The largest reservoir in Jingmen-Zhanghe Reservoir

Zhanghe River is located in the middle of Hubei Province, 18km east of Jingmen City. Construction started in July 1958 and was completed in 1966. The reservoir dam is located in Zhanghe Town (Yandun Town), Jingmen City, where the mountainous area in northwest Hubei meets Jianghan Plain. The reservoir control basin covers an area of 2,212 square kilometers, accounting for 74.5% of the Zhanghe River basin. Next, let's take a closer look with me.

Introduction

Zhanghe Reservoir is a dam built on the Zhanghe River to block the east branch of Juzhang River, a tributary on the north bank of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The reservoir group formed by Zhanghe River, connected in series by three sections of open channels, is the largest reservoir under the jurisdiction of Hubei Province, one of the well-known artificial reservoirs in China, one of the nine large reservoir irrigation areas with an area of over 2 million mu in China, and also an important commodity grain base in Hubei Province.

natural environment

The basin where the reservoir is located belongs to pre-Quaternary strata and Quaternary strata, and the reservoir hub is located in the syncline core composed of sand shale. The exposed strata in river basins and reservoir irrigation areas are relatively simple, and there is no destructive earthquake record in history. The geology of the dam area is dominated by sandstone and clay rocks accumulated in Jurassic continental lacustrine facies, and a small part is sulfur shale and coal seam. The lithology is soft and semi-hard rocks with poor weathering resistance. The reservoir accepts many tributaries and a few undercurrents and caves. There are 59 tributary rivers with a length of more than 5 kilometers, and there are 5 tributaries with a basin area of more than 1 square kilometers, including Mingyangdong River, Xiaozhang River, Mao Ping River, Dingjiahe River and Qianjiahe River. The inflow from the reservoir is very unstable, with the flow of only 2~3 cubic meters per second in dry season and 3 ~ 1, cubic meters per second in flood season. The area where Zhanghe Reservoir is located belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with an average sunshine of more than 2, hours for many years. The average temperature for many years is 15~16 degrees Celsius, and the extreme maximum temperature is 4.8 degrees Celsius, which appears in July. The extreme minimum temperature is -11 degrees Celsius, which appeared in January; The frost-free period is 25~27 days. The average annual precipitation for many years is 174 mm, which is concentrated in 4? In September, it accounts for about 8% of the annual precipitation. The annual precipitation varies greatly. Taking Xueping Station in the reservoir area as an example, the maximum annual precipitation is 1586.9 mm (1964) and the minimum is 697.3 mm (1972).

reasons for construction

Zhanghe River is the east branch of Juzhang River, a larger tributary in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. It is also called Jianghan in ancient times, and it is said that the cloud spread from left to right. Jianghan Juzhang Chu's hope? . It originates from Jingshan Mountain, with abundant rainfall in the upper reaches, and the average annual inflow above the dam site is about 84 million cubic meters. Before the construction of the reservoir, whenever there were heavy rains and flash floods, the two banks often burst into disaster, which increased the flood pressure of the Yangtze River and seriously affected the safety of Jingjiang levee. History shows that there were 5 floods in * * * from the 29th year of Daoguang reign in Qing Dynasty (AD 1849) to 1 years in 1949. However, on the east bank of the Zhanghe River, which is frequently flooded, there is a large hilly land, which suffers from water shortage and drought every year, and it is also difficult for people and animals to drink water. It is common in local chronicles:? Drought, many people die? According to the analysis of historical hydrological data, the frequency of drought in Zhanghe irrigation area is extremely high, with the severe drought occurring once every ten years, the moderate drought occurring once every five years and almost every morning. There is a folk song circulating in the irrigation area:? Water flows in the river, people are worried on the shore, and the dry land smokes, and it is not harvested for ten years. . Endless floods and droughts have made it impossible for the old China to be cured, and the people have suffered greatly. For many years, the long-cherished wish of harnessing the Juzhang River cannot be realized. After the founding of New China, the Party and the people's government are very concerned about the development and management of Juzhang River. From 1952 to 1954, floods and droughts continued to do harm, and the desire of cadres and the masses to control the Zhanghe River was even more urgent. From 1953 to 1957, the Provincial Water Resources Department organized forces to repeatedly investigate and survey the hydrology, topography and geology of the Juzhang River, and put forward the idea of building the Zhanghe Water Conservancy Project. In November 1957, at the provincial water conservancy meeting, Governor Zhang Tixue proposed to build Zhanghe Reservoir. In February 1958, Qi Shaochuan and Xu Jinbiao, deputy directors of the Provincial Water Resources Department, together with Yu Xiaopeng, secretary of Jingzhou District Committee, Rao Mintai, deputy director of Jingzhou Special Department, and a group of engineers and technicians, went to the site to inspect, select the dam site of the reservoir and discuss the project scale. At the beginning of May, the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial People's Committee held a water conservancy site meeting in Suixian County, at which the construction of Zhanghe Reservoir was formally confirmed. On June 5, with the approval of Hubei Provincial People's Committee, the Zhanghe Water Conservancy Project General Command was established, and Liang Jiurang, deputy secretary of Jingzhou District Committee, was appointed as the Party Secretary, and Rao Mintai, deputy Commissioner of Jingzhou Special Agency, was appointed as the Chief Commander. From June 9th to the end of June, the headquarters cadres, Zhanghe design team of the Provincial Water Conservancy Survey and Design Institute, construction technicians of the 1st Project of the Provincial Water Resources Department and migrant workers from Jingmen County successively entered the construction site. On July 1st, the first shot of construction sounded in the diversion tunnel of Kannonji.

