What is the history and specialty of Chaoyang?

Chaoyang is a famous historical city. Counties have been set up since the Western Han Dynasty. Chaoyang ancient culture has a long history. The ancient human site of "Pigeon Cave" proves that as early as 65438+ ten thousand years ago, human ancestors flourished in Chaoyang. The Niuheliang site in China proves that there was a primitive civilized society with a national embryonic form as early as 5,000 years ago. This great discovery has advanced the history of Chinese civilization for more than 1000 years. In recent years, the bird fossils discovered in Chaoyang have attracted wide attention at home and abroad. 10.3 billion years ago, a large number of bird fossils filled a gap in the study of biological evolution in the world, proving that the ancestors of birds in the world were in China and Chaoyang in western Liaoning. Chaoyang has outstanding people and hundreds of pagodas and temples dotted with mountains and rivers, which makes Chaoyang full of profound charm of ancient culture.

The history and culture of Chaoyang have important influence and unique advantages in Liaoning Province and even at home and abroad. Over the years, with the progress of archaeological work and the excavation of historical and cultural heritage, people have gradually realized the important value of Chaoyang history and culture.

One of the cradles of China civilization.

The long history of Chaoyang can be traced back to the Paleolithic Age 654.38 million years ago. Gezidong ancient human site discovered by Daling River in Shuiquan Township, Kazuo County is the earliest ancient human settlement in northern China. Unearthed human teeth and animal fossils, stone tools and ash layers show that ancient humans at that time had been engaged in hunting, gathering and cooking with fire, and lived a primitive social life here. The fossils of ancient human upper arm bones and humerus found in Jianping county today show that a primitive "newcomer"-Jianping man-appeared on the land of Chaoyang 40,000-50,000 years ago, similar to modern people. According to 1979, the discovery of Niuheliang Goddess Temple and Jishitang Hongshan Culture site at the junction of Kazuo, Jianping and Lingyuan counties shows that primitive humans living in Chaoyang have entered the threshold of human civilized society after a long development process, and a primitive civilized society with the embryonic form of the country has emerged. Judging from a large number of exquisite painted pottery unearthed by Ji Shizhong and jade articles headed by Yu Zhulong, there was a division of labor between agriculture and handicraft industry at that time, and the production technology, craft level and aesthetic consciousness reached a considerable level. The discovery of large altars, temples and tombs in Chaoyang Hongshan Culture proves that the Chinese nation entered the ancient civilized society more than 5,000 years ago, thus making Chaoyang District one of the places where Chinese civilization flourished for 5,000 years and pushing the history of Chinese civilization forward for more than 1000 years.

The oldest historical city in northeast China.

The development and status of Chaoyang, a famous historical and cultural city, marks its unique historical advantages in politics, economy and culture. Liucheng, located in the southeast suburb of Chaoyang City, has a long history. During the Warring States Period, Yan had five counties, and Liucheng belonged to Liaoxi County. By the Han Dynasty, Liucheng had become the governor's office in the west of Liaoxi County, and was later ruled by Wuhuan County in three counties. Cao Cao's northern expedition to Wuhuan once sent troops to Liucheng, which shows that Liucheng has become an important town in Northeast China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. In 342 AD, the former Prince Yan established his capital as the Dragon City, which is located in the north of Liucheng and in the west of Longxi. During the 88 years when Yan Qian, Houyan and Beiyan were founded in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Longcheng was the capital of Sanyan for 52 years. Longcheng, a prosperous capital, has also become a political, economic, military, cultural center and historical city in Northeast China.

