Information about "Qiantang River"

The largest river in Zhejiang Province, China. The upstream Changshan Port originates from the northern foot of Dajianshan Mountain in Xiuning County, Anhui Province, flows northeast through northern Zhejiang to Ganpu, and then flows into the East China Sea through Hangzhou Bay. The total length is 4 10 km, and the drainage area is 42,000 square kilometers. The main stream is called Changshan Port from Quxian to Lanxi, Qujiang (Xin 'anjiang), Lanxi to Meicheng in Jiande County, Tongjiang from Meicheng to Tonglu, Fuchunjiang from Tonglu to Wenjiayan in Xiaoshan County, and Qiantang River below Wenjiayan. The main tributaries are Jinhua River (Wugang), Xin 'anjiang, Tunxi and Puyang River. In old times, Cao 'e River was also a tributary of Qiantang River. The back coast collapsed and the estuary sank, leaving the Qiantang River to flow into the sea alone. The mouth of Qiantang River is trumpet-shaped. There is a sandbar uplift at the bottom of the river near Haining County, and the tide is flowing backwards. Due to the contraction of the terrain, the tidal head stands steeply, forming a magnificent "qiantang bore", which attracts a large number of tourists. The maximum tidal range is 8.93 meters. Large reservoirs and hydropower stations have been built on Xin 'anjiang River and Fuchun River. Navigation between Hangzhou and Tonglu is possible 150 tonnage ships.

Qiantang River is one of the main rivers in the southeast coastal area of China and the largest river in Zhejiang Province. Because the river winds zigzag near Hangzhou, it is also called Jiang, Qujiang and Zhejiang.

Qiantang River originates from Qingzhidaijian, Xiuning County, Anhui Province, and reaches Zhakou River in Hangzhou, with a length of 484km (2 16.5km in Zhejiang Province). The basin covers an area of about 42,200 square kilometers, including about 35,600 square kilometers in Zhejiang Province, and the rest belong to Anhui, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. The main tributaries of Qiantang River are Wuxi River, Jinhua River, Xin 'anjiang River, Fenshui River and Puyang River. Various parts of the mainstream have different names everywhere. From the source to Quzhou, Jiangshan Port and Wuxi River meet together and are called Qujiang River. To Lanxi City, Jinhua River flows in, which is called Lanjiang River. Zhimeicheng meets Xin 'anjiang, the main tributary, and becomes the main stream, which is called Tongjiang. Tonglu is hereinafter referred to as Fuchunjiang; Below Wenjiayan is called Qiantang River. The average annual runoff of Qiantang River for many years is 40.4 billion m3, with little sediment concentration, averaging 5‰.

[Edit this paragraph] Water system composition

Qiantang River twists and turns, and the upstream is a mountain stream. Beam-to-beam alternation; The middle reaches are hills; The downstream estuary is trumpet-shaped, and the estuary gradually widens. The main tributaries are Wuxi River, Wujiang River, Xin 'anjiang River, Fenshui River, Puyangting River and Caoejiang River.

(1) Wuxi River: Originated in the eastern mountainous area of Pucheng County, Fujian Province. East flows through the northwest of Longquan County, Zhejiang Province, and joins Qujiang River in Zhangtan Town, Quxian County. The total length of runoff 150km, and the drainage area is 2590km2. The average annual runoff for many years is 3.076 billion m3. The natural drop is 802m, and the theoretical reserve of water energy is 183800 kW. Rivers develop, and the main tributaries are Zhougongyuan and Hushan.

(2) Xin 'anjiang; Originated in the southern foot of Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province. Southwest flows through Shexian County and Xiuning County, and is named Xin 'anjiang River after meeting in Linxi Town of Huangshan City. The winding southeast flows to the east. It passes through the southern border of Anhui Province, Chun 'an County of Zhejiang Province and other counties, passes through Xin 'anjiang Reservoir, passes through the southwest of jiande city City, and flows into the Lanjiang River system to the east of Meicheng Town. The east flow is called Fuchunjiang River. The total length of the main stream is 26 1km, and the drainage area is 1 1772km2. The average annual flow in Anhui Province is 166m3/s, and the total natural drop is 1240m. The theoretical reserve of hydropower is 552,000 kilowatts. The main tributaries are Shouchangjiang River, Dongyuan River, Fengle River, Wuqiangxi River, Changxi River and Xiuning River. Xin 'anjiang River is a perennial river with small sediment concentration and crystal clear bottom. Before the completion of Xin 'anjiang Hydropower Station, the river bed gradient was large, and there were many canyons and shoals along the river. After the power station is completed, A Xin Anjiang Reservoir (also known as Qiandao Lake) with an area of 580 square kilometers will be formed under Zijin Beach. After the completion of Fuchunjiang Hydropower Station, the backwater of Fuchunjiang Reservoir has reached Yangxi. The water level in Meicheng is stable between 22-23 and 5m. The rapids below Zijin Beach have disappeared, and 50t freighters and 200 passenger ships can reach Baisha from Meicheng. The flood is controlled by the regulation and storage of Xin 'anjiang Hydropower Station, with the maximum discharge of13200m3/s. ..

