What is the difference and connection between perceptual understanding and thinking?

What is the difference and connection between perceptual knowledge and thinking? What is perceptual knowledge? What is its significance? Perceptual cognition means that people understand and explain things on the basis of existing knowledge and experience, and add symbols with words to make them meaningful.

Perception is a systematic process, and then the information state produced by external objective factors is analyzed and processed, and finally the process of individual obtaining information. Perception has the following characteristics: selectivity, salience, constancy and wholeness. Its initial research originated from neuroreflex in biology, and later the research on the relationship between thinking and behavior became the content of psychological research, which is the premise and focus of psychological counselor research.

Answer: The difference between thinking and sensory perception, like contact thinking and sensory perception, is also a reflection of objective reality by the human brain. However, feeling and perception are a direct reflection of objective reality, reflecting the external phenomena or individual attributes of objective things, while thinking is an indirect summary of objective things. It reflects the essential characteristics and internal relations of objective things.

Comprehensive perception Tourism perception refers to the overall response of human brain to * * * when objective things directly act on human sensory organs.

Tourism perception refers to the reaction of the overall attributes of objective things related to tourism activities in tourists' minds, which directly acts on tourists' sensory organs.

The difference between feeling and perception and the difference between contact feeling and perception;

1. From the content point of view, feeling reflects the individual attributes of things and provides knowledge about the essence of things. Perception is the reflection of the whole thing. Its purpose is to explain what acts on the senses, give them some meaning, name them and mark them with words.

2. Judging from the components involved, sensation is the result of the activity of a single sensation analyzer. Perception includes not only simple perceptual images produced by the main analyzer, but also comprehensive perceptual images produced by various sensory cooperation activities, including various sensory components; 3. Judging from the factors that restrict sensory perception, the nature of feeling is more determined by the nature of * *, and the same * * will cause the same feeling. Perception is greatly influenced by personal experience and attitude. Different people have different perceptions of the same object.

Sensory and perceptual connection:

Although perception is different from and higher than feeling, it is closely related to feeling, which shows that things are felt first and then can be further perceived. Feeling and perception also have some * * * identity, which belongs to the process of perceptual knowledge.

The difference between feeling and perception and the connection of feeling are often subjective;

Perception is often more objective.

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Feeling and perception are both different and related: 1. Feeling and perception are different psychological processes. Feeling reflects the individual attributes of things, while perception reflects the whole of things, that is, the different attributes, parts and their relationships of things; Feeling depends only on the activity of a single sensory organ, while perception depends on the joint activity of various sensory organs. Visible perception is more complicated than feeling.

2. Feeling and perception have the same side: they are both reflections of things that directly act on the sensory organs. If things no longer directly affect our sensory organs, then our feelings and perceptions of things will also stop. Feeling and perception are the primary forms of human understanding of the world, reflecting the external characteristics and external relations of things. If you want to reveal the essential characteristics of things, you can't just rely on feeling and perception. You must also carry out more complex psychological activities on the basis of feeling and perception, such as memory, imagination and thinking.

Perception is produced on the basis of feeling. Without feeling, there is no perception. The more and richer the individual attributes of things we feel, the more accurate and complete our perception of things will be, but perception is not a simple sum of feelings, because people's subjective experience is still at work in the process of perception, and people should use existing experience to explain the sensory information of current things, so as to identify current things.

In psychology, the understanding of perception, "understanding can produce perceptual expectation and prediction" hello. "Understanding can produce perceptual expectations and predictions" refers to the influence of past experience on your perceptual things. When we perceive things, we don't reflect what we want to perceive as a mirror, but we perceive things with our past experience (understanding), which will make us expect and predict in the process of perception. For example, the idiom "quite picky" refers to the influence of past experience on our perception of things. For example, if we listen to a familiar song, because we have heard it before, you can predict the following melody when a small melody is just released.

What is the difference and connection between divergent thinking and convergent thinking? 1, thinking points in the opposite direction.

Convergent thinking points to the center of the problem from all directions, and divergent thinking points to all directions from the center of the problem.