Strategic locations outside the Great Wall in previous dynasties

Chaoyang was called the land of western Liaoning beyond the Great Wall in ancient times. Because of its geographical location in the ancient traffic artery from the Central Plains to the Northeast, and the historical and ethnic activities in the contact zone between the Han nationality in the Central Plains and the ethnic minorities in the Northeast, the Central Plains has set up border towns here in the past dynasties, and all ethnic groups in the Northeast should also use this as a battlefield when they enter the Central Plains, making Chaoyang a strategic location beyond the Great Wall in the past dynasties.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chaoyang was Yingzhou, known as "the hub of contacts between the central government of Sui and Tang Dynasties and all ethnic groups in Northeast China", and it was also the frontier position for the Central Plains Dynasty to continue to implement the feudal system for all ethnic groups in Northeast China. According to the needs of the war, the ancient Yingzhou road from the Central Plains to western Liaoning was also opened, from which you can visit Liaodong, Korea and Japan, making Yingzhou's economy and culture prosperous alternately. Yingzhou in western Liaoning has also become one of the frontier fortress themes often described in the literature of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolian nationalities in northern China flourished, and the Chaoyang area in western Liaoning became a strategic place for these northern nationalities to compete fiercely with the Song Dynasty in the Central Plains.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chaoyang was still an important building site. During the Qing Dynasty, Chaoyang was an important place for the Qing emperors to visit the East, and it was also a place where the Qing government borrowed land to support people and station troops to preserve its strength. 1840 After the Opium War broke out, the Qing government mobilized Mongolian cavalry from Chaoyang to station in coastal ports. Although with the unification of the whole country and the relative stability of administrative divisions in the Qing Dynasty, the role of Chaoyang as a strategic location beyond the Great Wall has also shifted, the fact that it has become the political, economic, military and cultural center of western Liaoning and even Northeast China for many times in history has made its important strategic position last forever.

A place where many nationalities live and blend together in history.

Chaoyang is historically a link area for exchanges between the nationalities in the Central Plains and the nationalities in the Northeast. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chaoyang was a prosperous period in which many nationalities lived together and blended. During this period, the nationalities who once lived in Chaoyang were Qidan, Turkic, Shiwei and Xi. Due to the large-scale eastward expedition of Goguryeo in Sui and Tang Dynasties, a large number of Han people in the Central Plains poured in and settled.

During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the three northern nationalities-Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolia-all took western Liaoning as their important base areas, so Chaoyang, located in western Liaoning, was also in a period of multi-ethnic integration of political, economic, military and cultural prosperity. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Chaoyang had the fiefs of Mongolian princes, so a large number of Mongols lived there. During this period, the Han nationality in the Central Plains also moved in a large number because of immigration and reclamation, and gradually occupied the majority. Since the Qing Dynasty, there has been no major turmoil and migration events in the ethnic distribution, and the ethnic distribution tends to be stable, thus forming the basis of the modern Chaoyang ethnic distribution.

Rich cultural relics and historic sites

The cultural relics and historic sites in Chaoyang not only become the symbol of the long local history because of their long origin, wide distribution, many kinds and great value, but also provide an extremely important basis for studying the origin and civilization of the Chinese nation.

Human settlements are widely distributed in Chaoyang, with more than 4,000 remains in each period. The earliest ancient human habitation site is Gezidong in Kazuo County in the middle of Paleolithic Age, which is consistent with Zhoukoudian culture in Beijing.

With the rise of towns representing political, economic and cultural development and progress, ancient buildings have developed rapidly, and temples and ancient pagodas are spread all over urban and rural areas. The earlier temples in Chaoyang can be traced back to the Dongzuitan in Kazuo Mountain and the Niuheliang Goddess Temple in Hongshan Culture period 5000 years ago, which were places where the ancients paid homage to their ancestors and heaven and earth. There are 22 ancient pagodas in Chaoyang, most of which were built by Liao Dynasty. The famous ancient pagodas include the South Pagoda and the North Pagoda in Chaoyang City, the Moyun Pagoda in Shangzhong Temple on Fenghuang Mountain in the east of the city, and the Lizhou Pagoda in Kazuo County. These ancient pagodas are beautiful in shape and exquisite in craftsmanship, which can be called the treasures of ancient architecture. There are 142 ancient temple sites in Chaoyang, including 22 in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, 2 in Ming and Qing Dynasties 1 18 and 2 in modern times. The famous temples are Youshun Temple, Huining Temple, Vientiane Temple, Tianchengguan and Yuqing Palace. Chaoyang also found two ancient stone bridges, of which Lingyuan Tiansheng Jin Dynasty stone arch bridge has a history of more than 800 years. Four smelting sites were discovered, the earliest being the Spring and Autumn Period. A total of 20 kiln sites were found, most of which were ceramic tile kilns in Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties. 4 10 ancient tombs were found, with remains in all periods.

