What changes are taking place in the travel mode of national tourism in China? (longer)

China's tourism industry has been developing continuously for many years. From the table, we can easily see four characteristics of China's domestic tourism development:

First, as far as the whole country is concerned, first, in 2002, the number of domestic tourists of China residents increased by 94 million compared with 200 1, which is the largest increase in recent years, and its increase is about twice that of 200 1; Secondly, in 2002, China's domestic tourism outbound rate reached almost 70%(69.2%) of the total population, which was 7 percentage points higher than that of 200 1 year, and its growth rate was about twice that of the previous year. Third, the total expenditure of China residents on domestic tourism in 2002 increased by 35.599 billion yuan (up by 654.38+00. 10%) compared with 2006, but the growth rate was the same as that in 2006 (only slightly higher than that in 2006).

Secondly, as far as urban residents are concerned, firstly, although the number of domestic tourists of urban residents in China increased by 1 1 10,000 in 2002 compared with 2006, the increase was far less than that of 5438+0 in 2006; Secondly, on the other hand, in 2002, the total domestic tourism expenditure of urban residents in China increased by 654.38+09.6 billion yuan compared with 201; Thirdly, it is worth noting that it is not the newly added 1 1 10,000 person-times per capita consumption 1.78 yuan, but the per capita consumption of 385 million urban residents is 3 1.7 yuan. This is another manifestation of the continuous improvement of the tourism consumption level of urban residents over the years.

Thirdly, as far as rural residents are concerned, firstly, in 2002, the number of domestic tourists of rural residents in China increased by 84 million compared with 200 1, which reversed the slow growth or even decline of rural tourists for many years; Second, therefore, the domestic tourism rate of rural residents in China increased by 8.6 percentage points in 2002; Third, in 2002, the total domestic tourism expenditure of rural residents in China also showed a rare increase in previous years, with an increase of nearly 654.38+0.6 billion yuan; Fourthly, it is regrettable that the per capita expenditure of rural residents in 2002 still failed to shake off the downward trend for many years. After the per capita decrease of 14 yuan in 2006, it was 5438+0, and 3.3 yuan was reduced again in 2002.

Fourthly, if the above three points are comprehensively analyzed, it is not difficult to see that China's domestic tourism in 2002 is still in the development trend in line with China's national conditions. In particular, the domestic tourism of urban residents in China shows a steady pace. First, the surge in the number of domestic tourists in 2002 was mainly due to the surge in rural areas after years of stagnation; The decline in the per capita expenditure level of domestic tourism is also caused by the decline in the average expenditure of rural residents. Second, as far as urban residents are concerned, domestic tourism has maintained a steady growth for many years, although the growth of the number of tourists, travel rate, total expenditure and average expenditure in 2002 is almost in a general trend of slowing down year by year (for example, the statistical data of 2002 is calculated and compared with the "2006 54 38+0-2003 China Tourism Development: Analysis and Forecast" 65438+, and third, by contrast, Apart from the possible errors in the sampling survey itself, the most convincing explanation may be that with the progress of the times, the consumption consciousness of rural residents has also changed. Like urban residents, tourism consumption has also been regarded as its own consumption content, and travel has also been arranged into its own life content. However, because the income of most rural residents is still limited, when tourism consumption is pushed to low-income residents, it naturally shows a decline in the average consumption level. From this point of view, the new development of China's domestic tourism should especially place hopes on rural residents.

There is a message about the possible errors in the domestic tourism sampling survey of rural residents mentioned above. According to the report of China Information News in June 5438+1 October 65438+1 October 0 1, the National Bureau of Statistics in June 5438+065438+1October 2006. Beijing is in the middle, 0.32 times; Shanghai is the least, 0.29 times. If this is used to calculate the trip rate of rural residents, it is very different from the calculation of the trip rate in 2000, 200 1 or 2002 mentioned above. Therefore, it is even higher to show a set of statistics about the trip rate of rural residents last year.

Then, let's take a look at the situation in various provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. If we look at the independent statistical data of various provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, we can also find some obvious characteristics of each region.

