Terracotta warriors and horses information

Undoubtedly, if 1974 had not been discovered, thousands of pottery figurines on this archaeological site might still be sleeping underground. Qin Shihuang, the first emperor to unify China, died in 2 10 BC and was buried in the center of the mausoleum. Around his mausoleum are those famous terracotta warriors and horses. The complex structure of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum was designed and built according to the model of Xianyang, its former capital. Those ceramic ladies-in-waiting, who are slightly smaller than human figures, have different shapes. Together with their war horses, chariots and weapons, they have become perfect masterpieces of realism, and at the same time they have retained high historical value.

Introduction:

Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is located at the northern foot of Mount Li, 30 kilometers east of Xi, Shaanxi (the other two data are: Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum is located in Xiahe Village, 5 kilometers east of Lintong. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located in Lintong District, 35 kilometers east of Xi, surrounded by mountains and lush trees in the south. The north faces the banks of the Weihe River, which twists and turns like a silver snake. Surrounded by towering peaks, the tall mausoleum and Mount Li are integrated, with beautiful scenery and unique environment. This mausoleum is large in scale and imposing. The cemetery covers a total area of 56.25 square kilometers. The original height of the land on the mausoleum was about 1 15 meters, and it is still as high as 76 meters. There are double walls inside and outside the cemetery. The circumference of the inner city is 3840m, and that of the outer city is 62 10/0m. There are about 8- 10 meters high walls inside and outside the walls, and there are still relics. The burial area is in the south, and the sleeping hall and the convenient hall are built in the north.

Qin Shihuang was an outstanding politician in the history of China. His surname is Zheng Ming, the son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. He was born in Handan, Kyoto, Zhao in 259 BC. In 246 BC 13 years old, he was made king of Qin, and was crowned king at the age of 22. During the period from 236 BC to 22 1 year 15 BC, the state of Qin wiped out six vassal states, namely, Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi, completely ending the history of the Warring States, and establishing the first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized feudal dynasty in China's history through blood and fire. "Many dissenting Confucian sweep Liuhe, tiger potential He Xiongzai; Swing the sword and set the clouds, and the princes will come to the West. " Qin Shihuang, the omnipotent monarch, not only left great achievements to future generations, but also left this mysterious royal cemetery.

According to historical records, the cemetery was built in the second year after Ying Zheng ascended the throne. It was completed in 208 BC and lasted for 39 years. (The other two materials: First, he was in office for 37 years and built a mausoleum for him for 36 years; Second, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor started construction from the time of his accession to the throne, which lasted for 38 years. Reese, then prime minister, was the designer of the mausoleum and was supervised by General Zhang Han. * * * has collected 720,000 manpower, and the number of people who use the mausoleum is close to 800,000 at most, almost eight times that of the people who built pyramid of khufu.

The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. Its scale is huge, and the funerary objects are rich, ranking first among the emperors' tombs in past dynasties, and it is the largest emperor's tomb. According to the principle of enjoying wealth after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in a zigzag shape, modeled after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State. Around the mausoleum, there are double walls inside and outside, with an inner circumference of 3870 meters and an outer circumference of 62 10 meters. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sleeping halls, mourning halls, garden temples and other sites. According to historical records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of outer city and inner city, and a quadrangular conical paddock. The enclosure of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor formed three steps, with a square bottom, a bottom area of about 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the current paddock has a bottom area of about 120 square meters and a height of 87 meters (another information: the initial height of the cemetery is 120), and the total area of the whole cemetery is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered the north-south flow to be changed to the east-west flow.

There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 3890 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurine pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as sacrificial pits, stable pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum. More than 400 graves have been found.

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 55.05 meters high and 2000 meters in circumference. According to the survey, the whole cemetery covers an area of 220,000 square meters, with large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inner and outer. The inner city is square, with a circumference of 2525.4 meters and an outer city of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far from comparable to that of the Egyptian pyramids.

The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in China. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich tombs. 1956, Shaanxi Provincial People's Government announced it as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit; 196 1 was the first batch of key cultural relics protection units announced by the people of China and the State Council; 1987, UNESCO listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Shihuang in the World Cultural Heritage Protection List, making it a * * for all mankind. In 2002, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was rated as a national AAAA-level tourist attraction.

