Review materials of historical geography in the first volume of the second day of junior high school

1, the geographical location and characteristics of China:

● Latitude position and advantages: China's territory spans a vast latitude from north to south, most of which are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the (northern temperature) zone, and a small part is in the (tropical) zone, not in the (cold zone). The huge climate difference provides favorable conditions for the development of (various agricultural economies).

● Land and sea location and advantages: (1) is located in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean, which makes the vast area in the east of China (under the influence of humid air flow in summer monsoon, precipitation) rich and is beneficial to (agricultural) production; (2) The eastern region has both land and sea, which is conducive to friendly exchanges with overseas countries; Western region (deep into Eurasia)

China's land transportation can directly communicate with other countries (Central Asia, West Asia and Europe), which is convenient for foreign countries (communication and cooperation) (3) There are many excellent harbors along the coast, which are convenient for development (marine undertakings).

China has a territory of 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian.

Lulin 14. The counterclockwise directions are North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. The land border is more than 20,000 kilometers.

There are six countries across the sea: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia.

2. The population of our country

● Total population: 654.38+295 million in 2000.

● The outstanding characteristics of China's population: large population base and rapid population growth.

● Characteristics of population distribution in China: The population distribution is uneven, bounded by Heihe River in Heilongjiang and Tengchong in Yunnan. The population density in the eastern region is high, while that in the western region is low. The western part of China is sparsely populated, but rich in resources. What problems should be paid attention to in the development of the western region? The western region has resource advantages, but the natural environment is relatively fragile. At present, the contradiction between man, land, water and soil is quite acute, and the development of the western region must be based on environmental protection, and it is not possible to develop first and then treat it.

National population policy: family planning.

● Content: Control the population and improve the quality of the population.

3. Nationalities in China

There are 56 ethnic groups in China, among which the Han nationality has the largest population and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population.

● Distribution characteristics of Han nationality: Han nationality is distributed all over the country, with the most concentrated in the central and eastern regions.

● Distribution characteristics of ethnic minorities: mainly concentrated in the northeast, northwest and southwest. The largest minority is Zhuang nationality. Ethnic distribution characteristics: large mixed residence, small settlement.

● National customs:

Mongolian Nadam Congress

Dai water-splashing festival, peacock dance,

Keywords Tibetan group dance, Tibetan calendar year,

The long-term encouragement of the Korean people.

4. The terrain of China

● China's topographical features: the terrain is complex and diverse, and the mountains are vast.

● What problems should be paid attention to in the development and protection of mountainous areas:

(1) Mountainous terrain, inconvenient transportation and difficult infrastructure construction.

(2) When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to the construction of ecological environment to prevent and avoid mountain disasters such as collapse, landslide and debris flow.

● Topographic features of China: The topography of China is high in the west and low in the east, with a stepped distribution.

Stairs, altitude, main terrain types and boundaries of main terrain areas

The first step, the first step, the second step, Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain; The second and third steps are Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Qaidam Basin over 4000m.

The second step is 1000-2000m Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin.

The hills, mountains, plains and basins below the third step 500 meters are alternately distributed in the southeast hills, northeast plains, North China plains and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

● The influence of the stepped distribution of China's topography on the climate, rivers and traffic in China;

(1) Impact on climate: China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, which is conducive to the humid air flow at sea to advance inland and bring abundant precipitation to vast areas of China.

(2) Impact on rivers: the topography of high in the west and low in the east will inevitably cause rivers in China to flow into the sea from west to east; When the river flows from a higher step to a lower step, the drop is large, resulting in huge water energy.

(3) Impact on traffic: The big river flowing eastward connects the traffic between the east and the west of China, which facilitates the connection between coastal areas and inland areas; The mountain range at the junction of stairs has become a huge obstacle to the east-west traffic in China.

Topographic areas on both sides of the mountain range

West side east side

① Northeast Plain of Inner Mongolia Plateau in Daxinganling

② Taihang Mountain Loess Plateau North China Plain

③ Wushan Sichuan Basin Yangtze River Plain

④ Hengduan Mountains, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sichuan Basin or Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

Topographic areas on both sides of the mountain range

North and South

⑤ The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Kunlun Mountain Tarim Basin

⑥ Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin and Tianshan Mountain

● Mountains form the terrain skeleton.

● Four stationary periods

(Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) The plateau with the highest altitude and the largest area in China.

(Inner Mongolia Plateau) The ground is open and endless.

Loess is widely distributed, and there are thousands of valleys on the surface.

The surface of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged and the karst landform is remarkable.

● Four great basin

The largest basin is Tarim basin.

The basin with the highest altitude is (Qaidam) basin.

The basin with the highest latitude is Junggar basin.

The basin with the best conditions for developing agricultural production is the (Sichuan) basin.

● Main mountain range trend: east-west trend: Tianshan-Yinshan.

Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountains

Nanling mountains

Northeast-southwest trend: Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain

Changbai Mountain Range-Wuyishan Mountain Range

Mountainous areas of Taiwan Province Province.

North-South trend: Hengduan Mountains.

Northwest-Southeast Strike: Qilian Mountain Range

Arc mountain range: Himalayas

5. Climate in China

According to the active accumulated temperature, China can be divided into five temperature zones from north to south.

Cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone; In addition, there is a plateau climate zone with higher terrain.

According to the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, China can be divided into four dry and wet areas:

Dry and wet areas, humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid areas and arid areas.

Vegetation: forest, grassland, grassland and desert.

Agricultural type planting (paddy field agriculture) planting (dry land agriculture) animal husbandry

● The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area: (Daxinganling), (Yinshan), (Helan), (Bayankala) and (Gangdise).