There are two things to be explained in advance. First, the data I want to use here are the figures reported by various provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions to the National Tourism Administration, which were officially published in the China Tourism Yearbook. Of course, it will only be reported after being audited by the local authorities. But please note that the sum of national statistics and local statistics is not the same. Obviously, the sum of the number of tourists and tourism income reported by various provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions is much larger than that of the National Tourism Administration and the National Bureau of Statistics, with a difference of about one time (the situation varies from year to year). A reasonable explanation is that some tourists not only went to one province and city, but also went to two or more provinces and cities, so there was double counting. Because the data of the National Tourism Administration and the National Bureau of Statistics are not summarized by local data, but calculated by independent sampling surveys, it is difficult to be consistent.

Second, although the independent statistics of all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions follow the same norms, due to historical factors and operational differences, the comparability of local values is not very strong. Nevertheless, when there is no other unified data to replace it, the data of these provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions still provide us with a very valuable research material.

In 2002, the characteristics of domestic tourism in provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions were as follows ...

Look at the screen-

In 2002, except Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan,

Provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions that have received more than 30 million domestic tourists,

From 2 1 of 200 1 to 22:

Beijing, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanghai, Zhejiang

Guangdong Province, Sichuan Province, Sichuan Province

Hubei, Liaoning and Henan 6000 10

Hebei Province, Hunan Province, Yunnan Province

Guangxi, Chongqing, Shanxi, Chongqing, Chongqing, Chongqing.

Fujian, Anhui, Shaanxi, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi ... 300022

Beijing has the largest number of visitors (1150,000).

Followed by Jiangsu (654.38+00038 million person-times)

The third place is Shandong (95.72 million person-times)

The 20th place is Tianjin (37 1 10000 person-times).

In 2002, except Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan,

Provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions with domestic tourism income exceeding 654.38+0 billion yuan,

From 20 of 200 1 to 23:

Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai and Jiangsu

Zhejiang, Zhejiang, Zhejiang, Zhejiang.

Shandong ... Shandong ... Shandong ... Shandong.

Henan 400 7.

Liaoning Tianjin Hubei Fujian 300 1 1.

Hebei, Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Anhui, Chongqing ... 200 18

Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Jilin .................. 10023

The highest income is in Guangdong (10 1 1 100 million).

Followed by Beijing (93 billion)

The third place is Shanghai (90.7 billion)

The 20th place is Shaanxi (65.438+058 billion).

First, in terms of the number of tourists and tourism revenue, in 2002, among the 3/kloc-0 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China, at least 26 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions received more than 10% domestic tourists than the previous year; In the 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions except Beijing, the annual growth rate of domestic tourism revenue in 2002 was higher than that of China's GDP (the income growth rate reached 2 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, rising from 25 to 28 in 200 1).

Second, the growth rate of tourists and tourism revenue is low, mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong and other provinces and cities. The reason is that the number of domestic tourists and the base of domestic tourism income received by these provinces and cities last year are too large (always the top three in the country, and the lowest is also the top six). Therefore, although their annual growth rate is still in the forefront of the country, it is still not obvious intuitively compared with their original huge base.

Thirdly, among the 3/kloc-0 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China except Hongkong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province Province, the number of provinces and municipalities that received more than 30 million domestic tourists in 2002 increased from 2/kloc-0 and 5438+0 in 2006 to 22. They are Beijing, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Sichuan, Hubei, Liaoning, Henan, Hebei, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Chongqing, Shanxi, Fujian, Anhui, Shaanxi, Tianjin, Heilongjiang, and Jiangxi (based on the statistical data of each province, city and autonomous region, in order of amount). Among them, the top five receptionists exceeded 80 million; The number of top 7 receptions exceeded 70 million; Top 10 reception number exceeded 60 million; Top 13 reception number exceeded 50 million; Top 16 reception number exceeded 40 million. Among the 22 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions that received more than 30 million domestic tourists, Beijing received the most tourists (1150,000), followed by Jiangsu (10038 million) and Shandong (95.72 million). Even in Tianjin, which ranks 20th, the number of visitors is as high as 37 1, 654,38+0,000.

