examples.

Diversity, regionality, appreciation and attraction, immovability, reusability and creativity

Second, point out the name and distribution of China's "World Natural and Cultural Heritage" on the map.

Heritage projects and their provincial administrative regions.

Jiuzhaigou-Sichuan-Yunnan Three Parallel Rivers Reserve-Yunnan, a world natural heritage scenic spot

Huanglong Scenic Area-Sichuan Wulingyuan Scenic Area-Hunan

World Cultural Heritage Great Wall-Badaling-Beijing

Great Wall-Shanhaiguan-Hebei

Great Wall-Jiayuguan-Gansu Ming and Qing Palace Museum-Beijing-Beijing

Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties-Shenyang-Liaoning

Mogao Grottoes-Pingyao Ancient City in Gansu-Shanxi

Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors Pit-Suzhou Classical Gardens in Shaanxi-Jiangsu

Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site-Beijing Summer Palace-Beijing

Chengde mountain resort and its surrounding temples-Hebei Temple of Heaven-Beijing.

Shandong-Chongqing Qufu-Dazu Stone Carvings Confucius Forest, Confucius House and Confucius Temple

Wudang Mountain Ancient Architecture Complex-Qingcheng Mountain in Hubei-Dujiangyan-Sichuan

Potala Palace Historic Area-Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui, Tibet-Xidi, Hongcun-Anhui

Old Town of Lijiang-Longmen Grottoes.

Royal Tombs of Ming and Qing Dynasties-Ming Tombs, Ming Tombs-Beijing

Imperial tombs of the ming and qing dynasties-Ming Xianling-Hubei

Royal Tombs in Ming and Qing Dynasties-Qing Dongling and Qing Xiling-Hebei

Royal Mausoleum of Ming and Qing Dynasties-Three Tombs of Shengjing-Yungang Grottoes in Liaoning-Shanxi

Jiangxi Lushan National Park

Koguryo Imperial City, Mausoleum and Noble Tombs —— Jilin and Liaoning

World Cultural and Natural Heritage Mount Tai-Mount Emei in Shandong-Leshan Giant Buddha-Sichuan

Anhui Huangshan-Wuyishan-Fujian Province

Third, with examples, briefly describe the basic contents of the evaluation of tourism resources development conditions.

1. Sightseeing value of tourism resources

(1) Evaluating the quality of tourism resources mainly depends on whether it has high aesthetic value, scientific value, historical and cultural value and economic value. The high-quality tourism resources of "people without me, people without me, people without me, people without me" will have a strong attraction to tourists.

① Aesthetic value-the most fundamental reason why natural scenic spots attract tourists.

② Scientific value

(3) Historical and cultural value-mainly refers to human landscape.

(4) Economic value: The development of tourism resources can produce huge economic benefits. At present, tourism has developed into one of the most important industries in the world.

(2) the cluster status of tourism resources

(3) Regional combination of landscape.

2. Geographical location and transportation

3. Tourist market: The distance between tourist destinations is an important factor affecting the tourist market. Because the attraction radius of a tourist destination is limited. Generally speaking, the development and utilization value of tourism resources close to economically developed regions or countries (that is, the main tourist source areas) is better than that far from economically developed regions.

4. Reception capacity of tourist destinations

5. Environmental capacity of tourist destination

Fourth, tourism landscape appreciation.

(A) methods of tourism landscape appreciation

1. Select the viewing position.

① Distance

Grasp the orientation of ordinary landscape appreciation

Landscape type: the choice of viewing position of landscape examples

Mountain peaks Lushan (Jiangxi), Huangshan (Anhui), Taishan (Shandong) and Wulingyuan (northwest Hunan) are far away.

The landforms are similar to Ashima in the Stone Forest in Lunan, Yunnan, Qixingyan in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, Stone Monkeys in Huangshan, An Wei and Stone Old Man in Qingdao.

The cave in the mountain canyon, the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River (Chongqing, Hubei) and the Grand Canyon of Colorado (USA) have a panoramic view.

Guilin reed flute cave

A narrow strip of the sky

Niagara Falls (between Canada and the United States, between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario), Mosio Tunia Falls (between Zambia and Zimbabwe, on the Zambezi River) and Huangguoshu Falls (in Guizhou, on the Beipanjiang River) are all viewed from a proper distance.

② Angle

③ Dynamic: For the landscape with an organic combination of mountains and rivers, you can take a boat (raft) along the waterway to watch the scenery on both sides of the strait.

Common landscape appreciation angles and dynamic grasp

Landscape type: the choice of viewing position of landscape examples

Rivers, lakes, seas, Dongting Lake, Yangtze River, and pavilions with high positions in Yunnan (Yueyang Tower-Yueyang, Yellow Crane Tower-Wuhan, Tengwangge-Nanchang, Daguanlou-Kunming) overlook.

