The relationship between ecology and ecosystem and tourism

Taking the history of social development as a clue, this paper discusses the development process of human landscape activities: ① In the gathering and hunting era, humans chose landscapes with marginal structures, closed structures and corridors, which are of great significance to the survival and development of primitive people. There is a two-way selection relationship between man and natural landscape. ② In the farming era, in order to effectively carry out food production, shelter and space movement, human beings really started active landscape design and transformation activities. These activities are carried out in the basic phase of natural landscape and restricted by natural forces, so it is the confrontation between man and nature. The appearance of "city people" makes the aesthetic function of landscape one of the purposes of landscape design. (3) The vicious expansion crisis of industrialized landscape and the survival of natural landscape and human beings themselves. At this time, landscape design is a passive confrontation process of human beings against industrialized landscape. ④ Landscape ecological design in the information age is a process of active design and harmony of various landscape elements in the whole ecosystem, and the overall optimization of the system is the ultimate goal of landscape design.

human beings are not only the products and components of a specific landscape, but also the users, designers, reformers and managers of the landscape. From the era of collecting and hunting stone tools and wooden sticks to the modern era when the whole earth can be destroyed by nuclear energy, there have been several revolutionary changes in human understanding of the landscape, the relationship between human and natural landscape and cultural landscape, and the way of human active design and transformation of the landscape.

First, the "satisfactory landscape" chosen by primitive humans

Human ancestors left the forest for the earth, and their lives were full of cruel competition and challenges. As a result of natural selection, human beings have the ability to choose a "satisfactory landscape" that is beneficial to their survival and development. Through the typical landscapes where primitive people lived for a long time, such as Yuanmou people, Lantian people, Beijingers, Maba people and cavemen, we can see that the landscapes that primitive people were satisfied with all have the following structural and functional characteristics: < P > (1) Edge structure and edge effect < P > Typical "satisfactory landscapes" all have certain edge structure characteristics, that is, they are all located on the edge of mountains and plain basins or valley plains, with one. First of all, the diversity of marginal habitats and marginal zones, as the only places for animal migration, provided abundant food resources for primitive people to collect and hunt; Second, on the edge of the landscape, with mountains on the back and plains on the side, it is convenient for "observation-shelter". Because the edge has natural barriers such as cliffs and rivers, it is easy to attack and defend, which greatly improves the efficiency of prevention and hunting. Obviously, the marginal landscape can meet the needs of human beings seeking food and shelter to the maximum extent.

(2) closure and scale and their effects

The natural environment is infinite, but people's speed and intensity of movement and their ability to identify the environment are limited. Therefore, people's normal activities can only be carried out within a limited scope. The mountain basins, valleys and corners of the great plains with appropriate scales meet people's requirements for landscape space.

(3) gap and corridor structure and its effect

A satisfactory landscape is not completely closed, it has some gaps that are connected with the outside world, and these gaps extend along the river valley and become a corridor that communicates with adjacent closed spaces. On the one hand, it is the channel for animal migration, so it is the best place for hunting; On the other hand, it is also the only way for primitive human beings to migrate themselves; Without sacrificing the convenience of their own activities, primitive people can effectively stop intruders by using narrow gaps and corridors; Of course, as a corridor, the valley also provided primitive people with water and rich food resources necessary for survival.

it can be seen that the above-mentioned satisfactory landscape has many ecological advantages for primitive people, and it meets the requirements of primitive people for food, shelter and spatial movement to the greatest extent.

Second, design practical and beautiful landscapes

People, like other animals, have the ability to use the environment in the most effective way to meet their own needs. The above-mentioned primitive people's choice of satisfactory landscape reflects this ability. The difference is that people also have the potential to actively transform the environment to meet their own needs. The poor hand-made stone tools and wooden sticks in the Paleolithic determined that people's potential could only be shown in a very small range. The appearance of ground stone tools and iron tools one after another enabled people to meet higher requirements for food, shelter and space movement by changing the environment in a large range. In the agricultural society, human beings' active design and transformation of landscape are mainly manifested in the following aspects:

(1) Cultivation and domestication of ecological landscape

The long life of gathering and hunting has accumulated experience for human beings to choose to cultivate plants and domesticate animals. Long-term and large-scale cultivation and domestication activities have not only changed biological habits, but also led to the appearance of artificial homogeneous landscape elements and geometric patches, such as large-scale cultivated land and artificial pasture. At the same time, agricultural activities have also led to the reduction or disappearance of some natural landscape elements, such as cutting down and burning forests in order to expand the cultivated area. Because the structure and function of natural landscape have changed greatly, while the productivity of local landscape has increased, human beings are always faced with the threat of assimilation and revenge of natural landscape.