The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world.

The Qin Dynasty is a glorious page in the history of China, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor concentrated the highest achievements of Qin civilization. Qin Shihuang took all the glory of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the mound. "Historical Records" records: "Pass the three springs, drop the bronze wares, fill the palace with officials, and move the treasures. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy above, geography below, and mermaid cream is a candle. If the degree is immortal, it will last a long time. " Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on mounds and surrounded by many funerals with rich connotations and unprecedented scale. In addition to the well-known terracotta warriors and horses and tombs of bronze chariots and horses, more than 600 large-scale Shijiakeng, Baixi figurine pits, civilian figurine pits and tombs have been newly discovered, and 654.38+10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin tombs for decades. There are many cultural relics booths in the cemetery, showing some cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 20 years. There is a waterway exhibition area to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities of the cemetery in that year; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will be more unexpected discoveries.

Between the dignified green and the tall mausoleum, in order to let tourists feel the dignity and dignity of the king, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor staged a large-scale performance of "Reproducing the guard of honor-changing the guard of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor" and a sand table model of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, the cemetery and the underground palace integrating sound, light and electricity, which reproduced the spectacular scene of the mysterious cemetery more than 2,000 years ago and showed decades of archaeological achievements.

The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the working people in China. It is a treasure house of history and culture, which is famous for its large scale and rich tombs among all the tombs of feudal emperors.

According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with a coffin on it ... The grave is full of treasures. The avenue in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach. The tomb is also full of mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; In the grave, fish oil is used to light the lamp, so that it will stay on forever. ...

There are 10 gates in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, and the north and south gates are on the same central axis as the south gate of the inner wall. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tombs on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural relics juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and comfortable in structure.

The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main tombs are bronze chariot pits, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".

Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is located at1500m east of the Mausoleum. The spring of 1974 was discovered by local farmers who dug wells. The treasure buried underground for more than 2000 years came out, and it is known as "the eighth wonder of the world". It has provided very precious physical materials for the study of the military, politics, economy, culture and science and technology of the Qin Dynasty, and has become a precious wealth of human culture in the world. Three terracotta warriors and horses pits have been excavated, which are arranged in a "needle" shape from west to east. There are more than 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses and more than 40,000 bronze weapons in the pit.

The pottery works in the pit are imitations of Qin Suwei's army. Nearly 10,000 ceramic guards used bows, arrows, crossbows, bronze bows, spears, halberds, or crossbows as precursors, or rode horses, forming four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and riding. All the guards in the underground tunnel face east. According to drilling, there are three burial pits in * *, among which pit No.1 discovered in 1974 is the largest, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of about 5m. The promenade and the 1 1 hole form the whole pit, in which more than 6,000 warrior figures and terracotta horses with the same size as real horses are placed. About 20 meters northeast of No.1 pit, No.2 pit was discovered in the spring of 1976, which is another spectacular formation. No.2 pit is 84 meters wide from north to south and 96 meters long from east to west, covering an area of 92 16 square meters and a building area of 170 16 square meters. The second pit has a multi-arms joint lineup, including infantry, chariots, cavalry and crossbowmen. To the west of No.2 pit is No.3 pit, and visitors are not allowed to visit it before 1 9891kloc-0/October1. The third pit is 24.5 meters wide from north to south and 28.8 meters long from east to west, covering an area of more than 500 square meters. According to experts' inference, the No.3 pit is considered as a military curtain to command the No.1 pit and No.2 pit. A chariot, 68 guardians and weapons are kept in the pit.

Since 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been found at 1.5km east of the cemetery. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, with 8,000 unearthed pottery figurines, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. Among them, the No.1 pit is the "Right Army", with about 6,000 clay figurines and life-size horses. Pit No.2 is "Zuo Jun", with 1300 terracotta figures and horses and 89 chariots. It is an arc array composed of infantry, cavalry and chariots, and it is also the essence of the pit of Qin figurines. There are 68 warrior figures, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses in pit 3, which is the headquarters of the underground army. This military formation is the epitome of Qin Jun formation. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused shock and concern all over the world. These terracotta warriors and horses grouped according to the military array at that time provided vivid physical data for studying the military establishment, combat methods and cavalry equipment of the Qin Dynasty. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". As a bridge connecting the past and the future in the history of China sculpture, the realistic techniques of Qin figurines have attracted worldwide attention. At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and is open to the public.