Ponds in marshes, Daming Lake in Jinan, Weiming Lake in Peking University and Mochou Lake in Nanjing all have pavilions and corridors near the water surface, and paths are paved near the water surface, so you can get a close look.

Landscape organic combination landscape Lijiang River landscape, the Yangtze Three Gorges boat (raft) along the waterway to see the scenery on both sides.

2. Grasp the viewing opportunity

Examples of landscape types and their best viewing opportunities

The seasonal natural landscape-northern landscape-summer; South/KLOC-The mountain above 0/000 meters-summer (this season is rainy, cloudy and rich in scenery, and can also be used as a summer resort); Northland scenery-winter

Seeing the sunrise from Mount Tai, the sunrise changes with the weather-early morning; Huangshan sunset-dusk; A famous scenic mountain with a high altitude-sunny after the rain (there are clouds of sea, sunrise and sunset)

The spring tide of natural landscape-the spring tide in August of the lunar calendar; Migratory birds in Qinghai Lake-May; Dali Butterfly Club-March; Mirage, "Buddha's Light" in Emei Mountain, and Wu Song in Jilin-specific meteorological conditions.

3. Grasp the landscape characteristics

(1) do a good job of preparation before landscape viewing.

(2) In the process of watching, watch items, activities, watching speed and other aspects keep a certain rhythm, and watch and think together.

③ Common landscaping techniques in garden landscape.

Landscape construction technology and its effect examples

owner

Whether the main scene is distinct or not is the key to the success or failure of the overall effect of the garden. The Palace Museum is dominated by the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and the Confucius House is dominated by Dacheng Hall, while the rest are scenic spots.

Matching the scenery plays a role in supporting the moon as the main scene.

ground

The second-level obstacle landscape method is mostly at the entrance of the park or at the entrance of relatively independent scenic spots in the park, and some scenery (rockery, screen, bamboo forest, etc. ) used to block other scenery, so as to achieve the artistic conception of the Grand View Garden in A Dream of Red Mansions.

Landscape isolation method is to divide the scenery into different scenic spots by using walls, corridors, hedges and halls. , thus increasing the twists and turns and levels, enriching the landscape level of Suzhou gardens and the imagination space of tourists.

The framed landscape takes the door frame, window frame and cave frame as the view frame, and limits the scene frame to the range seen from the frame, and optimizes the combination of aesthetic objects to achieve the pure, exquisite and concentrated landscape beauty of Suzhou gardens.

Borrow scenery and scenery outside the park to set off the scenery inside the park, so as to expand the landscape of the West Lake and borrow "three sides of Yunshan and one side of the city"; The Summer Palace borrows four pagodas.

4. Understand the harmony between nature and humanity and experience the artistic conception of mountains and rivers.

① One of the greatest features of China natural scenic spots-the fusion of natural landscape and human landscape.

A. The basic idea of the layout design of human landscapes such as temples, monasteries, pavilions, pagodas and cliff carvings is to harmonize human landscapes with nature and highlight natural beauty.

Temples and towers

Temples and towers

Temple tower

Geographical location is located in foothills, valleys and small mountain basins, in the hilly forest areas with lakes and mountains, on the ridge line of hills or at foothills and lakes.

The humanistic implication causes the artistic conception of the ancient temple in the deep mountains. It is consistent with the idea of transcending the world of mortals advocated by Buddhism. Break through the gentle curve of landform with the image of upright tower, thus making the tower an important landscape.

The Three Pagodas of Dali in Wutaishan Temple

B. Use poetry couplets, myths and legends, celebrity anecdotes and other literary forms to render natural beauty, and skillfully and harmoniously link natural landscape with human landscape.

② The harmony between nature and humanity in the construction of other humanistic landscapes.

In the construction of ancient gardens in China, it is required to reproduce nature ("it is man-made, but it is natural").

Comparison between Northern Gardens and Southern Gardens in China

Northern Royal Garden Southern Private Garden

The architectural features are large in scale. The building has a strong color, with red and yellow as the main tone, and the scale is small. The color of the building is simple, with black and white as the main tone.

The harmony between nature and humanity shows the dignity and wealth of imperial power, which is in harmony with the vast and tidy terrain and the climate characteristics of blue sky and white clouds, caters to the psychological needs of the garden owners for leisure and tranquility, and blends with the scenery of water towns and the humid climate characteristics.

(3) a kind of scenery, a kind of feelings.

Customs and habits are the result of people living in harmony with nature in a certain area.

5. Look at the scenery with emotion-the highest realm of landscape appreciation.

Specific requirements for sightseeing with emotion

① Comprehensive senses-sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, etc.

