How can tourist attractions develop sustainably?

How to realize the sustainable development of tourist areas in the period of economic transformation, the contradiction between heritage resource protection and economic development, and the contradiction between resource protection and high-density tourism development all appear in the resource protection and management of scenic spots. How to deal with these contradictions is a common problem faced by scenic spots in China at present. Qingdao Laoshan Scenic Area is typical in this respect.

Three major problems highlight the pain of over-exploitation

There are three main problems in the protection and development of Laoshan scenic spot. First, the tendency of "urbanization, artificialization, commercialization and gardening" in Laoshan Scenic Area is prominent.

The eastward movement of Qingdao city has promoted the urbanization of the surrounding areas of Laoshan Mountain, and the construction scale in the scenic spot has been expanding, which has obvious "urbanization" tendency. In the coastal area of Shazikou, high-density development of community buildings, villas and hotels, some citizens bought land to build houses in the village, which destroyed the landscape to some extent; In the core scenic spots around Nanjiushui, villa-style buildings almost exceed the number of local residents; Along Wanggezhuang, a scenic spot, the community construction in the residential area is extremely uncoordinated with the surrounding environment of the scenic spot.

Nature is one of the important features of a scenic spot. At present, there are too many artificial constructions in some scenic spots, and the landscape construction and tourism project development planning in various places are frequent and the scale is increasing, which greatly heats up the infrastructure construction. Road construction, parking lots, temporary buildings, hotels and even real estate projects are pouring in; The phenomenon of "garden in garden" is outstanding. There are many places such as "sightseeing garden", "rainforest valley", "forest park" and "ecological park" along the southern coastal line alone. The phenomenon of "artificialization and gardening" is prominent, which not only seriously destroys the overall environment of the scenic spot, but also erodes the national resources of the scenic spot. In addition, with the development of tourism, there are more and more commercial facilities, hotels and restaurants in scenic spots, and the commercial atmosphere is getting stronger and stronger.

Second, the protection of water resources in scenic spots has not received due attention, and biodiversity is threatened.

There are many reservoirs and ponds built and planned in the scenic area, which is not conducive to the storage and comprehensive utilization of water resources in Qingdao. For example, xia zhuang and Yangkou forest areas are located in the semi-humid and semi-arid zone in the northwest of Laoshan Mountain, and their ecosystems are fragile. The existing development activities have damaged the habitat and growth environment of wild animals and plants to varying degrees.

Because some villagers don't know enough about biodiversity, many wildlife resources have dried up. For example, wild animals and plants account for a large proportion in the "peasant banquet" cuisine. Driven by economic benefits, the scale and quantity of picking have increased sharply, which not only makes the species itself scarce and difficult to recover, but also causes soil erosion and other consequences.

The third is to carve stones and erect monuments without authorization, which separates the integrity and continuity of history and culture.

Simply carving a stone to set up a monument not only destroys historical sites, but also shows that historical research is superficial and cultural exploration is not in-depth. For example, xia zhuang and Xifu Town were the only way in and out of the hinterland of Laoshan Mountain in ancient times, with many historical and cultural relics, but they were rarely reflected in this area. Instead, they took it for granted and carved many stones without authorization, which not only separated the integrity and continuity of Laoshan's history and culture, but also doomed the ancient cultural sites such as Bawangtai and Caibeigou.

These problems not only exist in Laoshan scenic spot, but also have certain universality in other scenic spots.

Explore the deep-seated reasons from four aspects.

Why does Laoshan Scenic Area face such a problem?

First, there is a lack of understanding of the particularity of the resources of national scenic spots and a lack of in-depth understanding of the nature and functions of national scenic spots. Driven by economic interests, the marketization and enterprise management of scenic spots have caused certain damage to scenic spots.

Second, the system is not smooth, multi-head management and low efficiency. Laoshan Scenic Area is managed by the Scenic Area Management Committee, and the scenic area is under the jurisdiction of Laoshan District and Chengyang District. Specifically, it is managed by Sanjie Town and involves nearly 200 communities and villages, so it is difficult to avoid the problem of fragmentation. On the one hand, there are two district-level governments and one municipal-level government agency in Laoshan Scenic Area, which implement block management; On the other hand, the scenic resources are nominally managed by the CMC, but in fact, the departments of land and resources, cultural relics, forestry, ocean and environmental protection exercise their respective functions and powers and implement all-round management. Scenic spots lack an authoritative organization as the main body of unified management and responsibility.