The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is one of the largest, strangest and richest imperial tombs in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are the precious wealth of human culture in the world comparable to Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and its discovery itself is the most spectacular archaeological achievement in China in the 20th century. They fully demonstrated the artistic talent of China people more than 2,000 years ago and are the pride and precious wealth of the Chinese nation. French President Jacques Chirac praised it as "the eighth wonder of the world", which made the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor known to more people. The laurel of world cultural heritage adds luster to the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor.

Appendix 1:

Cemetery project

"Qin Huang swept Liuhe, eyeing He Xiongzai and 700,000 torturers, rising to the ground."

This famous poem was written by Li Bai, a great poet, praising the brilliant achievements of Qin Shihuang and describing the great momentum of the construction of Lishan Mausoleum. Indeed, the scale, the number of workers and the duration of the cemetery project are unprecedented.

The construction of the cemetery project was accompanied by Qin Shihuang's political career. When he 13 just ascended the throne, the cemetery construction project began. The ancient emperor built a tomb before his death, which was not the initiative of Qin Shihuang. As early as the Warring States period, it was customary for princes to build tombs before their death. For example, Zhao Suhou's "Mausoleum Guarding for Fifteen Years" and pingshan county Zhongshan Mausoleum were also built during his lifetime. Qin Shihuang only advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum before his death to the early stage of his accession to the throne, which was a little improvement on Qin Shihuang. The cemetery project was built for more than 30 years, until the death of Qin Shihuang, the second emperor succeeded to the throne, and then it was built for more than a year before it was basically completed.

Throughout the cemetery project, it can be divided into three construction stages. The initial stage of the cemetery project is 26 years from Qin Wang's accession to the throne to the unification of the whole country. At this stage, the design of the cemetery project and the main project construction were carried out one after another, which initially laid the scale and basic pattern of the cemetery project. From national unification to the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang, it took nine years to build a cemetery on a large scale. After 9 years of large-scale construction with 654.38 million people, the main project of the cemetery has been basically completed. It took more than three years from the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang to the winter of the following year, which was the last stage of the project. At present, it is mainly engaged in the finishing project and soil covering task of the cemetery. Although the mausoleum project lasted so long, the whole project was not finally completed. At that time, a magnificent peasant uprising broke out in history. Zhou Wen, a subordinate of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, led his troops to play in the water near the cemetery (now near Xingfeng, Lintong County). Facing the threat of the army to Xianyang, the new emperor II, who had not been tempered by the wind and rain, panicked and called his ministers to discuss countermeasures. He looks like a man in the depths of his soul, pleading with his ministers "why not". At this time, the Shaofu ordered Zhang Han to advise: "Thieves and soldiers have arrived, and many people are in Xinjiang. Not as close to the county seat as it is today. There are many people in Mount Li. Please forgive them and give them an army to attack them. " II immediately catered to this requirement and asked Zhang Han to lead a spiritual army to fight back against the rebels in Zhou Wen. So far, the cemetery project that has not been completely completed has to be suspended.

In short, the cemetery project was forced to stop from site selection, design and construction to the end, which lasted for 37 ~ 38 years, ranking first in the history of mausoleum construction in China, and its construction time was 8 years longer than that in pyramid of khufu.

Appendix II:

Legend of geomantic omen in Qinling Mountains

Mount Li is famous for its unique hot springs and scenery. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Youwang and his concubine Jia Cong staged a historical tragedy here, which led to the rise of a vassal in the bonfire drama and ruined the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to legend, Qin Shihuang met the goddess in Lishan before his death and wanted to play the goddess in the tour. In a rage, the goddess spat on his face, and Qin Shihuang soon developed sores. Although this is a fairy tale, it can be vaguely seen that Qin Shihuang and Mount Li seem to have some fate. His cemetery is also next to Lishan Mountain. Why was Qin Shihuang particularly obsessed with Mount Li, a treasure trove of geomantic omen?