Tens of thousands of cultural relics have been unearthed in Chaoyang, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the province, and there are many cultural relics. Ceramic cultural relics were first discovered in Neolithic sites in Hongshan Culture, the most famous being bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and stone and jade cultural relics are extremely extensive. Painting and calligraphy relics were found in mural tombs in Jin, Liao and Yuan Dynasties. All these rich cultural relics and historic sites, as great historical wealth, will show more and more far-reaching significance in the so-called "mysterious land" of Chaoyang.

Glorious revolutionary tradition

In the social changes of past dynasties, Chaoyang people promoted the historical development with indomitable spirit, especially in the modern revolutionary struggle, Chaoyang people formed a glorious revolutionary tradition of heroic struggle spirit and epic heroic deeds.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Chaoyang people, who lived in dire straits, endured humiliation and were not afraid of violence, and fought bravely against feudal dynasties, government officials and foreign invaders. During the 70 years from 1836 to 19 1 1, more than a dozen large-scale armed uprisings broke out in Chaoyang area. 186 1 year, Li fengkui of Chaoyang county led some gold diggers and bankrupt farmers to revolt, occupied the county seat, and even broke Lingyuan and Chifeng, which shocked the Qing court. 1900, Deng Laifeng of Huazigou, Chaoyang County organized the Lianzhuang Society, established the "anti-foreign society" people's armed forces, fought bloody battles with foreign invaders and corrupt Qing government forces, and finally died heroically.

In the early years of the Republic of China, warlords scuffled, exacted exorbitant taxes, and exploited the people. 19 15 to 19 17, a large-scale armed struggle against donations led by Jianping Hou Wenguang, Chaoyang Zhao Zifu and Beipiao Gao Zhenying took place in Chaoyang district. From 65438 to 0922, the armed struggle against donation led by Zhang Mingjiu in Lingyuan County lasted for 8 years.

19 19 After the May 4th Movement, the revolutionary struggle of Chaoyang people entered a new stage. Especially in 1925, after the establishment of the * * * fever and working committee, the * * producers headed by Chen Jinghu, the early party leader of Reshayi, actively carried out revolutionary activities, which made the workers' movement and farmers' movement in Chaoyang develop rapidly. 193 1 After the "September 18th Incident", the Japanese invaders occupied the northeast, and the people of Chaoyang were not afraid of violence and joined the people's war of resisting Japan and saving the nation. In the process of invading China, the Japanese army was first hit hard by the anti-Japanese volunteers in western Liaoning. During the hard years in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, anti-Japanese armed forces such as Lantian Forest Department in Beipiao, Dongliu Town in Chaoyang, Li Tiande Department in Kazuo and Guo Wenlian Department in Jianping plunged into the enemy's heart like sharp knives. The people of Shimingxingou, Chaoyang County were repeatedly plundered, bravely and unyieldingly, and stuck to their homeland until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.

During the War of Liberation, Chaoyang once again became a battleground for the two countries. The party, government, army and people who fought in Chaoyang fought bloody battles with Kuomintang troops and landlord armed forces, creating immortal heroic achievements for the liberation of Chaoyang and China. In the course of China's modern history, many epic heroes emerged in Chaoyang District. Chen Jinghu, a native of Jianping, was born when Li Dazhao organized a Marxist research society in the early days of the revolution. He was a party member. He used to be the secretary of the Inner Mongolia Special Committee and was called a revolutionary pioneer because of his dedication to resisting Japan and saving the country. Zhao Shangzhi, a martyr born in Chaoyang County, is an outstanding general of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition. He killed the enemy bravely, making the enemy frightened and famous, and was known as the "northern lion". Martyr Liu Guiwu, born in Chaoyang County, won the first meritorious service of "catching Chiang Kai-shek" for resisting Japan and saving the country in the Xi Incident, and later died heroically in the anti-Japanese battlefield, becoming a hero admired by the people of the whole country. In addition, Meng Guangzhong, who was born in Chaoyang County, Ma Ruifu, who was born in Jianping, Mao De, Dugend, who was born in Lingyuan, and Zhang, who was born in Beipiao, all died heroically for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, and they forged the unyielding backbone of the Chinese nation.