Fourthly, in terms of reception income, among the 3/kloc-0 provinces, cities and autonomous regions except Hongkong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province Province, the number of provinces and cities with domestic tourism income exceeding 65,438 billion yuan increased from 20 in 2006 to 23. They are Guangdong, Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Henan, Liaoning, Tianjin, Hubei, Fujian, Hebei, Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Anhui, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Jilin (based on the statistical data of various provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, in order of amount). Among them, the income of the top four exceeds 80 billion; The top five incomes exceed 60 billion; The top six incomes exceed 50 billion; The top 7 incomes exceed 40 billion; The former 1 1 digit income exceeded 30 billion; Before 18 earned more than 20 billion. Among the 23 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions whose domestic tourism revenue exceeds10, Guangdong has the highest income (110), followed by Beijing (93 billion) and Shanghai (93 billion). Even in Shaanxi, which ranks 20th, its income is as high as 654.38+058 billion RMB.

Fifth, it is worth noting that although the development of tourism in the western region has shown a gratifying trend in the development of domestic tourism in China, and its growth rate is also quite remarkable, the proportion of tourism in the western region in the national tourism industry is still declining, both in terms of the number of tourists and tourism income. This phenomenon must arouse our strong concern.

Next, we can simply analyze the factors of domestic tourism growth in 2002.

There are many background factors contributing to the development of domestic tourism in China in 2002: there are both the prophase factors of 200 1 and the parallel factors in 2002; There are both the overall related factors of social and economic development and the driving factors of tourism's own progress. If you simply sum up, you may wish to pay more attention to the following factors.

First of all, the development of national economy and local economy constitutes a strong support for the development of domestic tourism in China. After China's GDP reached 9,593.3 billion yuan in 20001year (calculated at comparable prices, increased by 7.3% compared with 2000), in 2002, China's GDP exceeded 10 trillion yuan for the first time, reaching10,239.8 billion yuan (calculated at comparable prices, compared with 200650)

Second, the steady growth of urban residents' income and the partial increase of rural residents' income have supported the further realization of residents' domestic tourism demand. In 2002, the per capita disposable income of urban residents in China was 7,703 yuan, an increase of 13.4% over the previous year, considering the price drop. The per capita net income of rural residents was 2,476 yuan, a real increase of 4.8%; The Engel's coefficient of families is decreasing year by year. In 2002, it was 37.7% in cities and towns (down 0.2 percentage points from the previous year) and 46.2% in rural areas (down 0.5 percentage points from 65,438+). At the same time, China's employment scale continues to expand. At the end of 2002, there were 737.4 million employed people in China, an increase of 7 1.5 million over the end of last year, of which 247.8 million were employed in cities and towns, an increase of 8.4 million (the number of laid-off and unemployed people in state-owned enterprises failed to find employment at the end of last year was 4 1.5 million, a decrease of/kloc-0.5 million over the end of last year). By the end of 2002, the savings balance of urban and rural residents reached 9,430.7 billion yuan (the balance of local and foreign currency deposits of all financial institutions was 654.38+0,833.88 billion yuan); In 2002, the general level of national consumer price decreased by 0.8% compared with 200 1. ..... all these provide more favorable payment conditions for China residents' tourism consumption.

Third, the residents' centralized holiday system was implemented as usual, and the "Golden Week" continued to play a positive role in promoting travel. During the three "Golden Weeks" in 2002 (Spring Festival, May Day and November Day), the total number of tourists received in China has reached 2190,000, which is equivalent to14 (24.94%) of the total number of domestic tourists in 2002. Tourism revenue reached 86.5 billion yuan, close to 1/4(22.30%) of domestic tourism revenue in 2002.

Fourthly, more and more attention has been paid to modern tourism activities aimed at communication. According to the data provided by the National Tourism Administration and the National Bureau of Statistics "Sampling Survey Data of Domestic Tourism in China -2003", in 2002, the proportion of domestic tourism activities of urban residents in China was 2.3%, that of business meetings was 5.7%, and that of cultural/educational/scientific and technological exchanges was 1.9%, and the sum of the three was 9.9. For example, the number of domestic tourists of urban residents in China in 2002 was 385 million, and the number of tourists of urban residents for the purpose of exchange in 2002 was about 65.438+35 million. In 2002, among the domestic tourism activities of rural residents in China, business tourism accounted for 3. 1%, conference tourism accounted for 2.4%, and cultural/educational/scientific and technological exchanges accounted for 1.2%, and the sum of the three was 6.7%. If you add 62.2% of visiting relatives and friends, then consider exchange tourism. For example, according to the calculation of 493 million domestic tourists among rural residents in 2002, there were about 339 million tourists among rural residents for the purpose of exchange in 2002. Together, there are about 474 million tourists in China for the purpose of communication between urban and rural residents. If this sample survey is still taken as the basis, the number of modern exchange tourists between urban and rural residents will reach 711400,000 (3811000+33.03 million) in 2002 even if the traditional exchange of visiting relatives and friends is subtracted. This is really a huge number.