The ancients regarded the choice of cemetery as a great event for the benefit of future generations, especially the feudal emperor Qin Shihuang, who tried to spread it all over the world and naturally paid more attention to the location of cemetery. The reason why he was buried in Mount Li was explained by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty: "Qin Shihuang built a heavy burial in Mount Li, which was Lantian, with rich yin and beautiful jade. The first emperor was greedy for his good name, so he was buried. " Li Daoyuan's view has been affirmed by most scholars in academic circles. However, some scholars have raised objections. On the one hand, those who hold negative opinions think that the selection of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Lishan depends on the ritual system at that time, while on the other hand, it is influenced by the traditional concept of "building a mausoleum on the mountain". (See No.5 of Qin Tombs and Cultural Relics Exploration, 1990. ) Now, from the perspective of geomantic omen, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is also an ideal geomantic omen treasure.

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the concept of building a mausoleum by mountains had already appeared. Later, people chose cemeteries and attached great importance to the geographical environment close to mountains and rivers. "If you build a grave, you must come to the mountains to go to the water." (See "The Secret Buried Sutra of Dahan's Original Mausoleum") Mountains and rivers were regarded as the best places of geomantic omen by the ancients. As for when this concept began, there is no way to verify it. It should be said that the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is a model of "building a mausoleum by mountains and rivers". It is obvious to all that the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor faces Mount Li in the south and Lishui in the north. However, on the east side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, there is also a artificially transformed fish pond water. According to "Notes on Water Classics", "Water flows out of the northeast of Mount Li and flows northward. Later, Qin Shihuang was buried in the north of the mountain. When the water meandered, it turned from east to north, and the first emperor built a tomb to borrow soil. The land is deep and the water accumulates into a pond. This is the so-called fish pond ... The water in the pond flows through the north of the first emperor in the northwest. " It can be seen that the fish pond water originally came from the northeast of Lishan Mountain, and the water flowed from south to north. Later, when the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was built, an east-west dam was built in the southwest of the mausoleum. The dam is 1000 meters long, generally 40 meters wide, 70 meters at its widest point and 2 to 8 meters high. It is what people usually call Wuling site. It is this dam that turned the fish pond water originally from Li Dongbei into a northwest flow, bypassing the northeast of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. In addition, in the east of the cemetery, there is a hot spring water. According to the Water Classic Note, "there is hot spring water in the southwest of fish pond water, which can cure diseases all over the world". "Three" says: "There are hot springs in the northwest of Mount Li." It can be seen that the hot springs of that year corresponded to the fish pond water in the northwest. It is not difficult to find that the geomantic features of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum are that the back mountain faces south, and the east, west and north are surrounded by water on three sides. Isn't "Surrounding the mountains with water" a treasure trove of geomantic omen specially selected by Qin Shihuang's mausoleum?

The concept of "surrounding mountains and water" in Qin Dynasty had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Mausoleums in the Western Han Dynasty, such as Gaozu Changling Mausoleum, Wendi Baling Mausoleum, Jingdi Yangling Mausoleum, Wudi Mausoleum, etc., were all chosen by imitating the geomantic thought of "mountains surrounded by water" in Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. Later tombs basically inherited this idea of building tombs.

Appendix III:

Are there really flying geese in the mausoleum?

What are the precious funerary objects in Qin Gong? This has caused many magical legends and stories for thousands of years. Flying geese in the underground palace is a very charming legend.

"Three Auxiliary Stories" records that Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, took 300,000 people to rob the Qin Mausoleum after entering the customs. During their excavation, a golden goose suddenly flew out of the tomb, and this magical flying goose kept flying south. Hundreds of years later, during the Three Kingdoms period (the first year of Baoding), there was an official named Zhang Shan who was a satrap in southern Japan. One day, someone gave him a golden goose, and he immediately judged from the words on the golden goose that it belonged to the first imperial tomb. Is there any historical basis for this magical legend? In recent years, some scholars wrote: "Although this is a legendary story, it shows that the cultural relics of the Qin Mausoleum have been lost abroad, as far away as Yunnan in the south. As for the golden goose, it is not only beautiful, but also can fly, which is also possible. Because in the Spring and Autumn Period, the famous craftsman Lu Ban was able to create a wooden goose, flying in the sky and flying directly to the city of Song State. Hundreds of years later, it is credible that craftsmen in Qin can make flying golden geese. " (Wu Bolun, The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, Shanghai People's Publishing House1March 990) So, is this legendary story credible or not?