(3) Puyang River: It originates from Dayuan Bay in Pujiang County, flows through the north of Shaoxing in Zhuji City, and joins Qiantang River near Yan Wen Town in Xiaoshan City. The total length is 50 kilometers. The drainage area is 343 1km2. The average annual runoff for many years is 2.46 billion m3. The upstream river is 22-75m wide and the downstream river is 80- 120m wide. The main tributaries are Chen Jiang, Hua Kai and Qiao Feng. There are small and medium-sized reservoirs such as Anhua, Qingshan and Shibi in the upper reaches 1037. The total storage capacity is 3 1 10000 m3; There is a high lake flood diversion gate in the middle reaches; Downstream cutting and straightening, excavation of new rivers, irrigation area of 230,000 mu.

(4) Wujiang: also known as Jinhua River and Youxi. Shangyuan River is formed by the confluence of Dongyang River and Wuyi River into Jinhua City. The main stream flows northeast along the boundary (boundary river) between Jinhua City and Wuyi County, and joins Lanjiang River in the northwest suburb of Lanxi City. Liu Yu is 33 kilometers long. The total length from the source is 179km, the drainage area is 655 1km2, the annual average flow is 153.4m3/s, and the annual runoff is 5.3 billion m3. The natural drop is 458m, and the theoretical reserve of water energy is 23,700 kW. It is possible to develop an installed capacity of 37,500 kW.

(5) Fenshui River: The main source is Tianmu River, which originates from the mountainous area near Jingzhou, Jixi County, Anhui Province and flows eastward into Lin 'an County, Zhejiang Province through Tianmu Mountain Canyon. The main channel turns south, and the flow direction is Danxi. Nanhui Bukou Creek, crossing Changhua Town, is called Tianri Creek. In Tonglu County, the name of Fenshui River began. It flows into Fuchun River in the south, with a total length of 174km, of which the length in Anhui Province is 1 1.6 km, with a total drainage area of 3430km3. The average annual runoff for many years is 365,438+300 million m3. Natural fall 1 142m. Theoretical reserves of hydropower) 0.7 million kilowatts. Two hydropower stations have been built in the basin with a total installed capacity of 7500 kilowatts. The main tributaries are Baduxi and Eleven Xi Du.

(6) Cao 'e River: It originates from Tiantai Mountain in the south of Shandong Province, in the east of Pan 'an County, passes through the northwest of Xinchang County to Shengxian County, accepts tributaries on the left and right banks, and then passes through Shangyu County to Hangzhou Bay, a native of Shaoxing City. Total length 192km, with a drainage area of 5922km2. The average annual runoff for many years is 4.53 billion m3. The natural drop is 5 15m. Theoretical reserve of hydropower196,000 kilowatts. The basin is mountainous and the water system is developed. The main tributaries are Xinchang River, Changle River, Xiaoshunjiang River and Huangzejiang River.

[Edit this paragraph] Natural characteristics of the river basin

Qiantang River Basin is adjacent to the southeast coast of China, located in the subtropical monsoon climate zone, with an average temperature of 17C and dry weather. In summer, there are many southeast winds, high temperature, strong light and humid air; Cyclone activity is frequent in spring and autumn, and the temperature changes greatly. There are many frontal rains in spring and early summer, and many typhoons in summer and autumn. The direction of monsoon circulation is basically orthogonal to the direction of the main mountains, and the mountains play a role in blocking the cold current and typhoon in the north. The annual average precipitation is 1600mm, in which it is rainy from April to June, accounting for 50%, which is prone to floods. July-September accounts for 20%, with frequent disasters in the early stage. River runoff changes greatly during and between years. For example, the ratio of measured annual runoff at Tibu Station on Fuchunjiang Road (control area 3 1700km2) is 5: 1.