Fifth, the government's efforts to promote the development of tourism are still very strong. For the development of local tourism, governments at all levels have not only maintained a strong support attitude in compiling tourism development plans, vigorously promoting tourism development, cultivating tourism products, improving tourism facilities, encouraging investment and residents' tourism consumption, but also invested a lot of manpower and financial resources in increasing domestic tourism propaganda and market order regulation, which better promoted the orderly development of domestic tourism in 2002 and ensured the active domestic tourism market in 2002.

Sixth, the attraction of tourism development prospects to private investors is constantly emerging, and the demonstration and pull of governments at all levels in tourism infrastructure investment has played a good role in increasing and improving tourism supply. In 2002, the investment in the eastern, central and western regions of China increased in an all-round way again. Among the state-owned and other economic types of investment, the investment in the eastern region increased by 16.2% over the previous year, and the growth rate increased by 2.9 percentage points. Investment in the central region increased by 20%, and the growth rate increased by 3.7 percentage points; Investment in the western region increased by 20.6%, and the growth rate increased by 1.3 percentage points. Among them, especially the local government's investment in tourism infrastructure and the support of national debt funds for the development of western tourism have added sustained stamina for the sustainable development of national tourism.

Because of many factors in travel, sometimes the purpose of pursuing personal experience and interpersonal communication cannot be completely separated. Reflected in the specific itinerary, it is the two major purposes of tourist experience and communication that appear from time to time. Although some types of tourism in the map also contain or imply mutually inclusive or overlapping parts and differences caused by multiple factors of classification standards, it is still very valuable for theoretical research and industrial operation if they can be distinguished.

In the schematic diagram, the farther to the left of all kinds of tourism, the stronger the purpose of personal experience; The farther to the right, the stronger the purpose of human communication. Interestingly, we can also see that in the left-side tourism activities that pursue personal experience, the farther to the left, the stronger the personal propensity to pay; In the tourism activities that pursue interpersonal communication on the right, the farther to the right, the stronger the tendency of non-personal payment. Please note that the division I made in the picture is also slightly different from that of the World Tourism Organization. For example, I classify visiting relatives as communication, because I think the core of visiting relatives is a kind of communication between the two sides.

In the previous tourism research, what we said depends on residents' income and leisure time, but in fact it is mostly the left part of the picture; The main body in the right part of the picture has a certain relationship with residents' income and leisure, but its occurrence and development mainly depend on the increase of social wealth and the needs of social development, and on the activity of social life and economic life. In the development of modern society, interpersonal tourism is attracting more and more attention. I mentioned earlier that in 2002, there were 474 million domestic tourists in China for the purpose of exchange, or 765,438+065,438+040,000 of them belonged to modern exchange. Such a huge number (accounting for 53.99% or 8. 10% of the total domestic tourists, respectively).

I also want to raise a relatively new thing, that is, the relationship between the "human development index" and domestic tourism in China.

The tree diagram of "Development Trend of Domestic Tourism in China" that I introduced to you just now represents an idea of mine. Two years ago, when I wrote a special report on China's domestic tourism in the Green Book on Tourism, I already said that the factors that formed China residents' tourism choices were not only the increase of actual income and leisure time, but also the improvement of residents' physical quality and cultural literacy. These factors are the result of social and economic development, which coincides with the human development index put forward by the United Nations Development Programme when compiling the Human Development Report.

Although the Human Development Index (HDI) put forward by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) when compiling the HDR Human Development Report (hereinafter referred to as the Report) can't be called as a comprehensive indicator to measure human development, it still captures several representative key signs reflecting the development achievements of a country or region. These are the three basic aspects selected by the index, namely "health and longevity, knowledge and decent living standard". Its specific measurement indicators are: life expectancy per capita, education level (adult literacy rate and comprehensive enrollment rate of primary and secondary schools and universities), and adjusted per capita GDP income calculated by purchasing power parity (PPP US$ $).

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Selected Human Development Index of United Nations Development Programme in 2003

Top 5 in the world's highest index

Life expectancy, adult literacy rate, gross enrollment rate, per capita GDP, life expectancy, education, GDP and human development gap of the ranked countries.

