When will the mausoleum of Qin Emperor be excavated?

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located at the foot of Mount Li, which is more than 30 kilometers away. According to historical records, Zhao Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, began to build a cemetery when he ascended the throne at the age of 13. Premier Li Si presided over the planning and design, while General Zhang Han supervised the construction. It took 38 years to build, and the project was huge and magnificent, which created a precedent for the luxurious burial of feudal rulers in previous dynasties. Discovered in 1974, the first emperor of unified China died in 2 10 BC and was buried in the center of the mausoleum. Around his mausoleum are those famous terracotta warriors and horses. Those terracotta warriors and horses, chariots and weapons, which are slightly smaller than human figures, have become the perfect masterpieces of realism, while retaining high historical value.

1974 65438+1October 29th, at 65438+,0.5km east of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum, local farmers dug a well and accidentally dug up the head of a ceramic warrior. After the organized excavation by the state, the terracotta warriors and horses of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum were finally discovered, which shocked the whole world.

The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. Its huge scale and rich funerary objects rank first in the tombs of emperors in past dynasties. According to the principle of enjoying wealth after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in a zigzag shape, modeled after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State. Around the mausoleum, there are double walls inside and outside, with an inner circumference of 3870 meters and an outer circumference of 62 10 meters. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sleeping halls, mourning halls, garden temples and other sites. According to historical records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of outer city and inner city, and a quadrangular conical paddock. The enclosure of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor formed three steps, with a square bottom, a bottom area of about 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the current paddock has a bottom area of about 120 square meters and a height of 87 meters (another information: the initial height of the cemetery is 120), and the total area of the whole cemetery is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered the north-south flow to be changed to the east-west flow.

There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 3890 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurine pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as sacrificial pits, stable pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum. More than 400 graves have been found.

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 55.05 meters high and 2000 meters in circumference. According to the survey, the whole cemetery covers an area of 220,000 square meters, with large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inner and outer. The inner city is square, with a circumference of 2525.4 meters and an outer city of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far from comparable to that of the Egyptian pyramids.

The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the working people in China. It is a treasure house of history and culture. It is famous for its large scale and rich tombs in all ancient imperial tombs.

According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with a coffin on it ... The grave is full of treasures. The avenue in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach. The tomb is also full of mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; In the grave, fish oil is used to light the lamp, so that it will stay on forever. ...

There are 10 gates in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and the north and south gates are on the same central axis as the south gate of the inner wall. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tombs on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural relics juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and unique in structure.

The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main tombs are bronze chariot pits, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".

"The king of Qin swept Liuhe and looked at He Xiongzai. The criminal was 700,000, starting from the ground."

This famous poem was written by Li Bai, a great poet, praising the brilliant achievements of Qin Shihuang and describing the great momentum of the construction of Lishan Mausoleum. Indeed, the scale, the number of workers and the duration of the cemetery project are unprecedented.

The construction of the cemetery project was accompanied by Qin Shihuang's political career. When he 13 just ascended the throne, the cemetery construction project began. The ancient emperor built a tomb before his death, which was not the initiative of Qin Shihuang. As early as the Warring States period, it was customary for princes to build tombs before their death. For example, Zhao Suhou's "Mausoleum Guarding for Fifteen Years" and pingshan county Zhongshan Mausoleum were also built during his lifetime. Qin Shihuang only advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum before his death to the early stage of his accession to the throne, which was a little improvement on Qin Shihuang. The cemetery project was built for more than 30 years, until the death of Qin Shihuang, the second emperor succeeded to the throne, and then it was built for more than a year before it was basically completed.

Throughout the cemetery project, it can be divided into three construction stages. The initial stage of the cemetery project is 26 years from Qin Wang's accession to the throne to the unification of the whole country. At this stage, the design of the cemetery project and the main project construction were carried out one after another, which initially laid the scale and basic pattern of the cemetery project. From national unification to the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang, it took nine years to build a cemetery on a large scale. After 9 years of large-scale construction with 654.38 million people, the main project of the cemetery has been basically completed. It took more than three years from the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang to the second winter in Qin Ershi, which was the last stage of the project. At present, it is mainly engaged in the finishing project and soil covering task of the cemetery. Although the mausoleum project lasted so long, the whole project was not finally completed. At that time, a magnificent peasant uprising broke out in history. Zhou Wen, a subordinate of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, led his troops to play in the water near the cemetery (now near Xingfeng, Lintong County). Facing the threat of the army to Xianyang, the new emperor II, who had not been tempered by the wind and rain, panicked and called his ministers to discuss countermeasures. He looks like a man in the depths of his soul, pleading with his ministers "why not". At this time, the Shaofu ordered Zhang Han to advise: "Thieves and soldiers have arrived, and many people are in Xinjiang. Not as close to the county seat as it is today. There are many people in Mount Li. Please forgive them and give them an army to attack them. " II immediately catered to this requirement and asked Zhang Han to lead a spiritual army to fight back against the rebels in Zhou Wen. So far, the cemetery project that has not been completely completed has to be suspended.

In short, the cemetery project was forced to stop from site selection, design and construction to the end, which lasted for 37 ~ 38 years, ranking first in the history of mausoleum construction in China, and its construction time was 8 years longer than that in pyramid of khufu.

In this exploration, the researchers found that under the sealed mound, there was a thick fine rammed earth wall around the tomb, which was called the palace wall. According to textual research, the palace wall is about168m long from east to west, 14 1 m long from north to south,16m long from north to south and 22m long from north to south. "When building the palace wall, in order to test whether the palace wall compacted with soil is hard, the construction workers will stand in the distance and shoot the wall with bows and arrows. If the arrow can be inserted into the wall, then the repaired palace wall must be demolished and rebuilt. " Duan Qingbo said that the palace walls are made of layers of fine soil, each layer is about 5-6 cm thick, which is quite delicate and strong. "To our surprise, the top surface of the palace wall is even much higher than the ground of the Qin Dynasty at that time, and it has been 33 meters under the sealed soil until now. The height of the whole wall is about 30 meters, which is very spectacular! " Inside the earth wall, the researchers found another stone palace wall. Duan Qingbo said that according to the test, it was found that there was no water in the tomb and the whole tomb did not collapse. "There has been a major earthquake of magnitude 8 or above in the history of Guanzhong area, but the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is intact, which is closely related to the firmness of the palace wall!"

"This kind of palace wall is an unprecedented discovery! This brand-new tomb form can be called "Qin Mausoleum Style". It is still unpredictable how much the Qin Mausoleum-style palace wall can promote the study of the ancient mausoleum system in China. " Duan Qingbo said.

In addition to the palace wall, the researchers also found that there were huge underground drains around the Qin tomb.

Duan Qingbo said that this drainage channel about 1000 meters long is actually a wall. The bottom is tamped with17m thick plaster mud, and the upper part is tamped with 84m wide loess. The scale is unimaginable. "The drainage design is quite clever. Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, with a drop of 85 meters, and the drainage channel just blocks the flow of groundwater from high to low, effectively protecting the mausoleum from flooding. " Duan Qingbo said that in the "crossing three springs" recorded in Historical Records, "three" is actually a rough number. In fact, it should refer to the flood during construction, so a drainage channel was built.

Duan Qingbo said humorously: "Qin people are too smart. The Beijing National Grand Theatre under construction is also based on this method to solve the flooding problem. "

Although the present technology can excavate the underground palace of the imperial tomb, it cannot be protected after excavation. Just like the Terracotta Warriors, they are painted when they are excavated. After about a week, all the colors were oxidized. According to a deputy director of the museum, Qin Shihuang's underground palace will not be excavated for 50 years.

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