② Use your imagination-Mount Tai, Mount Huangshan, Mount Huashan, Mount Emei and Mount Qingcheng are characterized by masculinity, strangeness, danger, beauty and seclusion, which are similar to each other ... and can only be perceived through imagination.

(3) empathize with the situation, and the situation blends-such as "the river of no return, the waves wash away all the romantic figures of the ages" and "the world is worried first, and the world is happy afterwards".

(4) Climbing mountains and wading, seeking quality and truth.

(2) Landscape characteristics and causes of tourist areas-appreciation of famous tourist landscapes at home and abroad.

1. Huangshan Scenic Area

(1) Location: Huangshan Scenic Area is located in the south of Anhui Province.

(2) Landscape features: Huangshan has four unique scenic spots: strange pines, strange rocks, sea of clouds and hot springs.

(3) Origin of natural landscape of Huangshan Mountain: Huangshan Mountain is composed of granite with well-developed vertical joints, which is an outstanding representative of granite landform in China. Internal and external forces * * * shaped the geological landscape of Huangshan Mountain.

Huangshan four wonders

Phenomenon reason

Pinus taiwanensis is a unique tree species in Huangshan Mountain, which grows on the cliffs above 800 meters above sea level and spreads all over the mountain tops. Pinus taiwanensis grows according to the mountain, standing, lying and leaning, with different shapes. The so-called Huangshan Mountain means "no peak, no stone, no pine, no pine and no wonder". The pine trees in Huangshan Mountain are famous for their tenacious vitality and peculiar posture. Pinus taiwanensis lives on the cliff at the top of the mountain, where the rocks are hard and the soil is barren. The roots of Pinus taiwanensis can release acidic substances, dissolve and erode granite, and make the roots grow through cracks. The living conditions of cliffs and the sunny characteristics of plants, coupled with the strong influence of the yellow valley wind, make the branches of Pinus taiwanensis grow very thin and the crown is flat.

The grotesque stone ancients once left such a couplet, which spoke highly of the wonder of the Huangshan mountain peak stone: "Every stone in the world is a slave, and there is no mountain to be brothers in the world." The peaks of Huangshan Mountain are dotted with strange rocks, with different shapes and picturesque scenery. According to predecessors, Shanshi Huang "has a kind of stone that can be named after everything", and Shanshi Huang is unique in that it often has the beauty of "changing eyes and changing colors" and "changing steps and deformation". Huangshan stone is based on Qifeng, through external force.

Formed by weathering and erosion.

The sea of clouds "Huangshan has been a sea since ancient times", and the sea of clouds in Huangshan is ethereal, magnificent and spectacular. Huangshan has more than 250 days a year, and it is said that "ten miles and nine clouds" and "the mountains go beyond the clouds". Most of the clouds in Huangshan Mountain are caused by special natural conditions. Huangshan belongs to subtropical monsoon climate with abundant rainfall. The mountains are high and the valleys are deep, the trees are lush, the sunshine time is short, the humidity is high, and there is a lot of water vapor, which is easy to form clouds. In addition, the temperature difference between the peak and valley, the sunny place and the shady place is large, and the evaporation rate of water is different. Due to the influence of the mountain valley wind, the clouds in Huangshan are changeable.

Compared with many famous mountains, Huangshan Mountain is favored by tourists because of its hot springs, so there is a saying that "if the five mountains merge with Huangshan Mountain, there is still a spring of Lingsha". Huangshan hot spring spews all year round, and the water is clean, which can be drunk and bathed. The heat of hot springs mainly comes from the interior of the earth. When surface water is heated by infiltration, or groundwater contacts with underground thermal rock mass, it becomes underground hot water or steam. Underground hot water rises to the surface along faults or cracks, forming hot springs.

2. Australia Great Barrier Reef Scenic Area

(1) Overview: The Great Barrier Reef is the floorboard of a series of coral reefs along the northeast coast of Australia, and it is the largest coral reef in the world.

(2) The location, distribution and genesis of the Great Barrier Reef.

① Location and distribution:

A. The Great Barrier Reef is located on the northeast coast of Australia.

B the great barrier reef is located at tropical latitude, and the warm shallow sea environment is suitable for coral reproduction.

② Cause of formation

Formation condition

The ambient water temperature in the sea area is as high as 2L℃ ~ 38℃, with little vertical and seasonal variation.

The average salinity is 3.5%

The sea water is clear and the water surface is calm.

The sea is shallow and sunny.

In the geological environment, the crust slowly deposits and coral bones accumulate.

(3) The Great Barrier Reef is rich in tourism resources.

A. Underwater world

B. tropical mainland islands and indigenous tribal cultures

3. Yuanyang Terrace Scenic Spot in Yunnan, China.

(1) Location: Yuanyang County is located in the south of Yunnan Province, 290 kilometers away from Kunming, the capital of Yunnan Province.