Construction history

Zhanghe Reservoir is large in scale and arduous in task. The hub is composed of five dams and nine gates, three sections of open channels and two power stations. The irrigation channels are divided into nine grades and there are more than 15, buildings. It was really difficult to start building such a large project in 1958, mainly in the following aspects: First, the country was in financial and material difficulties at that time; Second, the construction technical force is relatively weak; Third, during the construction period, it was threatened by floods and the situation was grim. However, under the leadership of Party committees at all levels, the cadres and the masses from five counties, including Jingmen, Jiangling, Zhongxiang, Dangyang, Qianjiang and Shayang Farm, and the relevant units who came to support them, devoted themselves to the construction of Zhanghe Reservoir with a high degree of enthusiasm for socialist construction and self-sacrifice. They competed with each other, voluntarily signed up for the war, and worked tirelessly day and night at the construction site. Some farmers go out with their whole families and don't go home during the Spring Festival. Cadres mingle with the masses, eat a pot of rice together, live in a hut, and the commander-in-chief Rao Mintai spent six years on the construction site with migrant workers on New Year's Eve. During the construction period, there were at most 133, migrant workers, showing the magnificent scene of the sound of guns shaking the earth, the dust covering the sky, the sea of people and the majestic mountains and rivers. The competition of competing, learning, catching up, helping and surpassing labor in the construction site is getting higher and higher. In the process of construction, the broad masses of cadres and the masses carried forward the revolutionary spirit of not being afraid of hardship and not being afraid of death. From 1958 to 1966, more than 15 special model workers, such as Lu Mingying, Hu Yuzhen and Lei Chaoyou, emerged successively, among whom 5 people attended the National Youth Socialist Construction Activists' Congress and the Militia Activists' Congress. More than 2 outstanding sons and daughters gave their precious lives on the construction site. The construction of Zhanghe Reservoir is the most tense and arduous in Kannonji Dam. In February, 1959, at the critical moment when the dam grabbed the elevation of 15 meters, the diversion tunnel collapsed and blocked, the discharge was decreasing, and the water level of the reservoir rose, forcing the dam to be constructed in a simple section. In November of the same year, the diversion tunnel was forced to be blocked in advance because of the broken rock and the incomplete lining, which threatened to collapse again at any time. The original escape elevation of 15 meters was changed to 19 meters, and the task was even more arduous. In February 196, because the open channel was not dug through, the dam continued to grab another 12 meters elevation according to the simple section and stepped up the open channel excavation. In order to get out of danger, 1, migrant workers insisted on the construction during the Spring Festival, flying in Dai Yue and fighting day and night. It was not until late June that the tension of the hub project was eased. The main canal, the third trunk canal and the fourth trunk canal are particularly arduous. The main canal with a total length of 18km is filled with seven dam blocks and six ridges are excavated. Among them, Zaoshudian canal section is all expansive soil, which collapsed many times during excavation and had to be converted into caissons. The upper and lower sections of Qingshui Bridge are all limestone layers, which are all opened by explosives. The total length of the four main canals is 173 kilometers, and there are 4 tunnels to be dug, 8 aqueducts to be erected, 97 mountain splits and 87 filling and flushing. The 1,138-meter-long Tiger Jaw Tunnel has complicated geology, many faults and extremely difficult construction. The Longquan aqueduct across Jingmen City is 825 meters long, all of which are operated halfway up the mountain. Most of the main canals are excavated in Panshan Mountain, and the project is very huge. The irrigation area of Sangan Canal is large and the canal system is complex, and the earthwork task accounts for half of the whole canal project. In addition to serving as the main hub project, Jingmen county also organizes all labor excavation channels that can go to the construction site. Great labor has been invested in the construction of Zhanghe Reservoir. The reason why Zhanghe Project can be constructed under difficult conditions, and the design is reasonable, and the project quality is good, mainly under the leadership of the provincial and prefectural committees, the project party committee adopted the decision-making mode of combining cadres, technicians and the masses, and carried forward the style of hard work and self-reliance on the basis of following scientific laws.

