What are the five famous mountains in China?

Wuyue Mountain is the general name of the five famous mountains in China, namely Taishan Mountain in Shandong, Huashan Mountain in Shaanxi, Songshan Mountain in Henan, Hengshan Mountain in Shanxi and Hengshan Mountain in Hunan. Some studies believe that the word "Five Mountains" comes from China's thought of five elements and his worship of mountains and mountain gods.

Legend has it that after Pangu's death, his head and limbs turned into five mountains. Although the Five Mountains are not the highest mountains in China, they are particularly steep in the eyes of the ancients, because they are towering above the plains. In addition, many famous scholars made sacrifices, wrote poems, practiced or visited, leaving traces, which greatly increased the reputation of the Five Mountains.

First, Dongyue

Dongyue always refers to Mount Tai. In ancient times, it was called Daizong or Daishan, and "Dai" means "elder". Mount Tai is known as "the best mountain in the world" and "the head of the five mountains". Confucius praised "climb the East Mountain and be small, climb Mount Tai and be smaller than the world". Dong Fangshuo in the Western Han Dynasty said that "Mount Tai swallowed the west, suppressed the south balance, drove the middle Song Dynasty, and learned from the north balance, which is the length of the five mountains". Famous people such as Du Fu also visited this mountain and left poems.

Mount Tai is one of the important birthplaces of ancient civilization in China, the center of Qilu culture and one of the holy places of Taoism in China. It has the status of a sacred mountain in all previous dynasties. Historical Records records: "The sky is too high, you can worship the sky on Mount Tai, hoping to get close to the gods." Therefore, Mount Tai is often a place where altars are set up for sacrifices and Buddhist ceremonies are held.

The first person to hold a large-scale meditation ceremony here was Qin Shihuang, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sealed Mount Tai many times, while 72 emperors of all previous dynasties all went to Mount Tai for meditation.

Mount Tai is1532.7m above sea level, among the five mountains.

Second, Nanyue

Nanyue originally referred to Hengshan Mountain in Hunan, and later renamed Tianzhu Mountain in Anhui. Tianzhu Mountain was called Huoshan, Hengshan, Wanshan and Buried Hill in ancient times. In 106 BC (the fifth year of Yuanfeng), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty explicitly changed Tianzhu Mountain to Nanyue Mountain. According to Er Ya and Shi Shan Pian, which were completed at the latest in the Qin and Han Dynasties, "Huoshan is Nanyue."

Guo Pu, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, commented: "Huoshan refers to Tianzhu Mountain." The music history of the Northern Song Dynasty, Taiping Universe, records that "Huoshan belongs to Hengshan Mountain". "Records of Qianshan County" records: "In Qin and Han Dynasties, Mount Hengshan in southern Wei Chu was Xiangshan, and Mount Tianzhu in Huoshan was Mount Hengshan." It can be seen that Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue mentioned in ancient books can also refer to Tianzhu Mountain in Anhui.

According to Records of Geography of Hanshu, Hengshan Mountain in Gong Yu was in Changsha during the Western Han Dynasty.

Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty renamed Hengshan Mountain in Hunan as Nanyue in 589 (the ninth year of opening). Hengshan was called Shouyue in ancient times. According to the Star Classic, Mount Hengshan in Nanyue is the twilight corresponding to the twenty-eight nights of the stars, and the twilight is in charge of human life. According to legend, Shennong came here to collect hundreds of kinds of herbs and died in Jiangzhenfeng because he tasted nematode poisoning. In Taoism, this mountain is a paradise for Taoism and one of the places where immortals live and relax. Nanyue Temple, built in the Tang Dynasty, is the largest ancient building in Hunan Province.

The elevation of Mount Hengshan is 1300m, which is the shortest among the five mountains.

Third, Xiyue

Xiyue refers to Huashan Mountain, also known as Taihua Mountain and Huayin Mountain, which is located in the three provinces of Qin, Jin and Yu, and is the center of Chang 'an and Luoyang ancient cities. As the saying goes, "Huashan is from ancient times". Huashan Mountain is famous for its steep mountain shape and high altitude, and enjoys the reputation of "the exclusive respect of five mountains".