Third, in the process of transition to market economy, due to the imperfect legal system, some places use all available resources and ignore the protection of public resources.

Fourth, there is no legal basis for the protection of scenic spots. The current laws and regulations are imperfect and lack of binding force. Laws and regulations do not explicitly prohibit profit-making behavior at the expense of destroying heritage resources, and there is also a lack of disciplinary provisions for individuals. At the same time, it is difficult to strictly enforce the law. At present, most of the over-exploitation and destructive construction are "double violation" buildings; In many places, the construction scale and volume are not strictly controlled according to the requirements of the master plan.

Pay equal attention to scientific protection and rational development.

The situation in Laoshan Scenic Area is not a case.

How to realize the combination of scientific protection and rational development of scenic spots has become a top priority.

To change this situation, we must first strengthen propaganda and change our concepts. We should pay attention to the popularization of basic knowledge in scenic spots and firmly establish the concept in the whole society that natural and cultural heritage belongs to present and future generations, and anyone has only the obligation to look after and maintain it, but has no right to dispose of it at will.

Secondly, we should adjust our thinking and straighten out the system.

Taking Laoshan Scenic Area as an example, we should first straighten out the relationship between the two district-level governments and the dispatched agencies of a municipal government in the scenic area, and gradually realize the integrated management of Laoshan Scenic Area and Laoshan Administrative District. Land, planning and construction, tourism services, natural resources, ecological environment, municipal facilities, urban construction supervision, public utilities, culture and education, health and sports, property rights of state-owned assets, public safety, rural affairs and economic development in this area should be managed in a unified way.

On the basis of straightening out the system, according to the development goal, establish a clear, reasonable and scientific reality; It not only embodies protection, but also develops and utilizes it; It can not only benefit the local people, but also harm the interests of future generations. CMC implements unified management of heritage resources. The protection and development of land, mountains, woodlands, scenic forests, landforms, human landscapes and other resources contracted by state-owned, collectives and individuals in scenic spots shall be managed by the CMC in a unified manner according to law, and the collective forests shall be bought out to straighten out the property rights relationship; Development, utilization and protection of water resources in scenic spots, forestry management, forest pest control, fire inspection, cultural relics protection, medical treatment, preventive health care, health supervision and disease control. Managed by the CMC according to law, and accept the business guidance of the relevant departments of the city; Adhere to the principle of residents in the original place of residence and strictly control the population growth of scenic spots.

Third, speed up local legislation and implement management according to law. Governments at all levels and relevant departments should, on the basis of existing laws and regulations, formulate local regulations on the management of Laoshan National Key Scenic Area as soon as possible, which will be passed by the Municipal People's Congress. Laws and regulations should clarify the planning scope of scenic spots and the functional division of regions; Clarify the status of the management Committee; Clarify the property right relationship of heritage resources in scenic spots, and prohibit profit-making behavior at the expense of destroying heritage resources; To stipulate the rights, responsibilities and obligations of local residents for the protection, development and operation of scenic spots; Organize scientific research and in-depth cultural development; Disciplinary provisions for destroying heritage resources, etc.

Fourth, implement all-round management and strengthen the protection of scenic resources. CMC and its affiliated institutions are responsible for the planning, protection, construction and management of scenic spots, and exercise the comprehensive functions of unified management; Tourism, industry and commerce, forestry, transportation, public security, environmental protection and other functional departments, under the unified leadership of the CMC, perform their duties and play an important role in professional management; Residents and business practitioners in scenic spots obey unified management, and at the same time combine self-management with active participation in management to give full play to the basic role of the masses.

Use scientific, technical, administrative and legal means to achieve effective protection of resources. At the same time, adopt the rule of law to clean up "double violation" projects. Management Committee should use the rule of law to clean up and dismantle the "double violation" projects in the scenic area within a time limit; Under the premise of not harming the interests of the original residents and not increasing the population of the scenic spot, clean up and dispose of the newly built and expanded buildings and halls in the name of old village reconstruction; All kinds of buildings that carry out commercial operations in scenic areas should be standardized according to the requirements of the Planning; All kinds of gardens and park projects formed in scenic spots should be used and managed in a unified way according to the plan.

Fifth, guide the residents of scenic spots to handle the relationship between man and nature and between people. The CMC can sign a "cooperation agreement" with local residents to clarify the rights and responsibilities of both parties; To stipulate the responsibility of local residents to protect heritage resources; Guide the development direction of ecological agriculture; The management activities of the scenic spot give priority to the residents of the original residence, first of all, the residents with difficulties in life.