[Edit this paragraph] River management and development

Qiantang is a great ancient building in China. It is speculated that an earth seawall was built near Hangzhou in 1970s to prevent tides. At the beginning of the 20th century, a seawall built near Hangzhou was the beginning of a stone seawall. During the reign of Kanggan in the Qing Dynasty, it further developed into a large stone pond with fish scales, which is still in use today. The regulation of Qiantang River estuary began in 1X century. 1747, a small sluice was dug between Zheshan Mountain and Hezhuang Mountain in Hekou, trying to stabilize the river regime between the two mountains as a medium flood, but it was quickly blocked. After the founding of New China, flood and drought disasters in Qiantang River have been comprehensively controlled, and hydropower resources have been vigorously developed. 319jin riverbank and 403km seawall have been built successively, and 42 large and medium-sized reservoirs with a storage capacity of100000 m3 have been built, with a total storage capacity of 28.5 billion m3. Large and medium-sized hydropower stations and small hydropower stations such as Xin 'anjiang, Fuchunjiang, Hunan Town, Huangtankou, Fengshuling and Qingshandian have been built 1.3 million kilowatts, with a total installed capacity of 1.3 million kilowatts. The existing water conservancy facilities can irrigate farmland by 465,438+000 hm2 in dry years. The completed seawall can withstand the flood level of 10-20 years and the typhoon storm surge of 10. In the estuary area, the river regime is stabilized by building dikes, throwing groins and combining reclamation. In the past 30 years, 654.38+0 million mu of land has been reclaimed. The river width above Yan Guan is fixed at 1 ~ 2.5 km, and the river regime is stable. The depth of the river bottom in the front section from the sluice to the warehouse is 1- 1.5 m, which can be used by 100-200 t class ships at high tide. In addition, the Sanbao Shiplock has been built in Hangzhou, which can connect the shipping between Qiantang River and Beijing-Hangzhou Canal through a 300-ton ship. Tourism has also developed greatly, opening up the Xin 'anjiang-Fuchunjiang scenic spot.

According to the natural conditions, hydropower resources and socio-economic characteristics of Qiantang River, the development of main and tributaries is mainly based on power generation, with flood control, irrigation, shipping, water supply and fishery benefits.

The total water resources in the whole basin is 38.9 billion m3, and the theoretical reserve of hydropower is 2,628,400 kW (including 477,400 kW in Anhui). The installed capacity that may be developed is 200 1 0.4 million kW, and the annual power generation is 6.038 billion kW·h. The installed capacity of built hydropower stations (including Anhui1) is 146.5 1 10,000 kW, and the annual power generation is 4.338 billion kW·h, among which Xin 'anjiang, Kloc-0/0, etc.

Most undeveloped hydropower stations are concentrated on tributaries in high mountain areas. These hydropower stations have small storage capacity, low energy index and installed capacity of less than 50 thousand kilowatts. In the future development of Qiantang River, the main stream should be built with low-head runoff hydropower station with shipping as the main stream and power generation as the auxiliary. Select a number of water conservancy projects with good topographic and geological conditions and superior development conditions on the first-class tributaries; The possibility and economic rationality of the expansion and installation of pumped storage units of existing hydropower stations such as Xin 'anjiang are studied in order to give full play to the role of existing hydropower stations.

[Edit this paragraph] Basin tourism resources

Both sides of Qiantang River are rich in tourism resources and are the most important tourist routes in the province. Qiantang River originates in Qingzhidai, Huangshan Mountain in southern Anhui, flows through 14 counties and cities, and flows into Hangzhou Bay. Tongjiang River and Fuchunjiang River are called Fuchunjiang River because of their excellent scenery. The estuary below Wenjiayan is called Qiantang River. This section of waterway looks winding and looks like the word "Zhi" written backwards. The West Lake is just a point on the "Zhi", so it is called Jiang. Qiantang River, now abundant, is called the whole river. The mouth of Qiantang River is a huge trumpet. The distance between the north and south banks of the mouth of Hangzhou Bay is about100km, which is reduced to 20km at the mouth of Qiantang River and only 2.5km at Yan Guan, Haining. There is a huge sandbar uplift in the longitudinal section of the river bed, which rises upward from Zhapu with a slope of1.510000, reaches its peak near Cang Qian, and then extends to Yan Wen with a slope of 0.6/ 10000. Influenced by narrow river bundles and river bed uplift, tidal waves break up and rise, forming the world wonder "Qiantang River Tide". Qiantang River has a long history of development, with many famous mountains, beautiful waters, strange caves and historical sites on both sides. In this vast Qianjiang River basin, it is known as the "golden tourist belt" because of its rich specialties, outstanding people, local customs and full of interest.