Deep cultural and artistic accumulation

Chaoyang's culture and art have rich folk, national, folk and local characteristics, with many forms and a long history.

Ancient and traditional clay sculptures, stone carvings and wood carvings spread in Chaoyang and made new progress. In the restoration of Youshun Temple, Huining Temple, Tianchengguan and other projects, highly skilled folk artists have demonstrated their ancient skills, and their carving skills are better than before. Folk sculptures and clay sculptures not only inherit folk traditions, but also add new science and technology.

Embroidery is an important form of cultural exchange between North and South. According to archaeological excavations, Chaoyang folk embroidery has formed a unique style in the Tang, Liao and Jin Dynasties. Chaoyang folk embroidery takes clothing, pillowcases, tablecloths, door curtains, shoes and socks and other daily necessities as the main body, and the content is divided into flowers, grass, fish, insects and other categories, with fine craftsmanship, bright colors, elegance and nobility. Chaoyang folk paper-cut art originated in Song Dynasty. Folk paper-cutting has a wide range of contents, and folk paper-cutting artists choose their own themes as the main ones, with traditional themes as the most distinctive, and paper-cutting of historical legends, myths and operas is also quite excellent. The paper-cutting art of Chaoyang combines the simple and honest charm of "Ji" and "Lu", gathers the bright and delicate feelings of Jiangnan, infects the landscape of Chaoyang and forms a unique style.

The performing arts in Chaoyang are constantly developing. Peking Opera was introduced to Chaoyang in the late Qing Dynasty. Errenzhuan art was also introduced to Chaoyang area in the late Qing Dynasty and became one of the main forms of Quyi in Chaoyang area. Ju Ping art in Chaoyang rose in the 1920s. Drama art was introduced into Chaoyang area in 1940s. Chaoyang traditional opera has a wide influence. By the 1960s, Chaoyang's drama had gradually formed its own artistic style, and it was known as the Shanhong School in western Liaoning. In the practice of drama creation, a number of writers of Shanhong School have grown up. In the aspect of opera innovation, it follows the development law of opera art, highlights the artistic characteristics of the Red School in the mountainous area of western Liaoning, and forms its own artistic style from repertoire to performance. Shadow play originated in the middle of Hebei, and has a long history in Chaoyang folk, forming a high-pitched, soft, funny and lively style. Today's shadow play expands the screen, improves the lighting, and uses various modern means to perform fairy tales wonderfully. Chaoyang folk literature is rich in connotation. In the multi-ethnic sunrise, folk myths and legends are like gorgeous pearls, which make people memorable. This land saturated with ancient civilization has also given birth to several outstanding figures in the literary world. Yin Zhannaxi, 1837, a Mongolian writer born in Xiafu, Beipiao, is the author of literary and historical masterpieces such as Dayuan Shengshi Qing History Romance, First Floor and Crying for Hong Ting. And is called "Cao Xueqin of Mongolia". Born in Wanyuandian, Lingyuan, Rob Sankedan, a Mongolian folklorist and thinker, was hailed as an encyclopedia of Mongolian people in the early years of the Republic of China, leaving a valuable legacy for future generations. Zhang Jin, 1847, a painter born in Jianchang, has created a large number of excellent Chinese paintings in his life, with profound artistic attainments and wide spread. These three famous artists are called "three outstanding writers" in Chaoyang literary world. In the modern literary world, Chaoshan writers represented by Malachin Fu and Hu also occupy a place.