Since ancient times, climbing Huashan Mountain has only been a mountain road from north to south 15 km, so there is a saying that "Huashan Mountain has been a road since ancient times". There are many myths and legends in Huashan. The story of Aquilaria sinensis splitting the mountain to save his mother happened in the west peak of Huashan Mountain. Today, there is a huge axe cutting stones on the mountain.

Xiyue Temple, built during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, has the reputation of "the Forbidden City in Shaanxi" and "the first temple in wuyue" and is the earliest and largest temple in wuyue. In the history of China, 56 emperors came here to visit or hold sacrificial activities.

Huashan Mountain is 2 155 meters above sea level, which is the highest among the five mountains.

Fourth, Beiyue

Erya and Shishan said: "Hengshan is the North Mountain". Before the reign of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty, Mount Hengshan in Beiyue always referred to damao mountain in Quyang County, Baoding City, Hebei Province. Damao Mountain, called Hengshan Mountain in ancient times, was renamed Changshan Mountain in Han and Song Dynasties to avoid the anonymity of Emperor Wen and Song Zhenzong.

"Hanshu Sacrifice to Suburbs" records that the long mountain of Beiyue is in Quyang, and the historical books of past dynasties also clearly record that Hengshan is in the northwest of Quyang County, and the main peak is Damao Mountain. In 98 BC, the third year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Beiyue Temple was built in Quyang County, and it was converted into Beiyue Temple in the Xuan Wudi period of the Northern Wei Dynasty (500-512).

1660 (17th year of Shunzhi in Qing dynasty), the emperor shunzhi issued a decree to sacrifice Beiyue from Mount Hengshan in Quyang to Mount Hengshan in Hunyuan, Shanxi. Hengshan Mountain, also known as Yuan Yueshan and Changshan Mountain, is known as "the first famous mountain in Saibei".

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there was a temple in Hengshan. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, temples had lived in groups, known as "three temples, four shrines, nine pavilions, seven palaces, eight caves and twelve temples". The scenery of Hengshan Mountain is famous for natural disasters, mountains and rivers, strange temples and springs. The beautiful scenery of Hengshan Mountain was recorded in Xu Xiake's travels in Ming Dynasty.

In ancient times, Hengshan had 18 scenic spots. Today, there are more than ten places, such as Chaodian, Huixian House, Jiutian Palace and Hangkong Temple, which are located on the cliff of the hanging west cliff in Jinlongkou. In addition, Hengshan has left many legends and stories. According to legend, Zhang Zeng lived here in seclusion and rode a donkey to heaven in Guo Laoling.

Mount Hengshan is 20 16 meters above sea level, ranking second among the five mountains.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Zhongyue

Zhongyue always refers to Songshan Mountain in Henan Province, and "Shishan Mountain" in Erya says: "For Zhongyue" and "The mountain is high" for Song. Songshan Mountain faces the Yellow River Luoshui in the north, Shui Ying and Jishan in the south, Bianliang in the Five Dynasties in the east and Luoyang in the Nine Dynasties in the west. It is known as "the two famous cities of Bianluo and the famous mountain of Guinea". Because of the strange peaks and rocks and numerous temples, it is the first famous mountain in Zhongzhou area.

There is a famous saying in The Book of Songs, "Gao Song Yue Wei was the third runner-up". Zhongyue Temple, built in the Qin Dynasty, is one of the ancient buildings in China. More than 30 emperors and 150 famous literati visited Songshan Mountain, which is a paradise for immortals to meet and talk. Because there are many places of interest, it can be called the Five Mountains.

Shaolin Temple, famous for its martial arts, is located in the hinterland of Songshan Mountain, where monks of all ages are buried.

Songshan Mountain is 15 12 meters above sea level, ranking second among the five mountains.