Reservoir characteristics

Zhanghe Reservoir consists of Kannonji Reservoir and Jigongjian Reservoir, which are communicated by open channels. Kannonji Reservoir intercepts the main stream and most tributaries in the upper reaches of Zhanghe River, controlling the basin area of 1957 square kilometers, but the storage capacity is small; Jigongjian Reservoir intercepts the upper section of yuxi town River, a tributary of Zhanghe River, and controls the drainage area of 255 square kilometers, but the storage capacity is large. In order to adjust the contradiction between the inflow area and storage capacity of the two reservoirs, three open channels, Qingjing 'an, Huangjiabang and Yaojiachong, were excavated across the watershed between the two reservoirs to connect the two reservoirs and form a whole. The reservoir is a multi-year regulation reservoir with a normal water level of 123.5 meters, a flood season water level of 122.6 meters and a dead water level of 113 meters. The designed flood level is 127.51m for Kannonji Reservoir and 124.3m for Jigongjian Reservoir. The total storage capacity of the reservoir is 2.35 billion cubic meters, including 343 million cubic meters for flood regulation, 94 million cubic meters for profit promotion and 865 million cubic meters for dead storage. It is a river reservoir with a backwater length of 62 kilometers and a water surface area of 15.27 square kilometers. Characteristics of reservoir inflow and sediment inflow The upstream of the reservoir is located in the rainstorm area in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, with a large inflow. In 1958, the measured maximum peak discharge at Matouzhai Hydrological Station was 354 cubic meters per second. According to the measured data of Yandun Station from 1962 to 1979, the average annual water volume of Zhanghe Reservoir is 779 million cubic meters, the maximum annual water volume is 1.5 billion cubic meters (in 1963) and the minimum annual water volume is 37 million cubic meters (in 1972). The forest coverage rate is over 38%, which has obvious regulating effect on runoff, flood and soil erosion. The average annual sediment discharge of the reservoir for many years is 126, cubic meters.

main buildings

the buildings of Zhanghe reservoir project are divided into two parts: hub and irrigation area. There are four dam and auxiliary dams in Kannonji, Jigongjian, Linjiagang and Wangjiawan, three open channels for water conveyance in Qingjing 'an, Huangjiabang and Yaojiachong, Chenjiachong and Matouzhai Spillways, emergency spillway in Cuijiagou, the first sluice of Yandun Canal, Xujiawan sluice, Xigan sluice, Zhouhe sluice and hydropower station. The hub project is located in the southwest of the reservoir, starting from Kannonji in the west and reaching Yandunji in the southeast, stretching for more than 3 kilometers. The irrigation area borders the Hanjiang River in the east, starts from Juhe River in the west, reaches Changhu Lake in the south and Yicheng in the north, and spans four counties (cities) of Jingmen, Jiangling, Zhongxiang and Dangyang, with a natural area of 5, square kilometers.

1. Dam and auxiliary dam. The dam site of Kannonji Dam is located 2.5 kilometers below the Kannonji in the middle reaches of Zhanghe River, and it is a composite dam with clay inclined wall and soil. The dam axis is 63 meters long, the dam crest is 8 meters wide, the maximum dam height is 66.5 meters, the crest elevation is 129 meters, and the crest elevation of breakwater is 13.2 meters. Jigongjian Dam is located near Jigongjian Mountain, 11.5 kilometers northeast of yuxi town River. It is a composite dam with clay inclined wall and soil. The maximum dam height is 58 meters, the dam axis length is 1,15 meters, the elevation of dam crest is 126.5 meters, and the elevation of breakwater crest is 127.7 meters. Linjiagang Dam, built on the gully between Kannonji and Jigongjian main dams, is a substitute dam for weathered rocks with clay inclined walls. The dam axis is 33m long, the dam crest is 6m wide, the maximum dam height is 25m, the crest elevation is 128m, and the crest elevation of breakwater is 129.2m.. Wangjiawan Dam is located in Wangjiawan between Kannonji and Jigongjian main dams. The dam type is the same as that of Linjiagang Dam, with the crest elevation of 126.5 meters and the crest elevation of breakwater wall of 127.7 meters. The auxiliary dam is located in the area of Wangjiawan-Yandunji. The maximum dam height is 15.7 meters, the crest elevation is 126.5 meters, and the crest elevation of breakwater wall is 127.7 meters.