Nurul Tiger Mountain Nature Reserve

Nuerhushan Nature Reserve is located in Gushanzi Township, Chaoyang County. It is famous for its streams, trees, flowers and rocks. It covers an area of 2,000 hectares and the valley is more than ten miles long. The stream in the valley flows like light, the peak returns to the ridge, twists and turns like Beidou, twists and turns like a long snake, flashing and visible; Stones piled up at the bottom of the valley, high and low, long and short, standing and lying, squatting and sitting, crawling and running, hugging, each with its own state. Around the valley, Qian Shan is beautiful, full of struggle, beautiful and gloomy. Different times of the year, different scenery. In spring, the weather is fine, the vegetation is lush, and the branches of red apricots are full of spring; In summer, the clouds are steaming, the wild fragrance is rich, and the trees are beautiful and cloudy; In autumn, the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the forest is dyed, "10,000 mu of frost is red and brilliant"; In winter, the snow is covered, the silver dots are like jade, the pine trees are tall and straight, and they go straight into the sky. Birds sing in the four seasons, pheasants and rabbits flock together, and roe deer chase each other, which is full of fun. Deep in the valley, there are three unique natural waterfalls, which are breathtaking.

Taohuashan scenic spot

Taohua Mountain Scenic Area, a scenic spot around Longcheng District, is located in Taohuatu Town, beipiao city. It consists of Taohua Mountain, Temple and Taohua Mountain Villa. It is a new type of eco-tourism scenic spot integrating nature, humanity and ecological landscape. The lonely peak of Taohua Mountain is towering and extremely magnificent. There are many big stones on the mountainside, with overlapping mountains and strange shapes. To the south of the mountain is the locust tree forest. In the flowering season, there is fragrance everywhere. On the north side of the mountain is a large area of pine forest, with lush foliage and evergreen seasons. There are ancient wells on the top of the mountain. There is a bottomless pit here in Shandong. There are temples in the south of Shanxi, and there are many magical legends since ancient times.

Taohuashan Temple was built in the late Qing Dynasty, and it is divided into upper, middle and lower temples. Shangsi has the highest position and is built by natural caves under huge stones. From a distance, you can see all the mountains and rivers. The middle temple on the mountainside was also built with natural caves. The temple is full of incense and tourists are in an endless stream. Si Xia is located at the southern foot of Taohua Mountain, with a large building scale, surrounded by pine and cypress, quiet and elegant. This temple is dedicated to the Jade Emperor. There are grand temple fairs on March 3rd, June 6th and September 9th every year, which last for three days and attract tens of thousands of tourists.

Taohua Villa is located in the south of Taohua Mountain, covering an area of 1000 mu. It consists of natural scenic forests, orchards, breeding gardens, grazing gardens and leisure and holiday dining gardens. The whole manor attaches importance to environmental protection and respects ecology and nature, forming a virtuous cycle model of planting, raising and swimming. In 2002, it was approved by the provincial environmental protection bureau as the first "provincial ecological agriculture manor" in western Liaoning, and was also approved by Chaoyang Federation of Literary and Art Circles as the "artist activity base in western Liaoning".

Every spring, the villa holds the Peach Blossom Festival and three meetings of poetry, calligraphy and painting. In autumn, the mountain villa holds a "picking festival". The villa has a beautiful environment and the green coverage rate is as high as 98%. There are more than a dozen varieties of peaches, plums and apricots and tens of thousands of fruit trees in the orchard. The architectural style of the mountain villa leisure resort is natural and simple, with unique scenery such as earth walls, straw houses, small bridges, running water, ponds and waterwheels. There are also leisure facilities such as "wind collecting pavilion", "wind and rain pavilion", lotus pond and swimming pool, with complete catering, accommodation and entertainment facilities.