Extended data:

history

The Five Mountains originated from the worship of mountains and rivers in ancient China, and were linked with the worship of mountain gods by the monarch. The word "Five Mountains" first appeared in Zhou Li's "Guan Chun Dazong Bo": "Serve the country with blood and sacrifice five mountains." "The Book of Rites" and "Wang Zhi" record: "The son of heaven worships the world's famous mountains and rivers, and the five mountains regard the three public, and the four blasphemies regard the princes. The princes sacrificed famous mountains and rivers. "

The five mountains here do not list the specific mountain names. Zheng Xuan commented on Zhou Li in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Five Mountains are called Daizong in the east, Hengshan in the south, Huashan in the west, Hengshan in the north and Songshan in the middle."

As for why there are five mountains, but not four or six, people think that the system of five mountains in China began in the Han Dynasty, which may have been formed by some scholars at that time according to the concepts of five directions (east, south, west, north and middle) and five colors (green, red, white, black and yellow) in the Shang Dynasty.

The specific mountain names of wuyue were written in the Qin and Han Dynasties and officially confirmed. Fu Sheng's Erya, Shishan and Shangshu Biography in Qin Dynasty recorded that the five mountains were Daishan, Huoshan, Huashan, Hengshan and Gaosong respectively.

Among them, Huoshan, also known as Hengshan. In Hanshu, Emperor Xuan Di issued an imperial edict in 6 1 year BC (the first year of Shenjue), officially confirming that Dongyue is Mount Tai, Xiyue is Huashan, Nanyue is Huoshan (Hengshan), Beiyue is Changshan (Hengshan) and Zhongyue is Songshan. Except Huoshan Mountain, these four mountains were identified as four mountains, probably as early as the Spring and Autumn Period or the Warring States Period when Zhou Li wrote his book, and at the latest in the Western Han Dynasty.

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Chinese emperors continued to seal five mountains. The Tang Dynasty made the five mountains king, the Song Dynasty emperor, the Yuan Dynasty emperor and the Ming Dynasty god.

After the establishment of Taoism, it continued to deify the Five Mountains, believing that the Five Mountains were places where immortals lived, and called the Pengxuan in Dongyue too empty, the Taixu Cave in Zhu Ling in Nanyue, the Taiji Shenxian Cave in Xiyue, the Taiyi Xuan Cave in Beiyue, and the Shangsheng Sizhen Cave in Zhongyue.

Ge Hong, a Taoist priest in the Jin Dynasty, combined the statement of the orientation and color represented by the five elements in the book (wood represents the East, cyan; Fire represents the south, red; Gold represents the west, white, water represents the north, black and earth represents the center, yellow).

So-called Tai Hao is Di Qing, governing Dongyue Daizong (Mount Tai), Zhu Rong is Chi Di, governing Nanyue Hengshan Huoshan (namely Tianzhu Mountain), Jin is, governing Xiyue Huayin Mountain (namely Huashan Mountain), Zhuan Xu is, governing Beiyue Taiheng Mountain (namely Hengshan Mountain), Xuanyuan is the Yellow Emperor, and governing China Song Yueshan (namely Songshan Mountain).

However, the Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue in history does not refer to Hengshan Mountain in Shanxi today. Hengshan Mountain in Beiyue has long been the damao mountain of Quyang, Hebei Province (called Hengshan Mountain in ancient times), and it was not replaced by Hengshan Mountain in Shanxi until 1660.

Some local separatist regimes in China also sealed the Five Mountains from their own perspective. For example, during the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Hao of Soochow named Li County (now Yixing County, Jiangsu Province) as Zhongyue, and the southern part of Jingnan Mountain as Nanyue. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Fujian Emperor Yan Jun named Huotongshan (now Ningde County, Fujian Province) as Dongyue, and Gaogaishan (now Yongtai County) as Xiyue.

Nanzhao in the Tang Dynasty was called Cangshan (Zhongyue), Wumeng (Dongyue), Wuliang (Nanyue), Gaoligong (Xiyue) and Yulong (Beiyue) in Yunnan.

Influenced by China's culture, ancient Korea also sealed five mountains.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-wuyue