[Edit this paragraph] Qiantang River spring tide

Qiantang bore-the most spectacular tide.

brief introduction

In the history of our country, there are three famous tidal bore: Qingzhou tidal bore, Guanglingtao tidal bore and qiantang bore tidal bore.

Clear fees (1664-? "Argument on Guangling Pottery" says: "The tide surged in Shandong in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Guangling flourished in the Han and Six Dynasties. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the tides in Zhejiang rose and fell, and the atmosphere was from north to south, and people of insight. "

Qiantang hole appeared later than Guangling pottery and was formed at the latest in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Wang Chong's Lun Heng Xu Shu mentioned that "Zhejiang, Henan and Shangyu rivers all have their own paths". He also said that Qiantang Zhejiang "all set up Zixu Temple to comfort their grievances and stop their violent waves". However, Wang Chong only said that "there are pottery in Qujiang, Guangling, and literati endowed it", but did not say that Qiantang River was endowed with tide. It can be seen that in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the fame of Qiantang Hole was far less than that of Guanglingtao. It is estimated that the custom of watching tide in Qiantang was also formed at that time.

Qian Jiangchao Genesis

The spectacular Qian Jiangchao is not only influenced by the gravity of the moon and the sun, but also related to the trumpet-shaped mouth of Qiantang River. Nearly 500,000 mu of reclaimed land east of Zheshan in Jiang Nanan, Qiantang blocked the estuary like a peninsula, making the section from Zheshan to Qiantang River 12 like a small belly bottle, and the tide is easy to enter but difficult to retreat. The outer mouth of Hangzhou Bay is 100 km wide, and it is only a few kilometers wide outside 12. The riverbed in the eastern part of the estuary suddenly rises and the beach is shallow. When a large number of tides flood in from the mouth of Qiantang River, it is related to the rapid contraction of the river surface and the sediment deposition under Qiantang River. These sediment deposits act as a barrier and friction to the tidal current, making the slope of the tidal front steep and gentle, thus forming a wave to catch up with the previous wave, wave after wave, and wave after wave.

[Edit this paragraph] The story of Qiantangkong

When the Qiantang River is at high tide, like other rivers, there is neither tide nor sound.

One year, a giant came by the Qiantang River. The giant was so tall that he crossed from one side of the river to the other. He lives in Shushan, Xiaoshan County, and sets fire to salt. People don't know his name, because he lives by the Qiantang River, so they call him Qian Wang. Qian Wang has great strength. He often used his iron pole to pick some big stones and put them on the river. Soon, he piled up one mountain after another.

One day, he went to pick the salt he had burned in Shushan for three years and three months. However, the salt was only enough for him to hold one end, so he tied a big stone to the other end of the pole, tried it on his shoulder, and picked it up and crossed the north bank of the river.

It was hot at this time, and Qian Wang was a little tired because he had just had lunch, so he put down his burden and had a rest. Unexpectedly, he dozed off Just then the Dragon King of the East China Sea came out to patrol the river, and the tide came in. Up and up, even up to the shore, slowly melting all the salt on Qian Wang. When the Dragon King of the East China Sea heard that there was no such salty taste in the water, it became more and more salty. He couldn't take it anymore, so he turned around and ran away. He doesn't want to escape to the ocean and make the sea salty. King Qian slept, opened his eyes and found that the stone at one end of the pole was still on Shixia Mountain (now Shixia Mountain), but the salt at the other end was gone!

Qian Wang looked everywhere, but he couldn't find salt. As soon as he looked down, he smelled the salty taste in the river. He thought, oh, no wonder the salt is gone. Stolen by the East China Sea Dragon King. So he raised his pole and smashed it into the sea. A pole hit the big fish and they all died; Two poles turned over at the bottom of the river; The three poles brought the Dragon King of the East China Sea to the surface, begging for mercy.

The Dragon King of the East China Sea asked Qian Wang why he lost such a big temper. Qian said, "Where did you steal my salt?" The Dragon King of the East China Sea realized the reason why the seawater became salty. Make amends at once, and tell me how to patrol the river, how to melt the salt of Qian Wang unintentionally, and make the sea water salty.

The king of money was so angry that he really wanted to lift the iron pole and smash the dragon king of the East China Sea to death. The Dragon King of the East China Sea repeatedly kowtowed in panic and begged for mercy, promising to compensate Qian Wang with the salt in the seawater. Call it up when the tide rises in the future, so that the rich king won't fall asleep and can't hear it. Hearing that these two conditions were not bad, Qian Wang spared the Dragon King of the East China Sea, put the pole at the mouth of Hangzhou Bay and said, "Call from here when the tide is high!" The Dragon King of the East China Sea promised again and again, and the money king left happily.