2. They have different functions.

Aggregation thinking is a kind of seeking common ground thinking. It is necessary to concentrate the essence of various ideas, realize a systematic and comprehensive investigation of the problem, and straighten out, screen, synthesize and unify various ideas in order to seek a result with the most practical application value. Divergent thinking is a kind of divergent thinking. For a wide range of search, we should be as open as possible and imagine different possibilities.

3. Convergent thinking and divergent thinking are dialectical relations, which are both different and related, opposite and unified.

Without the extensive collection and multi-party search of divergent thinking, convergent thinking has no processing object and cannot be carried out; On the other hand, no matter how many achievements, if not carefully arranged, carefully processed and divergent thinking, can not form meaningful innovative achievements, and will also become a waste. Only when they work together and are used alternately can an innovation process be successfully completed.

What is the difference and connection between logical thinking and image thinking? First, some basic concepts:

Thinking in images (direct thinking) is a complex multi-channel, multi-loop and nonlinear way of thinking, in which the thinking forms of inspiration and epiphany are special cases of thinking in images. Inspiration is an unpredictable psychological phenomenon and thinking phenomenon, which cannot be adjusted intentionally.

Intuition is the conscious activity and thinking form of thinking subject who directly knows the essence and deep state of things by knowing the surface of things without resorting to logical procedures and experience accumulation. There are two understandings of scientific method: one is scientific method. It refers to a scientific method that conforms to the development law of objective things and is effective in practical activities, and is called a generalized scientific method. Second, methods in scientific research are expressed in English as: methods in scientific research. Mainly refers to the method in the field of scientific research, that is, the narrow scientific method.

Classification of scientific methods: methods to obtain scientific facts (including observation, experiment, etc. ), the method of sorting out scientific facts (comparison, classification, etc. ), the method of constructing scientific theoretical system (hypothesis, model, etc.). ), horizontal scientific methods (functional simulation, black box method, etc. ).

Therefore, intuition, inspiration and other thinking in images have the following effects on scientific methods:

First, from the method of obtaining scientific facts: Intuition, inspiration and other image thinking provide a clear understanding of scientific methods. For example, intuition allows us to quickly find the phenomena that need to be observed or recorded in direct experimental observation, and then make more subtle observations from this point to improve the efficiency of scientific observation. Inspiration is more important when designing scientific experiments, because the design of scientific experiments can not be solved by theory, and often needs the inspiration of genius. For example, cavendish designed a precise torsion balance, which used the reflection of light to measure the gravitational constant G more accurately. But for more than 200 years, after many people's experiments, the accuracy of gravity constant is still the worst, which also shows the importance of inspiration for scientific experiment design. Therefore, intuitive and inspirational thinking in images provides a perceptual basis for scientific research and understanding.

Second, from the method of sorting out scientific facts, intuitive and inspirational thinking in images can reveal the essence of things intuitively, clearly and concretely. For example, in the comparative method, the use of intuition, inspiration and other image thinking can quickly and profoundly reveal the essence of things. Rutherford used the model of the solar system to explain the atomic structure, which was clear and impressive. For another example, thinking in images also plays an important role in analysis. At that time, Madame Curie was very interested in the radiation phenomenon of uranium salt, but the reason could not be found through instrument testing. Therefore, after several precise experiments, they finally found some unknown elements in uranium salts. This discovery depends entirely on Madame Curie's intuition about chemical elements, because most people will definitely regard this 0.0% as an instrument error and will not think that there are unknown elements. It can be seen that intuition can reveal the essence of things intuitively, clearly and concretely in the analysis method.

Thirdly, from the method of constructing scientific theory, intuitive and inspirational thinking in images can provide a unique channel for scientific methods that is not bound by logic. For example, the model method explains the shape, characteristics and essence of the prototype (the simulated object) by studying the model. If it is not the image thinking such as intuition or inspiration, people are likely to get stuck in the traditional thinking of the past and cannot make a reasonable explanation for new things. Watson and Crick are a good example. When they proposed the structure of DNA, they initially proposed the triple helix structure, but this ran counter to the laboratory. Suddenly Watson thought that all creatures in nature are paired, so he thought that DNA structure should be a double helix structure. In the end, his idea was proved to be correct. Therefore, scientific intuition and inspiration can often connect existing knowledge with new research objects, communicate and understand channels, and cross or penetrate the logical barriers of complex phenomena.