Fenghuangshan scenic spot

Scenery of Daling River in Chaoyang

Huangshan Mountain, known as Longshan and Helongshan in ancient times, is a national forest park and a national AAA scenic spot, located 4 kilometers east of Chaoyang City, western Liaoning Province. It covers an area of 55 square kilometers and the highest peak is 660 meters above sea level. Phoenix Mountain is not only a famous historical mountain in western Liaoning, but also a famous Buddhist shrine in Yan and Liao Dynasties. As early as 1660 years ago, Yan Wang Murong Huangguang built Longxiang Temple, the earliest Buddhist temple in Northeast China, and became the "ancestral temple" of Buddhism in Northeast China, and Longxiang Temple in Phoenix Mountain became the first Buddhist temple in Northeast China. After several generations of construction, three pagodas (the existing Moyun Pagoda, Big Pagoda and Lingxiao Pagoda were rebuilt after falling) and four temples (yanshou temple, Tianqing Temple, Yun Jie Temple and Huayan Temple no longer exist) have been formed. In addition, there are historical sites such as the Cliff Cave in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eighteen Pagodas of the Ancient Road in the Liao Dynasty, Guanyin Cave in the Qing Dynasty, and the Sleeping Buddha Cave. Phoenix Mountain is rich in vegetation, which is an important habitat for the national endangered and rare bird black stork. The natural landscape mainly includes golden camel looking at the moon, Elephant Trunk Mountain and natural giant Buddha. The Longshan Scenic Area of Phoenix Mountain is steep, with narrow valleys and endless dangers, or solitary peaks are unique, or mountains cross each other, or like a black dragon in the clouds, or like a demon lying in the mountains, which is full of fun.

Chaoyang-Chaoyang specialty

Twisted cloth

Chaoyang twist cloth is made of home textile cloth. The donkey skin is burnt with wax into wisps of patterns. The wisps of patterns are composed of flowers and birds, fish, gourds, ruyi and intestines, which are round, semi-circular, drop-shaped, duck-egg-shaped, arc-shaped, square, diamond-shaped and willow-shaped. Patterns are composed of second-hand continuous patterns, such as loose patterns, ripple patterns, broken lines, composite patterns, etc. Four-handed continuous, such as scattered diamond stitching, wave stitching, etc. Mix clay, mung bean starch and egg white into paste, spread a big cloth on the flat chopping board, fix it and put it on the silk pattern, and print a continuous pattern with the paste. After the leaking pattern is dried, it is boiled and dyed in an indigo pot, and then the slurry is rinsed clean, which becomes a beautiful twist cloth. Twist cloth is saturated with ice cracks due to the cracks formed in the sizing process, just like batik, which can be described as natural charm. Twist cloth is boiled and dyed with indigo, which is bright in color and does not fade, reflecting the white countryside, simple and elegant. It is a good fabric for people to make bedding, curtains, clothes and clothes. With the development of tourism market, Chaoyang twist cloth will radiate strange brilliance.

apricot kernel

Chaoyang city is one of the main producing areas of almond, a special product in China. It is also known as the four almond bases with Zhangjiakou, Chengde and Tangshan in Hebei Province. Prunus armeniaca in Chaoyang area is mostly natural forest, and artificial forest cultivation has been developed in recent years. There are two kinds of almonds, sweet and bitter. Almond is rich in nutrition, and contains a lot of protein, fat, sugar, phosphorus, calcium and iron, which can be added to nourishing products such as almond cream and almond tea. It can also be processed into industrial oil and used as medicine. Almond is also one of the famous raw materials of Jinzhou side dishes. Almond can be extracted from tannin extract or activated carbon, which is the raw material for papermaking and high-grade fiberboard.

Spinosad jujube seed

Ziziphus jujuba seed can be called the treasure of sunrise. Ziziphus jujuba Linn and Ziziphus jujuba Shrub can be found everywhere on the slopes, hills, plains and roadsides in Chaoyang District of Sunward. Jujube trees are deciduous shrubs and small trees of Li Ke. According to modern medical analysis, Ziziphus jujuba seed contains Ziziphus jujuba saponin, betulinic acid, protein, fatty oil and sitosterol. Its raw kernel can be used as a stimulant and cooked kernel as a sedative, which is a good medicine for disinfection and fire. Jujube meat contains protein, which is rare in fruits, and also contains sugar, inorganic salts and vitamins.