(2) Geographical background of Yuanyang Terrace: It is the crystallization of the hard work and sweat of the Hani people who have lived here for thousands of years, which embodies the beauty of harmony between man and nature.

(3) Terrace landscape in Yuanyang-different seasons, different landscapes.

4. The ancient city on the Seine River in Paris, France

(1) development history: 2,000 years ago, Paris was just a fishing village on Dai Xi Island and several nearby islands on the Seine River, and then it gradually expanded, and the name Paris began to appear in the 3rd century.

(2) Architectural art and places of interest in Paris: the Arc de Triomphe, the night view of the Eiffel Tower, the exterior of the Louvre and the exterior of Notre Dame.

V. Planning of tourist attractions

1. The basic elements of tourist attractions should have convenient transportation, unique landscape, safety and health, thoughtful service, excellent environment and perfect supporting facilities, which can meet various consumption needs.

2. The basic content of tourism planning

① Evaluation of tourism development conditions ② Positioning of tourism objectives and strategic planning of development.

③ Tourism spatial layout and tourism product planning ④ Tourism service facilities planning ⑤ Tourism implementation and security system planning.

3. Basic requirements of tourism planning

① The planning concept is novel; ② Detailed investigation and analysis; ③ Accurate tourism positioning.

④ Reasonable spatial layout ⑤ Complete content system ⑤ Scientific and feasible planning.

4. General problems in planning

(1) lacks scientific analysis and evaluation of tourism resources and fails to give full play to its advantages.

(2) Tourism development has no characteristics. The image of tourist area is unknown, and the positioning of tourist market and products is inaccurate.

(3) The spatial layout of tourist areas is unreasonable, and there are too many reception facilities in the central area, which is not conducive to landscape and ecological environment protection.

(4) In the development and construction of scenic spots, the characteristics of urbanization are too obvious, and there are too many traces of artificial construction, which seriously damages the background environment.

(5) Tourism construction projects lack scientific demonstration, artificial landscapes are duplicated, the contents are similar, and the local area lacks cultural foundation.

Design of tourism activities with intransitive verbs

1. Collect information about tourist destinations.

(1) Information collection channels of tourist destinations

Various news media, travel agencies, guidebooks, relatives and friends, experienced tourists, etc.

(2) Information that should be collected

It mainly includes the characteristics of tourism resources, the accessibility of tourism destinations in time and space, tourism service facilities and conditions (such as tourism transportation modes and tools, tourism accommodation conditions, tourism catering types and standards, tour guide services, tourism expenses, etc. ), and the approximate travel expenses.

2. Determine the tourist destination and choose the tourist route.

① Choose the best path according to its own characteristics.

③ The landscape is rich and diverse; ④ Pay attention to the combination of work and rest; ⑤ Pursuing the best effect.

Seven. Tourism safety

1. Unsafe factors in tourism

Accidents such as traffic accidents, crimes, diseases (or poisoning), fire and explosion, natural disasters, wars, social unrest, terrorist activities, accidental injuries caused by tourists' adventures, and getting lost during the journey.

2. Safety precautions should be taken in tourism activities.

Strengthen prevention and management

Do a good job of self-prevention

Eight, clear the role of tourism development in society, economy and culture.

1. Stimulate economic development

(1) Developing international tourism can increase the country's foreign exchange income.

(2) Developing domestic tourism is an important way to withdraw funds and stabilize the market.

(3) Promote the development of related industries and promote the optimization of industrial structure.

(4) Increase economic income and narrow regional differences.

2. Promote social and cultural prosperity

(1) Meet spiritual and cultural needs

(2) promoting cultural exchange and development

(3) Promoting the protection of traditional culture.

3. Tourism promotes social progress

(1) Open wider to the outside world and improve the level of civilization.

(2) Increase employment opportunities and promote social stability.

(3) Promote community construction and improve the living environment.

(4) Promoting world peace and human progress.

Nine. Tourism and environment

1. Promote the environmental impact of tourism.

(1) Protect natural scenic spots and historical sites

(2) Improve environmental quality; (3) Improve infrastructure and service facilities.

2. Environmental problems caused by tourism activities

(1) Pollution of natural environment (air \ water \ solid waste \ noise \ vision) (2) Destruction of ecosystem.

(three) the destruction of cultural relics; (4) Disturbing social order

3. Explain the environmental protection measures in the process of tourism development

(1) Improve environmental protection laws and regulations and strengthen environmental management; (2) Strengthen national education and raise environmental awareness.

(3) Do a good job in environmental assessment and make environmental protection plans. (4) Strengthen ecological construction to prevent environmental pollution.

(5) Relying on scientific and technological progress to improve the environmental protection effect.