(2) Landscape of water conservancy projects

Most agricultural civilizations originated in valley plains, where fertile land brought high yield to cultivated crops. At the same time, catastrophic floods have made residents on both sides of the strait face severe challenges, so building water conservancy has become the most important activity for human beings to transform nature from the beginning of agricultural society. "Historical Records of Xia Benji" contains: "When Emperor Yao was in power, the flood was terrible, and the people in Huaishan Xiangling, Haokou, were worried." Yu was ordered to control the water, saying, "Look at the mountains and look at the trees, and set mountains and rivers ...". "The left criterion and the right rule set forth four seasons, so as to open Kyushu, pass through nine roads, and cross jiusan. This is an unprecedented landscape survey, planning, design and transformation activity with flood control as the main purpose. Human flood control activities have continued to this day. Straight river banks, high dams and criss-crossing irrigation networks are all traces of conscious redesign and transformation of natural landscape structure. Through these activities, landscape logistics and energy flow redistribution can be realized, so that it can play the greatest benefit for mankind. However, these water conservancy activities are also restricted by natural forces. The earlier example is the failure of Dayu's father to control water, and the more modern example is the failure of Aswan Dam on the Nile.

(3) Landscape of villages and towns

It was an amazing revolution that early farmers ended their cave life and began to build houses, which eventually developed into the most important landscape element on the earth. The earliest known fully mature farming village landscape was found in the Middle East, about 9, years ago, which was made of mud, each with a storage cave and a pottery stove. The landscape of Yangshao cultural farming village, represented by Banpo site in Xi 'an, has a history of 5-7 years. The roof is supported by many wooden columns, covered with grass mud, and the walls are made of grass mud with rattan wood bars. The village scale reaches 2 cottages, covering an area of about 3, square meters. There is a trench around the village. Outside the village, there is a kiln area in the east and a clan cemetery in the north. This is the most primitive model of China city. From then on, this landscape element began to develop in the natural landscape base with acceleration, and became the main object of human landscape design later. At the same time, the appearance of villages has made a leap in human landscape understanding. "Er Ya Shi Di" has: "Outside the city, it means grazing; outside the grazing, it means wilderness; outside the wilderness, it means forest; outside the forest, it means soil moisture." This concentric garden landscape type classification method reflects the decreasing relationship between human activity intensity and natural landscape base, and it is the original model of modern landscape ecological landscape type classification (urban landscape-suburban landscape-farming landscape-management landscape-natural landscape).

(4) landscape of protection system

engaging in agricultural production and looking for fertile farming environment means that human beings must leave some natural sheltered environments and go to the vast plains. Therefore, in a small selection range, in addition to making full use of natural landscape elements as barriers (especially rivers), it is necessary to build artificial protection systems. The most primitive protective man-made structures are hedgerows and trenches. For example, the trenches with a depth of 5-6 m and a width of 5-6 m at the Banpo site in Xi 'an may have been dug to prevent attacks by wild animals or competing tribes. According to the archaeological discovery of Yin Xu, this imperial city in the late Shang Dynasty has an artificially dug trench in the north and northeast, with a width of about 7-12m and a depth of 5-1m. Both ends are connected with the bend of Huan River, and the trench and the river form a rectangular defense system. Another form of protective engineering is wall. In the early days, protective walls were all made of clay tablets, and then developed into masonry. In the era of agricultural development, the war between tribes for land is very fierce, and defensive facilities such as city walls have become more important. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China, countries competed to build the Great Wall because of the danger. In the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall of Wan Li, a national wall defense system against nomadic tribes in the northwest, became a major feature of the earth landscape.

(5) landscape of transportation system

The landscape of the earth has changed from using natural rivers for transportation and travel to designing and digging canals to serve transportation specifically. The earliest known model of artificial canal is the canal used by Babylonian emperor Hammurabi around 17 BC, which is more than 16 km long and used in troop transportation. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Wu people in our country once dug a river to connect the Yangtze River and Huai River, and created a waterway leading to Song and Lu. The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty is a masterpiece of this artificially designed water transportation system landscape, which is four or five thousand miles long, connecting the major water systems in the north and south, and directly and indirectly changing the landscape structure and energy and material distribution of China. As for the land transportation system, as early as the Qin Dynasty, there was a chidao from the capital (Xianyang) to all parts of the country, "Yanqi in the east and Wu Chu in the Antarctic", and there was a tunnel connecting Xianyang and Jiuyuan, and the valley was buried for thousands of miles. In order to facilitate transportation, human beings even built plank roads on cliffs that even apes dared not climb.

The above-mentioned human landscape design and transformation activities in the farming era have the following main characteristics: ① It is a kind of antagonistic activity against the natural landscape; (2) directly serving the actual needs of human beings and being directly controlled by human consciousness; ③ The artificially introduced landscape elements are basically of natural origin in terms of material composition; (4) The form of energy utilization is to use solar energy for food production and animal power, water power and wind power for necessary production, transportation and other activities.