From then on, as soon as the tide entered Hangzhou Bay, it stretched out its neck and cried noisily until it rose to the place where Qian Wang had sat, and its neck stretched out to the top and shouted loudly. This place is now Haining. This is the origin of the world-famous Qian Jiangchao.

[Edit this paragraph] Characteristics of Qiantang Chamber

Cross tide

55 kilometers away from Hangzhou Bay, there is a place called Daguan, which is an excellent place to watch the tide. Due to the long-term deposition of sediment, a sandbar is formed in the river channel, which divides the tidal wave from Hangzhou Bay into two waves: the east tide and the south tide. After bypassing the sandbar, the two tidal heads crossed and embraced like two brothers, forming a varied and spectacular cross tide, showing a spectacular scene of "thunder gathering on the sea and waterfalls crossing the river". At the moment when the two tides collided, a water column was stirred up, which was as high as several feet, splashing and stirring. By the time the water column fell back into the river, there were already two tidal heads on the river, which were cross-shaped and quickly ran west. At the same time, the intersection moved northward like an avalanche, hitting the straight seawall, causing huge splash and landing on the top of the pond, scaring tide watchers to scream and avoid.

Yixianchao

After seeing the tide crossing in the Great Gorge, I suggest you drive to Yan Guan as soon as possible and wait for the first tide. No tide shadow, smell the tide first. There was a loud noise in my ear, and the river remained calm. The noise is getting louder and louder, like drumming on all sides, which is deafening. In the distance, a white line appeared on the foggy river, which moved rapidly to the west, just like "Pingchuan crossing the river, Changpingsha starting from Bai Hong". Closer, the white line becomes a water retaining wall and gradually rises. "If you want to know how high the tide is, you must cross the mountains and waves first." With the rapid advance of a white wall, the tidal bore came to our eyes. With the trend of Ma Benteng, the power of thunder was unstoppable.

The first-line tide is not unique to salt officials. Where the river is straight and there is no sand, the tides are all on the same line, but it is not as good as the salt official. The reason is that the position of Yan Guan not far from the upstream and the width of the river channel shrink sharply, and the east and south tides just meet in a straight line, and the tidal level energy is concentrated, and the tidal range is particularly large, usually 1-2 meters, sometimes reaching more than 3 meters. Magnificent and spectacular tidal scene.

Huitouchao

The tide in the upper reaches of Yanguan will reach the next tidal spot, Laoyancang. The geographical environment of the old salt warehouse is different from that of the dry salt official. The river is straight and the tidal bore advances westward without any obstacles. For the purpose of reclamation and seawall protection, a 660-meter-long groin was built on the river course of the old salt warehouse. After encountering obstacles, the roaring tide will be reflected and turned back, where it will violently hit the opposite dam, and then turn back with the trend of Mount Tai topping, and fall on the rapids moving westward, forming a row of "snow mountains".

The spring tide of Qiantang River is magnificent during the day and poetic at night. Watching the tide is a kind of enjoyment, and listening to the tide is a daydream. No wonder some people say that "the Qiantang national ceremony is not enough to see the hipsters until they are bald."

[Edit this paragraph] Qiantang Tide Watch Guide

"August 18th tide, spectacular world." This is an eternal famous sentence of Su Dongpo, a great poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, praising the autumn tide in Qiantang. For thousands of years, Qiantang River has attracted many tourists with its unique and extraordinary trend.

Every year around August 18th of the lunar calendar is the best time to watch the tide. During this period, the autumn is sunny and the golden wind is pleasant. On the seawall at the mouth of Qiantang River, tourists gathered together to watch this spectacle with great interest. There are three best places to enjoy the autumn tide in Qiantang. A seawall in the southeast of Yan Guan Town, Haining County is the first good place to go. The tide here is the most abundant, characterized by the first line, so it is called "the first line tide of Haining Pagoda". At the beginning of the tide, a white river flashed across the horizon, accompanied by a rumbling sound, like a dull thunder rolling on the horizon. The tide is coming from all directions. Like a flock of white swans in a row, flapping their wings and flying. The tide rises and falls, and the singing skills are getting stronger and stronger. In an instant, the white training peak came into my eyes. A water wall three or four meters high stood upright on the river, pouring waves and splashing pearls and jade. This is Malik Pentium. The tide rushed to the seawall and set off a 9-meter-high tidal peak. Sure enough, "the sky is full of turbid waves, crossing the river and destroying the mountains!" This radiant spray swallows the sound, and the scenery is spectacular and powerful. It is said that one year, a one-ton "Zhenhai Xiongshi" was rushed out 100 meters away. When the tide caused great repercussions, it flew away peacefully. Someone wrote: "The tide comes to splash the snow and the sky floats, and the tide goes to Lei Wusheng", which accurately describes the spectacular scene of the tide.