In China, a country that paid little attention to science and technology in history, it would be a rare miracle in the history of science and technology in China and the world if the flying golden goose could be built more than 2,200 years ago. However, the reliability of metal flying geese really makes Chinese people sweat. If you scrutinize it carefully, you will immediately see the flaw in this legend. Imagining a metal object flying in the air is not as simple as flying a kite and a light balloon. Because of its light weight, the latter can fly in the air with the help of natural wind. But for a metal object, if it only depends on natural wind power without mechanical power, I'm afraid even the basic problem of takeoff can't be solved. How did China solve the flight dynamics problem of metal objects 2200 years ago? Further analysis, assuming that the Qin Dynasty had the ability to make flying golden geese, the golden geese would fly automatically after being buried in the underground palace, and have been flying in the underground palace for nearly 1000 days and nights. When Xiang Yu opened the underground tomb, the flying golden goose flew out of the ground smoothly along the underground tomb, and then flew to the far south, crossing the mountain peaks thousands of meters high on the south side of the Qinling Mountains. If this anecdote had not been fabricated by gossip writers, Jin Yan's control and command system might have lagged far behind today's computers. Therefore, we can say for sure that there is no legend of metal flying geese in Qin tombs, and China people with modern scientific and technological consciousness should not believe this legend.

The problem of distinguishing forgeries in The Legend of Jin Yan should stop here. However, further, is there any trace of this legendary story fabricated by ancient literati in historical documents? According to the relevant documents of the Han Dynasty, there is a saying in Sima Qian's and Ban Gu's accounts that "gold is a flying goose". Obviously, two historians recorded "flying geese" made of gold in their tombs, and ancient scholars probably romanticized and "created" the story of the legend of flying geese.

Appendix IV:

Why did the mausoleum choose Mount Li?

During the Warring States period, some monarchs' cemeteries were often designed and built with graphics. The construction of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum should also be planned, and the cemetery should be selected first before drawing. We know that Qin Shihuang was in power in Xianyang, the capital. Why did the cemetery choose Lishan Mountain, which is far away from Xianyang?

Li Daoyuan, the author of Notes on Water Mirrors in the Northern Wei Dynasty, first expounded this issue by consulting relevant ancient books. He said: "Qin Shihuang made great efforts to be reburied, and built a burial place on Rongrong Mountain, a Lantian, whose yin is rich in gold and its yang is rich in beautiful jade. At first, the emperor was greedy for his good name, so he was buried (Notes on Water Classics, Wei Shui). This theory has been circulated in academic circles for more than 1000 years and is considered as the earliest and most authoritative view. On the surface, Zhu's explanation seems reasonable, but it is still a question whether Qin Shihuang, as a child of 13 years old, can know the dollars and jewels of Lantian. Even if I know, I'm afraid the location of the mausoleum will not be decided according to the personal will of a king in name only. Therefore, it seems that this question should be answered from the aspects of the ritual system at that time and the design intention of the mausoleum.

First of all, the location of the mausoleum has something to do with the location of the tombs of previous generations of kings in Qin State. The tombs of the ancestors of Qin Shihuang and the Empress Dowager were buried in Zhiyang, west of Linzhang County, and the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was chosen in Lishan, east of Zhiyang, which was decided by the ritual system at that time, because the tombs of ancient emperors were often arranged according to their ages. Records in books such as The Book of Rites and Er Ya. "South, north and west are the best". "The southwest corner is called this Olympics, which is also respected." The book Lun Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty recorded it more clearly: "The husband is in the west, the land of the elderly, and the position of the venerable is also. The honorable person is in the west, the humble person is in the east ... the husband's grave is hidden by the dead; Tian, who eats what; The house, the place where people live, the three are in people, and it is appropriate to wait. " Even the Xuan Empress of Zhiyang hopes that her tomb can be buried between her husband and son, that is, "seeing my husband in the west and my son in the east", which seems to be based on the principle that the old man lives in the west and the younger generation lives in the east. The ancestors of Qin Shihuang have confirmed that King Zhao Xiang, King Zhuang Xiang and Queen Xuan were buried in Zhiyang. Because the graves of ancestors were buried in the west of Linzhang County, Qin Shihuang, as a junior, could only be buried in the east of Zhiyang. It is obviously against traditional etiquette to locate the mausoleum in the west of Zhiyang. It can be seen that the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was chosen at the foot of Mount Li, which fully conforms to the etiquette of the younger generation living in the East.