2. Open aqueduct. The three open troughs of Qingjing 'an, Huangjiabang and Yaojiachong are connected end to end, with a total length of 5,5 meters. The inlet elevation of the trough bottom is 13 meters, and the outlet is 12 meters. When checking the water level, the water passing capacity is 3,3 cubic meters per second.

3. Spillway and emergency spillway. The maximum flood discharge of Chenjiachong spillway in Kannonji dam area is 458 cubic meters per second; The maximum discharge of Matouzhai spillway is 3683 cubic meters per second; Cuijiagou emergency spillway is an open channel with a maximum flood discharge of 2485 cubic meters per second.

4. Diversion sluice of the hub. The maximum water intake of the first sluice of Yandun Canal (i.e. the main canal intake sluice) is 131 cubic meters per second, and the second, third and fourth main canals all draw water from this sluice; Xujiaxiwan sluice, the maximum diversion flow is 8 cubic meters per second; The diversion flow of Xiganzha is 2 cubic meters per second; The diversion flow of Zhouhe sluice is L cubic meters per second.

5. hydropower station. The installed capacity of four Kannonji hydropower stations is * * * 192kW: two Jigongjian hydropower stations are 25kW and one is 26kW.

6. Irrigation canal system. The irrigation canal system of Zhanghe Reservoir has 1 main canal, 5 main canals, 2 branch canals, 15 branch canals, 35 branch canals and 78 branch canals.

development and construction

development objectives and main benefits. The upper reaches of Zhanghe Reservoir have heavy rainfall and steep bends. Every time there is a rainstorm, the wind is high and the waves are urgent, and it is often flooded. The left bank of Zhanghe River spans the watershed, with a length of about 85 kilometers from north to south and a width of about 6 kilometers from east to west, with a total area of 5543.93 square kilometers. It is a hilly and plain area, including Jingmen, Zhongxiang, Jiangling and Dangyang counties, with an elevation of 12~25.7 meters. The land is patchy and fertile, and it has been a famous agricultural area since ancient times. In this area, the hills are gentle, the gullies are short and shallow, and drought occurs when it is slightly sunny without rain. In 1958, Zhanghe Reservoir was built. The functions of the reservoir are mainly irrigation, water supply and flood control, with comprehensive benefits such as power generation, shipping and aquaculture. The reservoir began to irrigate in 1961. In 1966, it brought into full play its benefits, supplying water for 173,7 hectares of farmland in the irrigation area, and providing production and domestic water for industrial enterprises and urban areas such as oil refineries and thermal power plants in Jingmen City. The total grain output of the irrigation area has increased from 347 million kilograms before irrigation to 1.4 billion kilograms, providing 5 million kilograms of commodity grain every year, making it an important commodity grain base in Hubei Province. By the end of 1995, Zhanghe Hub had intercepted 19 flood peaks above 1 cubic meters per second upstream, including 9 flood peaks around 3 cubic meters per second, staggered the flood peaks of Juhe River and Zhanghe River, relieved the flood control pressure of Jingjiang levee, and protected about 2, hectares of farmland and 15, people downstream. Build 2 power stations with 7 installed units with a capacity of 2,446 kilowatts; 1963? In 1985, the average annual power generation was 1.7 million kWh. When the normal water level of the reservoir is 12.5 meters, the aquaculture water area is 1,4 hectares. By the end of the 2th century, there were 9, hectares of aquaculture water, 467 hectares of intensive fish ponds, 13 hectares of miscellaneous fish ponds, 2 fishing grounds and 1 farm. After the completion of the reservoir, 88 kilometers of deep-water channel has been opened in the reservoir area. The reservoir area is connected by mountains and rivers and has beautiful scenery. It is one of the tourist and summer resorts in Hubei Province.

Resettlement

The flooded area of Zhanghe Reservoir is 14.86 square kilometers, most of which is in Jingmen City, followed by dangyang city, Yuan 'an County and Nanzhang County, with about 1,75 hectares of cultivated land, 24,87 houses and 14,348 migrants. The resettlement methods are: first, the establishment of the relocation system; second, the resettlement on the spot; third, the scattered jumping in line or relying on relatives and friends.

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