Related theories of scenic spot planning

(1) the concept of sustainable development

With the development of economy, the impact of human society on the environment has been greatly enhanced, and the environmental pollution and destruction on a global scale have become increasingly serious, so the environmental problem has been put forward by some scientists as a major scientific and technological issue. At first, people study governance methods and technologies according to traditional theories. At the same time, people further realize that it is impossible to fundamentally solve environmental problems by only relying on scientific and technological means and using industrial civilization as a formula. It is necessary to regulate and control the behavior of human society and the ideas and concepts that dominate human social behavior and are branded with industrial civilization at all levels. As a new concept of development, sustainable development has quietly emerged and attracted increasing attention from the international community. Especially since the 199s, sustainable development has been formally put on the agenda of the international community with its brand-new values and bright development prospects. The World Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, the World Conference on Population and Development in 1994 and the World Summit in Copenhagen in 1995 all took this as an important topic and put forward the strategic concept of sustainable development.

According to the statement of the World Commission on Environment and Development in Our Future, sustainable development means "development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not harm the ability of future generations to meet their needs." Specifically, it is to seek the coordinated development of economy and social and natural environment, maintain a new balance, check and balance the environmental deterioration and pollution, and control the occurrence of major natural disasters. How to achieve sustainable development? China Agenda 21 holds that while maintaining rapid economic growth, we should rely on scientific and technological progress and improve the quality of workers, constantly improve the quality of development, advocate moderate consumption and clean production, control environmental pollution, improve the ecological environment, maintain the resource base of sustainable development, and establish a virtuous cycle development model of "low consumption, high income, low pollution and high efficiency". China's ninth five-year plan for national economic and social development and the long-term goal plan for 21 regard sustainable development as a cross-century strategic task. At the same time, sustainable development has become a programme of action for mankind towards the 21st century.

The strategic objectives of sustainable development include:

① restoring economic growth;

② improve the quality of growth;

③ meet the basic needs of human beings;

④ ensure a stable population level;

⑤ protect and strengthen the resource base;

⑥ improve the technical direction;

⑦ coordinate the relationship between economy and ecology in decision-making.

(II) Location Theory

The essence of location theory research is the optimal layout of production, that is, how to make production gain more with less investment through scientific and reasonable layout. Before large-scale industrial production, people were engaged in self-sufficient small-scale peasant economic production, and products were produced and consumed locally, so the ratio of cost to income would not change with the change of distance. Under such circumstances, people will inevitably not consider the choice of production location. From this simple analysis, we can see that the location theory does not run through the whole process of human historical development, but is gradually formed in the process of production and management under certain historical conditions, such as increasing economic development, improving productivity and deepening social division of labor.

There is a principle of distance attenuation in location theory, which holds that if geographical phenomena interact with each other, the acting force is inversely proportional to the distance, that is, the acting force decreases with the increase of the distance. The distance attenuation principle is followed between the scenic spot and the tourist destination. On the whole, the principle of tourism distance attenuation shows that the attraction of scenic spots to tourist destinations gradually decreases from the center of scenic spots to the periphery, and the corresponding distribution of tourist numbers also shows the law of gradient decrease from the center of scenic spots to the periphery. The main reasons are as follows: firstly, tourists from source areas need to pay fees, time, energy and other costs to the scenic spot, and these costs gradually increase with the increase of the distance between the scenic spot and the destination, so the attraction of the scenic spot will decrease accordingly with the increase of the distance; Secondly, a small distance change between the scenic spot and the tourist destination will cause a great change in the attraction of the scenic spot to tourists. Therefore, location theory plays an important role in the development and management of scenic spots.

(III) Agglomeration effect

Agglomeration effect theory holds that the overall economic benefits generated by the agglomeration of economic entities in a region are greater than the sum of the economic benefits generated by each economic entity alone, and the excess comes from the favorable environment caused by agglomeration. For scenic spots, agglomeration effect lies in that enterprises can promote each other, complement each other, reduce development costs, use tourism facilities, enhance the overall tourism image, enhance attractiveness and produce greater economic benefits; For tourists, the agglomeration effect can facilitate tourists to choose different scenic spots in the same area, thus reducing the cost of tourists' expenses and time.

(4) system theory

The use of system theory to guide scenic spot planning contains two levels of meaning. First of all, the scenic spot itself is a complex system, and the planning of the scenic spot should adopt the methods of systematic analysis and overall investigation. It includes not only the planning of interrelated system elements, but also the external system planning of the overall development of scenic spots and the whole region; Secondly, the formulation process of scenic spot planning itself is a constantly adjusting and improving system. Therefore, we should always keep a systematic vision in the whole process of scenic spot development and management, and use system theory to guide the specific practical operation.