At Babao, the second scenic spot 8 kilometers east of Yan Guan Town, you can see the spectacle of tidal head collision. After the tide rises into the estuary, due to the different topography of the north and south banks, the tide speed is faster in the south and slower in the north, and the tide head is gradually divided into two sections. The fast-moving part of the south is called the south tide; The delayed northern tidal head comes from the east in the view of tidal watchers on the north shore, so it is called the East Tide. The southern tide rushed to the south bank and was thrown back, turning around and rushing north, just hitting the late East tide. At the moment, there was a loud noise, like a landslide, and thousands of snow peaks rose on the other side of the river. It was really shocking!

In the third scenic spot, Laoyancang, which is located at 12km west of Yan Guan Town, you can enjoy the tide of repeat customers. There is a "T-shaped dam" with a height of 9 meters and a length of 650 meters, which goes straight into the middle of the river like a giant arm to turn the tide. At this point, the momentum of the tide has been slightly reduced, but when rushing to the T-shaped dam head, it is still like a lion leaping, screaming and choppy. Then the tide turned around and fled back to the shore of xiang tang, and people came up to watch the tide on the top of xiang tang. The sudden attack of low tide often makes the tide watchers unprepared, terrified and lose their manners.

In addition, there is tide watching day and night in Haining. Watching the tide during the day is very interesting, with a wide field of vision and a panoramic view of the surging tide. It is also wonderful to watch the night tide in the bright moon. In recent years, accidents involving personnel have occurred from time to time in the tidal waters of Qiantang River. Among them, on August 2, 2007 16: 30, an incident occurred in the waters near Xiasha Qibao 1 in Jianggan District, Hangzhou, which resulted in the death of1.

[Edit this paragraph] Qiantang bore history

Watching autumn tide in Qiantang has become a custom as early as the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties. According to legend, August 18 of the lunar calendar is the birthday of the tide god, so the tide peak is the highest. The court of the Southern Song Dynasty stipulated that this day would be a day to inspect the navy on the Qiantang River, and later it became a tide festival. Pan Lang, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote in a poem:

Long memories of watching the tide, full of people vying to see the river.

I suspect that the sea is empty and drums are beating all around.

Xiang Tao, the frolic in the frolic, stands upright and keeps the red flag wet.

I don't see the dream a few times, but I am still chilling.

This poem is a true portrayal of the activities of "making waves" and "watching the tide" in those years.

[Edit this paragraph] Solve the problem of Qiantang hole.

Why is the autumn tide in Qiantang so spectacular and punctual?

This is a question that many people naturally think of. In this regard, a legend goes like this: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a State of Wu in Anhui, Jiangsu Province today, and Fu Cha, the king of Wu, defeated the State of Yue in Zhejiang Province today. On the surface, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, surrendered to the State of Wu, but secretly he was ready to restore it. Wu Zixu, the minister of the State of Wu, knew about it and persuaded the king of Wu to kill Gou Jian many times. Because some treacherous court officials have slandered Wu Zixu many times in front of the prince of Wu. Regardless of treachery and loyalty, the prince of Wu gave Wu Zixu a sword to commit suicide, boiled his body, put it in a leather bag and threw it into the Qiantang River. Nine years after Wu Zixu's death, Gou Jian, the King of Yue, really destroyed the State of Wu under the planning of the doctor Wen Zi. However, the King of Yue also believed the rumor and forced Wen Zi to commit suicide. Although Wu Zixu and Wen Zhong, the heroes of the two enemy countries, are separated by the Qiantang River, each protecting his master, but the ending is the same, attached to hatred. Their resentment turned into huge waves and set off an angry tide in Qiantang.

Of course, legends are just legends. The reason why the autumn tide in Qiantang is so prosperous is mainly the unique geographical conditions.