(6) Designing beautiful landscapes

With the division of labor between industry and agriculture, towns have developed, and a group of "city dwellers" who have lived in cities for a long time and are divorced from the ecological utility of natural landscapes have appeared. The value of landscapes (including natural and cultural landscapes that are relatively resistant to nature) has been differentiated for the first time, and the aesthetic function of landscapes has been truly discovered and utilized for the first time, which also makes these city dwellers have the desire to design and create beautiful landscapes. However, the uneven distribution of productivity and social wealth determines that this kind of landscape beauty creation activity can only be carried out in a small range of gardens, and the main users of the beautiful scenery are the literati class; The criterion of landscape value is the principle of artistic beauty, and poetic meaning is the highest realm of landscape design: the guiding ideology of design is artistic philosophy, and the designers are the owners and craftsmen of the garden. China royal garden and Jiangnan literati landscape garden, French Rainotte-style regular palace garden and English picturesque landscape garden are all here? quot; Beautiful landscape "design model. China's Ji Cheng, French Rainotte and British Brown are the representatives of this kind of landscape designers.

Third, passive response to the industrialized landscape

(1) Landscape consequences of industrialization

Industrialization has three main characteristics: effective exploitation and extensive utilization of fossil energy (coal, oil and natural gas) and electric energy, mechanization and specialization of production. These characteristics are reflected in the unique industrial landscape, such as large-scale coal mines, tall oil production derricks and chimneys, thick oil and gas pipelines, ubiquitous power transmission networks and power plants, large-scale specialized production workshops and so on. These are all landscape elements that have not existed in any previous era. Moreover, these industrial landscapes develop by autocatalytic expansion and accelerate the industrialization of other landscapes. For example, specialized production means that more effective means of transportation and transportation systems are needed to ensure the supply of raw materials and the delivery of products. This has promoted the development of transportation machinery and transportation system, and the development of the latter is bound to promote the exploitation and plunder of energy and natural resources on a larger scale, as well as large-scale specialized production. As a result, large-scale specialized industrial cities, grand ports, stations and airports have emerged, resulting in the disappearance of large-scale natural landscapes. The powerful railway and highway system is like a giant network, which separates the natural landscape into fragments, hindering or changing the energy flow and logistics of the natural landscape system. The mechanization and specialization of agricultural production make the pastoral landscape monotonous, the original natural residual patches (such as forests, mounds, swamps, etc.) have been flattened into farmland, a larger homogeneous landscape has emerged, the irrigation system has become more geometric and permanent, and the huge dam has changed the world's largest river. The urban expansion brought by industrialization makes more people stay away from the natural landscape; Reinforced concrete replaces brick, wood, mud and grass, which makes people live in the jungle. Crowding, noise, air pollution and garbage, together with the tense environmental atmosphere, threaten human physical and mental health.

It can be seen that industrialization makes the development of cultural landscape have the following characteristics: ① The development of cultural landscape is separated from the direct interests of human beings. The industrialized landscape expands viciously in the form of self-destruction, and the consciousness of human landscape control fails; ② The landscape elements introduced artificially are mostly synthetic in material composition, which is not conducive to the assimilation of natural processes and has an inhibitory effect on them; (3) Due to the above two characteristics, the human landscape quickly replaces, separates and poisons the natural landscape, making it structurally disintegrated and functionally paralyzed; At the same time, it also threatens the survival of mankind itself. Because of these characteristics, it is decided that the landscape design in the industrialized era will be a kind of antagonistic activity against the industrialized landscape.

(2) Escaping from the city

The evil consequences of industrialized urban landscape are the by-products that people accidentally bring when they pursue the fruits of industrialization. People are at a loss about this. The initial reaction was to escape, and the upper-class citizens moved to the periphery of the city, and the corresponding landscape appeared. However, these asylum seekers are not willing to lose their industrialized lifestyle. As a result, the industrialized landscape has also expanded outward, accelerating the vicious expansion of the city.

(3) designing urban green space system

The evil consequences brought by urban industrialized landscape have promoted people's understanding of the ecological function of green plants, and designing urban green space system to improve the urban environment has become one of the main tasks of landscape design. The ecological function of urban green space (purifying air and reducing noise, etc.) has become the main goal of urban green space landscape design, and the green space is designed as the "lung" of the city. The guiding theory of design is ecology, and the application of native tree species is emphasized. The coverage rate of urban green space or per capita green space occupied area is taken as the main index to measure the quality of urban landscape. Its purpose is to alleviate the ecological crisis, and it is still a passive resistance to the industrialized landscape. The central park in new york, the green space systems and urban green belts in Britain and the United States, and various forms of parks and street green spaces are all products of "passive resistance", which are artificial landscape elements introduced into the cultural landscape base.

(4) Protecting the natural landscape

The industrialized landscape is expanding viciously, and the natural landscape is in danger of being swallowed up. In this regard, another negative resistance measure taken by human beings is the establishment of nature reserves. At the same time, the ecological park, which mainly restores the natural landscape and maintains native creatures, has also been developed.

Fourth, landscape ecological design-designing the whole human ecosystem

Emerging industries such as electronic industry and genetic engineering have brought society into the information age, and systems science, computer technology, bioengineering technology and new energy development.