Secondly, the choice of the location of the mausoleum was also related to the concept of "building a mausoleum by the mountain" at that time. From about the Spring and Autumn Period, the vassals of various vassal states began to build tombs by mountains one after another. Many monarchs' tombs face the mountains and the water, or face the plains with wide horizons, and even some monarchs' tombs are simply built on the top of the mountain to show their lofty status and majesty of imperial power. The Qin tombs in the Spring and Autumn Period were also influenced by this concept, some were buried in Xishan and some were buried near Lingshan. During the Warring States period, Qin Mausoleum still inherited the mode of "building a mausoleum by the mountain", and the tomb of Qin Shihuang was built on the side of Lishan Mountain, which completely conformed to the traditional concept of "building a mausoleum by the mountain". It is backed by Mount Li and faces the Weihe River. This area has a beautiful natural environment. The whole Lishan Mountain is only from Lintong County to Ma 'e section, where the sea level rises, and the mountains are undulating and overlapping. Looking from the north bank of Weihe River, this mountain range is symmetrical from left to right, like a huge screen standing behind the first imperial mausoleum, standing at the top of the mausoleum and looking south. This mountain range is arc-shaped, and the mausoleum is surrounded by the peaks of Mount Li, which is integrated with the whole Mount Li.

In short, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor not only conforms to the etiquette system of the younger generation living in the East, but also embodies the traditional concept of "building a mausoleum by mountains".

The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is located 5 kilometers east of Qiao Lin County, about 37 kilometers away from Xi, with Mount Li in the south and Weishui in the north. Why did you choose the seat here? Some people think that this is inseparable from the ancient superstition of geomantic omen. In recent years, according to the pictures taken by satellite, geologists can see that it seems like a dragon from Jiao Shan to Huashan, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty is at the leading eye. As we all know, there has been a saying that "make the finishing point" since ancient times. It is unclear whether the ancients had the ability to "foresee" or whether today's people are too attached to meetings.

The mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is approximately square, with a flat top and a slightly stepped waist. It is 76 meters high, 345 meters long from east to west and 350 meters wide from north to south, covering an area of 120750 square meters.

According to preliminary investigation, the cemetery is divided into two parts: the inner city and the outer city. The inner city is square with a circumference of about 3000 meters. There are two doors on the north wall, and 1 doors on the east, west and south walls respectively. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of more than 6200 meters, and each corner has a house address. There are horse burial pits, rare birds and animals pits and pottery pits between the inner and outer cities; There are more than 400 stables, martyrdom pits, prison pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed.

Starting from 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses were found at 1.5 km east of the cemetery. The finished products were arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, and 8,000 pottery barrels, 100 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons were unearthed. Among them, about 6,000 pieces of Bai Tao and Ma Tao are as big as real horses and buried in No.1 pit. There are 1300 pottery barrels and horses and 89 chariots in the No.2 pit. There are 68 warrior barrels in the third pit, 1 chariot and 4 Ma Tao.

1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. Gao Che and Che An, the painted bronze chariots and horses, are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses discovered in China so far, and are known as the "crown of bronze".

In addition to the tomb pit, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor also found a website of a stone processing factory. Architectural relics include door anvil, column foundation, tile, ridge, tile, stone waterway, ceramic waterway and so on.

The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum can be seen, but does Qin Shihuang's mausoleum have a blueprint?

According to historical records, "the water phase ordered the world's criminal slaves to build 720,000 tombs and chisel the articles of association". The construction of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was by no means arbitrary, and it must be built in a planned way according to the design drawings. Throughout the history of the construction of emperors' tombs, it is not difficult to imagine the connection. The specific design blueprint is still under further study.