Hangzhou Bay outside Qiantang River is a typical trumpet-shaped bay with wide outside and narrow inside, deep outside and shallow inside. The estuary is 100 km wide, reaching Ganpu in the west, and the river suddenly shrinks to 20 km. When we arrived in Yan Guan Town, Haining, the river was only 3 kilometers wide. At high tide, the wide and deep mouth of the bay swallowed a lot of seawater at once. With the rapid contraction of the river, it becomes narrower and shallower, and the rushing tide on the road can't rise evenly, so the back waves push the front waves, and each wave is higher than the other. Near Dajiashan, there is a huge underwater sandbar, and the tide swarms in, setting off a towering and amazing wave, forming a steep water wall and forming the initial tidal peak.

Do all trumpet-shaped bays produce tidal bore?

The answer is no, there are other reasons for the spring tide in Haining. On the coast of Zhejiang, at the turn of summer and autumn, the southeast wind prevailed, and the wind direction was roughly the same as that of tidal waves, which helped the tide and added fuel to the fire; Tidal waves spread fast in deep water and slow in shallow water, and Qiantang River is very prominent from deep to shallow. This special condition can make the back wave catch up with the front wave quickly, and the layers of huge waves overlap to form a tidal head. In addition, tidal bore is also related to the gravity of the moon and the sun. Wang Chong, a thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, said in Lun Heng: "Tao rises and falls with the moon, and the little one loses all." Because the sun, the moon and the earth are lined up in a line around the first and fifteenth day of each month in the lunar calendar, the tides on the first and fifteenth day of each month are particularly large, while around the eighteenth day of the lunar calendar, the earth is closest to the sun, with the greatest gravity in a year, and the tidal bore at this time is naturally the most violent.

Someone asked, will the autumn tide in Qiantang change?

In fact, the autumn tide in Qiantang has been changing. Due to the change of the peak position of tidal current, people's tidal observation points have also changed. The tidal observation point in the Song Dynasty is the right-angled river section over Hangzhou. After the Ming Dynasty, Yan Guan Town in Haining became a tidal scenic spot nearby. With the changes of modern rivers and seas, the highest tide level once moved to Toupeng in the west, and in recent years it moved to Babao in the east. The most interesting thing is the decline of 1985 Qiantang autumn tide.

1985 The eighth day of the eighth lunar month is an auspicious day for tide watching. On this day, a dozen tourists went to Yan Guan Town to watch the tide. However, when the tide came, I saw a very thin money line approaching slowly, and the silver line appeared and disappeared. The closer we get, the more we can't get in touch, only the waves stop. The height of the tidal bore is only 50 to 60 cm, which makes the tidal watchers disappointed. Some people worry that the autumn tide in Qiantang will disappear.

In fact, the autumn tide in Qiantang River has not disappeared, but what is worrying is that the autumn tide has indeed gradually weakened in the past decade. And 1985 is particularly prominent. According to the analysis of relevant people, the main reason is that 800,000 mu of land was reclaimed from the sea to the west of Ganpu, which narrowed the river channel above Babao, resulting in the decrease of tidal inflow and the elevation of river bed. In addition, in the rainy season of 1985, the discharge of Qiantang River decreased by 1/3 compared with the average of previous years, and the scouring force on sediment was greatly weakened. A large amount of sediment brought by the tide is deposited on the river surface in the same area, which makes the deposition in this area thicker and forces the main river line to move southward. In this way, when the tide rushes to Qiantang River, it only turns south and goes upstream. Because the flow path is lengthened, the energy consumption of tides is too large. When the tide reached Yan Guan Town, it was "exhausted" and became a "spent force".

According to this conclusion, the Qiantang River tide will not disappear, because the shape of the bell mouth of the whole Hangzhou Bay has not changed. However, as the river channel narrows year by year, the qiantang bore Interchange will gradually move eastward. In the future, the best place to watch the tide is from Ding Qiao to Shibao in the east of Yan Guan. Nan 'an reclaimed seventeen sections in Xiaoshan County, Hangzhou.

[Edit this paragraph] Qiantang Kong's literary works

Tide in Zhejiang (2) is a great world view. From hope to prosperity (3). Away from Haimen ④, like a silver line ⑤; As soon as we approached, the snow mountain in Yucheng fell from the sky, and the sound was like thunder, shocking and whipping, swallowing the sky and swallowing the ground, which was extremely powerful. The same is true of Yang Chengzhai's poem "Silver in the sea is the country and jade in the river is the waist".