Fourthly, from the perspective of horizontal scientific methods, intuitive and inspirational thinking in images can also clearly reveal the essence of things. For example, the black box method is a method to study the function and characteristics of the black box and explore its structure and mechanism by using external observations and experiments and inputting and outputting information. Just like when you go to the market to buy watermelons, you can only tell the quality of watermelons by the color and feel of watermelon skins or by knocking on watermelons to listen to their sounds. This requires not only the accumulation of previous experience, but also an intuition. So is scientific research. Therefore, intuitive and inspirational thinking can reveal the essence of things more clearly.

In fact, every leap people know is triggered by intuition and inspiration at first, but this process is often manifested as "knowing what it is, not knowing why". Therefore, many scientists, especially famous scientists, often attach great importance to the cultivation of intuition. Einstein believed that "intuition is a truly valuable factor" in the process of scientific research. Without the emergence of intuitive thinking, scientists tend to think easily in the original scientific normal.

What is the difference between visual thinking and abstract thinking?

Abstract thinking (logical thinking) mainly reflects the cognitive process of the objective world through thinking forms such as concept, judgment and reasoning. Including: positive thinking, reverse thinking, lateral thinking and divergent thinking.

Thinking in images (direct thinking) is a complex multi-channel, multi-loop and nonlinear way of thinking, in which the thinking forms of inspiration and epiphany are special cases of thinking in images.

There are several differences between them:

First, there is a difference between thinking in images and abstract thinking in images. Image is the most basic feature of thinking in images. The object of image thinking is the image of things, and the thinking form is the image concepts such as image, intuition and imagination. The tools and means of expression are graphics, images, schemas and image symbols that can be perceived by the senses. The visualization of thinking in images makes it vivid, intuitive and holistic. However, abstract thinking is metaphysical and abstract and cannot be described by concrete things. It is more of an idea and an understanding.

Second, thinking in images is different from abstract thinking of human brain.

The left hemisphere is good at language function, logical analysis, reasoning thinking and mathematical operation, focusing on abstract thinking; The right hemisphere is better than non-verbal, non-mathematical, and non-logical spatial relations, that is, it focuses on thinking in images. For example, dreaming is usually nonverbal, illogical, emotional and visual, which is the characteristic of the right hemisphere. When we describe our dreams in words, we use the left hemisphere. So the place where the two are formed is different.

Third, there are differences in creativity between image thinking and abstract thinking. People are surprised to find that many special forms in the right hemisphere, such as unconsciousness and illogicality, are the basic characteristics of creative thinking. Image thinking is not satisfied with the reproduction of the existing image, but is more committed to the pursuit of processing the existing image and obtaining the output of new image products. Therefore, visualization gives creative advantages to thinking in images.

Fourth, thinking in images is illogical, while abstract thinking is logical. Different from abstract thinking, thinking in images does not process information step by step, end to end and linearly. Instead, you can call many image materials to form a new image at once, or jump from one image to another. Its information processing process is not a series of processing, but a parallel processing, which is flat or three-dimensional. It can make the thinking subject grasp the problem quickly as a whole. Abstract thinking is to process and make things according to certain laws and logic, reveal the essence of things, form new understanding and concepts, and then continue to reason and judge with new understanding and concepts, reflect the essence and relationship of real things in a generalized and indirect way, and form a higher level of rational understanding of reality. Therefore, abstract thinking always has certain logic, which is exactly what distinguishes it from thinking in images.

5. There is a difference in accuracy between thinking in images and thinking in abstractions. The reflection of thinking in images is a thick line, the grasp of the problem is a rough grasp, and the analysis of the problem is qualitative or semi-quantitative. Usually used for qualitative analysis of problems; Different from abstract thinking, it can give accurate quantitative relations and is usually used for quantitative analysis of problems. Moreover, when dealing with some problems, thinking in images sometimes leads to great deviation, so logical thinking is needed to correct or test the correctness and scientificity of thinking in images.

Although thinking in images and logical thinking are different in form, they are not antagonistic, but complementary. Both of them reach the same goal by different routes and have their own strengths, and both of them can rationally explore the nature and laws of things.