Name the reasons for the differences in the following geographical phenomena:

The formation of the special "Land of Fish and Rice" in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China benefited from the monsoon climate of the same period of rain and heat.

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are roughly at the same latitude as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but the reason for the great climate difference is the high altitude of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Arabian Peninsula are roughly at the same latitude, and the reason for the great climate difference is due to the land and sea position and summer monsoon.

The influence of. The latitudes of Beijing and Urumqi are roughly the same, but the precipitation is quite different. Land and sea location, summer monsoon

Planting different fruit trees in different temperature areas; Different temperature zones have different internal cooking systems; The architectural structure of traditional folk houses in north and south is also different. The reason is latitude.

The vegetation in the east and west is different; The types of agriculture in the east and west are different, with farming in the east and animal husbandry in the west; The roof structure of east and west houses is different, with many pheasant roofs in the southeast and many flat roofs in the northwest. (Different precipitation)

China is extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources. (The climate is complex and diverse)

② Different natural resources and tourism resources (with complex and diverse climate) are formed.

People's eating habits are also different, such as: Sichuan, Hunan and other places are cold and humid in winter, and they like to eat Chili; Southerners love rice, while northerners love pasta. (The climate is complex and diverse)

People's clothes are also colorful because they have adapted to the climate (the climate is complex and diverse)

For example, Tibetan robes in Tibet are designed to adapt to the climatic characteristics of Tibet with large daily difference (topography); ⑤ Architectural features vary from place to place. The slope of the roof in the north is small, the wall is thick, and the slope of the roof in the south is large (temperature and precipitation); 6. That's right. ……

( 1)①7; ②7、8; ③4、5、6、7、8; ④4、5、6、7、8、9

(2) More in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring

(3) Guangzhou and Harbin; The rain belt in China is advancing from south to north.

(4) Because the rainy season in southern China starts early and ends late, the rainy season is long; The rainy season in northern China started late, ended early and lasted for a short time.

● Disastrous weather (cold wave), (typhoon) and (flood and drought disaster) caused by monsoon climate.

● Main features of climate in China.

(1) Read the climate characteristics of our country from the picture: the climate characteristics (complex and diverse climate) and (monsoon) climate are remarkable.

(2) Sanming has a subtropical monsoon climate.

List and compare the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

Yangtze river and yellow river project

Mount Tanggula, the birthplace of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Bayankala, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Source Tuotuo River Yuegu Zonglie Canal

It flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong and other provinces.

It flows through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loess Plateau and North China Plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

The main tributaries are Jialing River, Hanjiang River, Ganjiang River, Taohe River, Huangshui River and Weihe River.

The basin is located between Qinling and Nanling, and between Yinshan and Qinling.

Develop hydropower (upstream) and shipping hydropower (upstream)

Harnessing and building shelter forests in the middle and upper reaches (omitted, see the table below)

● Causes of disasters in various sections of the Yellow River and basic control schemes.

The upper, middle and lower reaches of the river.

The main disasters are grassland degradation, desertification and serious soil erosion.

The cause of the disaster is that the climate tends to be dry. The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau with many tributaries. The loess plateau has loose soil layer and serious vegetation destruction. In heavy rain, a lot of sediment flows into the Yellow River with the rain.

When the Yellow River enters the lower reaches of the plain, the channel widens and the slope slows down. The river's velocity slows down, and the sediment it carries is deposited, which makes the river bed gradually rise.

Managing planting trees and grass to carry out comprehensive management of soil and water conservation. Reinforce the Yellow River levee

8. Characteristics of China's natural resources: (rich in total resources), (but insufficient per capita). )

Types of land resources Main topographic types in dry and wet areas in monsoon or non-monsoon areas

Farmland monsoon region in humid and semi-humid areas of plains, low mountains and hills and eastern basin

Semi-arid Plateau in Non-monsoon Region of Mountain Meadow in Wet Forest Region

Basins and plateaus with unused land in semi-arid areas of western China.

● The basic national policy of land in China is to "cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land."

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in China and its influence on social and economic development

At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

● Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in China: time: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring; Space: There is no southerly wind in the north.

● Solve the problem of uneven distribution of water resources in time and space: The construction of reservoirs can effectively control the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity. For example, the Three Gorges and Xiaolangdi water control projects.

● One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions: inter-basin water transfer. For example, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the Luanhe River Diversion Project and the Yellow River Diversion Project.

● One of the main ways to solve the water shortage problem in China is to save water and protect water resources.

9. Traffic in China

● The overall distribution pattern of China's traffic network: dense in the east and sparse in the west.

● Main railway lines in China.

① Lanxin Line ② Qinghai-Tibet Line (unfinished) ③ Baolan Line ④ Beijing-Kowloon Line ⑤ Baocheng Line ⑤ Chengkun Line.

East-west direction: Beijing-Baotou-Baolan line (Baotou-Lanzhou); Longhai (Lianyungang-Lanzhou)-Lanxin Line (Lanzhou-Urumqi);

Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi (Hangzhou-Zhuzhou)-Xiang Qian (Zhuzhou-Guiyang)-Guikun (Guiyang-Kunming) Line

North-South direction: Jingha Line (Beijing-Harbin); Beijing-Shanghai line (Beijing-Shanghai); Beijing-Guangzhou line (Beijing-Guangzhou); Beijing-Kowloon Line (Beijing-Kowloon)

Liujiao Line (Jiaozuo-Liuzhou); Baocheng Line (Baoji-Chengdu)-Chengkun Line (Chengdu-Kunming)

Major transportation hubs and railway trunk lines in China;

Beijing: (Jingha Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line) and (Beijing-Kowloon Line).

Xuzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line).

Zhengzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line).

Lanzhou: (Longhai Line), (Jingbao Line) and (Baolan Line).