HDI Name (Year) (%) (%) (Purchasing Power Parity $) Index

1 Norway ... D98E29 29,620 0.90 0.99 0.95 0.944 4

2 Iceland 79.6 ... d 91e29990 0.91.960.950.942 2

Sweden 79.9...D 1 13e, F 24,1800.91.999 0.920.941.15.

Australia 79.0...D 1 14 E, F 25,370 0.90 0.99 0.920.939 8.

5 Netherlands ... D99E27, 190 0.89 0.99 0.94 0.938 3

Top 5 in China and surrounding China.

Life expectancy, adult literacy rate, gross enrollment rate, per capita GDP, life expectancy, education, GDP and human development gap of the ranked countries.

HDI Name (Year) (%) (%) (Purchasing Power Parity $) Index

99 Sri Lanka 72.391.963e g 31800.79 0.820.58 0.73013.

Armenia 72.198.5602 650 0.78 0.86 0.55 0.72919

10 1 Uzbekistan 69.399.2d76h2,460 0.740.91.53 0.729 21.

102 Kyrgyzstan 68. 1 97.0p, q 79 2,750 0.72 0.910.55 0.72716.

103 Cape Verde 69.7 74.9 80 East 5570 West 0.75 0.77 0.67 0.727- 18

104 China 70.685.864e, G4,020 0.76 0.79 0.62 0.7438+0-2.

105 El Salvador 70.4 79.2 64 5 260 0.76 0.74 0.66 0.75438+09-17

106 Iran 69.877.1646 000 0.75 0.68 0.75438+09-29

107 Algeria 69.267.871E6,090l 0.740.69 0.69 0.704-31

108 Moldova 68.5 99.0 6 1 2,1500.720.860.510.70021.

109 Vietnam 68.692.7642,070 0.73 0.83 0.510.688 21

The last five of the world's lowest index

Life expectancy, adult literacy rate, gross enrollment rate, per capita GDP, life expectancy, education, GDP and human development gap of the ranked countries.

HDI Name (Year) (%) (%) (Purchasing Power Parity $) Index

Burundi 40.4 49.231690L0.26 0.43 0.320.337 0

172 Mali 48.4 26.4 29g810 0.39 0.27 0.35 0.337-5

Burkina Faso 45.8 24.8 22e1.120L0.35 0.24 0.40 0.330-17

174 Niger 45.616.517 890L0.340.17 0.360.292-10.

175 Sierra Leone 34.536.0p, Q 514700.160.410.260.2750.

Comparison of the average level between China and other regions

Life expectancy, adult literacy rate, gross enrollment rate, per capita GDP, life expectancy, education, GDP and human development gap of the ranked countries.

HDI Name (Year) (%) (%) (Purchasing Power Parity $) Index

China 70.685.864e, G4,020 0.76 0.79 0.620+0-2.

Developing countries 64.4 74.5 603 850 0.660 0.70 0.610.655 ..

Underdeveloped countries 50.4 53.3 43 65 438+0.274 0.43 0.50 0.42 0.448 ..

Arab countries 66.0 60.8 60 5038 0.70 0.63 0.65 0.662 ..

East Asia and Pacific 69.587.1654,233 0.74 0.800.630.722 ..

Latin America and the Caribbean 70.389.2817 050 0.75 0.86 0.710.777 ..

South Asia 62.8 56.3 54 2,730 0.64 0.56 0.55 0.582 ..

Sub-Saharan Africa 46.5 62.4 441.831.36 0.56 0.49 0.468 ..

Central and Eastern Europe and CIS countries ..

OECD countries 77.0 ... 87 23,363 0.87 0.94 0.910.905 ..

High-income OECD countries 78. 1.9327,169 0.89 0.970.929 ..

Comparison between China and the average level.

Life expectancy, adult literacy rate, gross enrollment rate, per capita GDP, life expectancy, education, GDP and human development gap of the ranked countries.

HDI Name (Year) (%) (%) (Purchasing Power Parity $) Index

China 70.685.864e, G4,020 0.76 0.79 0.620+0-2.

Countries with high human development level 77. 1.8923,135 0.870.950.95438+0.908. ..

Developing countries of mankind 67.078.1.644,053 0.700.740.620.684 ..

Countries with low human development level 49.455.0411860.410.500.410.440.