Who presided over the construction of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang?

It is speculated that Shaofu is responsible for the construction and the National Mausoleum should be managed by it. Of course, the highest management level is true, but true nature is busy, and it is handled by Shaofu. However, there is still a problem here, that is, there is an office in Shaofu named after the reunification of Qin Dynasty. It is impossible to verify whether this office existed before reunification, but whether it exists or not, there must be an institution specializing in civil engineering of the imperial court. As for the name of this institution, further research is needed.

How deep is the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang? The Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor says that it "wears three springs". The description of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum in the old books of Han Dynasty is "extremely deep" and "extremely deep". Some people think that the underground palace of Qin Mausoleum is neither shallow nor deep, and the "three springs" mentioned in the book are nothing more than what people often say "under the nine springs". According to Lu Chunqiu, "Shallow is the rise of the fox, deep is the spring", that is, the deepest is the spring. In ancient times, due to technical limitations, it was not easy to construct under springs. Moreover, if the underground palace is located below the groundwater level, long-term infiltration of groundwater will definitely cause the underground palace to be "soaked". Qin Shihuang and the designers of his mausoleum could not have failed to take this into account. Of course, these are just speculations, and the specific situation is unknown.

What is the structure of the catacombs of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum?

Judging from the remains excavated from the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, it seems that Qin Shihuang wanted to bring his palaces, mountains and other things to the underground world, and it was difficult to achieve this without building a huge mausoleum. According to "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor", "When the great event is finished, it has been hidden, closed in envy, and the craftsmen are hidden outside the door, and they cannot return." Here, when it comes to appreciating the middle door and the outer door, there must be an inner door. This seems to indicate that there is a passage leading to the main tomb in the underground palace, and craftsmen can only close it outside the Zhongxian Gate. Neixian Gate is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin and camphor are placed. As for the length of the pyramid-shaped mound, it is conceivable that if there is a 300-foot cave, it is no wonder that some people think that the cave in the underground palace of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is directly below Wangfeng, the main peak in the center of Riding Mountain.

According to archaeological exploration and judging the position of Terracotta Warriors in the tomb, experts believe that the direction of the tomb is to sit west to east. This is a strange layout. As we all know, in ancient China, the position facing south was respected, and the tombs of emperors in past dynasties basically sat in the pattern facing south. Why did Qin Shihuang, who unified the world, sit west to east?

Some people think that during his lifetime, Qin Shihuang sent Xu Fudong across the Yellow Sea to look for Penglai and Yingzhou Wonderland, and made many personal expeditions, drank stones in the east, met in the south, and stayed in Langxie and Zhi Zhu, all of which showed his urgent yearning for Wonderland. It's a pity that Qin Shihuang's wish to visit the fairyland finally fell through when he left at dusk and there was no news. If you don't get the elixir of life before you die, you must face the east after you die, so that you can extradite the immortal and reach the kingdom of heaven. Perhaps this is the greatest wish of Qin Shihuang in his later years. Based on this, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang can only sit west to east.

Some people think that Qin is located in the west. In order to show his determination to conquer the six eastern countries, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, first built a Dongling; After the annexation of the six countries, the first emperor was determined not to change the original intention of designing and building the mausoleum in order to keep an eye on the six eastern countries after his death, so the mausoleum we saw could only face east and west.

Some people think that the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang faces east from the west, which is related to the customs of Qin and Han Dynasties. According to relevant documents, at that time, from emperors, governors to generals, and even ordinary scholar-bureaucrat families, all the masters sat in the west and sat in the east. There is only one Qin Shihuang in the world. In order to maintain "respect", the direction of the mausoleum can be imagined.

In fact, it's not just the orientation of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang that puzzles people. According to the investigation, 9 17 Qin tombs have been excavated in Shaanxi, mostly in the east-west direction. The 32 tombs of Qin Gongling also face east. This feature of Qin people's burial style was more obvious in the early days. What caused the Qin people to adopt this eastern burial method? Scholars who insist that Qin people originated in the East believe that because the East was the place where Qin ancestors used to work and live, they have special feelings for the East. However, things are separated, and the road is long.