Note: ① Excerpted from Old Wulin Stories (Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1984 edition), slightly deleted. Zhou Mi (1232— 1298) was born in Huzhou (now Huzhou, Zhejiang) in the Song Dynasty. (2) [Zhejiang] is Qiantang River. (3) 【 from looking to eighteen 】 16th to 18th of the lunar calendar (August). Looking at it, the sixteenth day of the lunar calendar (fifteen is called looking). (4) 【 Fang Qi is far from Haimen 】 When the tide surges from Zhekou. Fang, when ... It refers to the tide. Get out, get out, get up. Haimen, the mouth of Zhejiang, where the mountains on both sides face each other. (5) 【 Like a silver line 】 Almost like a silvery white line. Just a little bit. ⑥ 【 Rainy city and snowy mountains fall from the sky 】 The general tide of rainy city and snowy mountains falls from the sky. Yucheng Xueling described the foam tide as jade wall and snow mountain. Heaven and earth are connected. ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ ⑦ 931Describe a big wave. Wo, rinse with water. The same is true of Yang Chengzhai's poem "Silver in the sea is the country and jade in the river is the waist". Yang Wanli's poem "Silver in the sea is the country and jade in the river is the waist" refers to such a scene. These two poems are from the poem "Watching the Tide in Zhejiang", which means that the sea is surging and becoming a battleground for silver; Zhejiang is horizontal, and the tide has covered it with a white jade belt. "... yes" refers to such a scene.

Every year, there are hundreds of people on both sides of the strait who teach the water army to study in Zhejiang Pavilion. Then, make good use of five arrays (4), those who ride flags, javelins and knives (5) on the water and on the ground. There is yellow smoke everywhere, and the characters are slightly unclear. 6, water explosion, sound like a landslide. When the smoke subsided, there was no trace, only the "enemy ship" was burned by the fire and died with the waves. ⑩

Note: ① ② Every year (in August of the lunar calendar), the governor of Lin 'an Prefecture in Kyoto comes to Zhejiang Pavilion to teach the navy. Kyoto (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) Lin 'an magistrate is silent. Zhejiang Pavilion, the name of the inn, is on the bank of Qiantang River in the south of the city. (3) warships. (4)[ That is to say, the five formations are sudden galloping, sudden leaping, sudden division, sudden merger and various changes. Exhaustion, exhaustion refers to five arrays: two, five, expert, reference and bias. ⑤ Riding horses, waving flags, raising guns and wielding knives. Riding horses. Go ahead, dance. Mark it, get ready, and lift it. I can't see each other at all. ⑦ 【 Water explosion 】 Explosive weapons used by the water army. 8 [No sign of Agger (gě)] No sign of a ship. Ge, get on the boat. Pet-name ruby 】 【 refers to the imaginary enemy warships. Attending [death] to, to.

Wu Ershan (①) Hundreds of people, all wearing tattoos (②) and holding ten colorful flags, rushed to meet (③) and appeared in Whale Wave Wan Ren (④), boasting about the ever-changing 15 (⑤) and the slightly wet flag tail.

Note: ① There are hundreds of Wuer who are good at swimming (qiú); Hundreds of Wuzhong athletes who are good at swimming. (2) [Hair tattoo] The hair is loose and painted with literary colors. Words and verbs. (3) 【 upstream 】 upstream. (4) 【 Whale wave Wan Ren 】 High waves in Wan Ren. Whale waves, huge waves. Wherever whales go, the waves are rough, so they are called whale waves. When Wan Ren described the waves as extremely high, he didn't mean it. ⑤ á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á á 1

In Jianggan (1) for more than ten miles up and down, the pearls and green radish overflowed (2), and the four horses jumped, and everything in their diet was twice that of the dome (3), while watching the curtain, although the floor was not idle (4).

Note: ① [Jianggan] River embankment. (2) 【 Zhu Cui Luo Qi Overflow Eye 】 is full of gorgeous clothes. Pearl Luo Qi refers to women's jewelry and tourists' gorgeous clothes. Overflow, eyeful. (3) [Double Dome] (price) doubled. Dome, high. (4) Rent a screen. Although the floor cannot be idle, there are many people renting sheds, and even if there is a place, they will not be idle. "lease" and "lease" both mean to rent. Curtain watching, a tent specially built for tide watching. Floor, a place, a place with only one seat. Permit, permit and manufacture.

Translation:

The high tide of Qiantang River is the most spectacular in the world. Every year from August 16 to August 18, the tide is the largest. When the tide appears from the distant Haikou, it is like a white silver line. After a while, it slowly approached. White waves are like castles made of white jade and mountains made of white snow. The waves seem to fall from the sky and make a loud noise, just like deafening thunder. The waves are rough, as if engulfing the blue sky and washing the sunshine, which is very magnificent. Yang Chengzhai once said in a poem: "The sea rises and becomes a silver city; The Qiantang River is horizontal, and the tide rises from the white jade belt. " Just like this.