The reasons for the formation of southwest mandarin

Question 1: How was Southwest Mandarin formed in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties? After the war in southwest China, the population dropped sharply, so there was "Huguang filling Sichuan". In fact, it is not limited to Huguang, and many people have moved in from other parts of China. In order to unify management and facilitate communication, the official northern dialect of * * * became the lingua franca, and after a long period of immigration with other places, it formed the Southwest Mandarin. Because it is formed on the basis of northern mandarin, it belongs to northern dialect.

Question 2: History of Southwest Mandarin During the pre-Qin period, Ba and Shu in Sichuan Basin had their own unique languages, but their characteristics were unknown due to their long history. 3 16 years ago, the Qin dynasty destroyed Bashu, and Sichuan began to be ruled by the Central Plains dynasty. Yang Xiong dialect "Shu Han Liang Yi" may be the earliest Sichuan dialect title. During the Han and Jin Dynasties, it was called "Shu Ren Yan" in primary school textbooks. Yan Zhitui in the Northern Qi Dynasty once heard Yizhou's Shu Shu describe beans as beans, revealing that Sichuan dialect in the Six Dynasties had the characteristics of ancient Qin Jin dialect. There are two versions of Sichuan dialect in Song Dynasty, one is Bayin or Yin Shu, and the other is Yin Xi or Yin Xi. Qin Jin and Liang Yi are a large dialect area in Yang Xiong dialect. After the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, Xichuan dialect and Northwest pronunciation are in the same strain and similar, which can be called as a whole. During the Yuan Dynasty, the basic features of modern Mandarin had been formed, which also laid the foundation for modern Southwest Mandarin. At present, there is no definite conclusion about the specific formation period and origin of Southwest Mandarin in Sichuan. However, the vocabulary of ancient dialects in Bashu area remains 8% in modern Sichuan dialect and 30% in medieval dialect, which shows that Southwest Mandarin is related to ancient Bashu dialect. In the early Ming Dynasty, a large number of people immigrated to Yunnan and Guizhou in the form of garrison, while in the Qing Dynasty, the immigrants accepted by Yunnan and Guizhou mainly came from Sichuan, Hunan and Jiangxi, so the southwest Mandarin of Yunnan and Guizhou was also greatly influenced by Jianghuai Mandarin and Gan Dialect. On the other hand, in Dabie Mountain area, which is located in northern Hubei, southern Henan and western Anhui, Southwest Mandarin also influences Jianghuai Mandarin, and at the same time, it mixes the characteristics of two kinds of Mandarin, making the local dialect obviously transitional. We can know from the DNA road map of human migration. Before the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, humans had just entered East Asia, and the ice sheets on land began to melt at the end of the glacial century 1000 years ago. A yellow race trudged north along the west side of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and finally reached the basin and Hetao area in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. They are called Qian Qiang, the same ancestor of China and Tibet: China people. Chinese eventually became the main population of China and the main source of Han nationality, so the northern dialect used in Chinese became the most widely used language in China. However, the Southwest Mandarin is located on the route of thousands of kilometers that China people moved northward in those years, which is the human cultural and genetic basis for Southwest Mandarin to keep basically the same pronunciation and intonation from Yunnan to Guizhou and from north to south for thousands of kilometers. This is why Southwest Mandarin is the closest language to Northern Mandarin. While most Chinese dialects are lamenting the ecological crisis of dialects caused by the promotion of homophones, the Southwest Mandarin has not shrunk under the threat of homophones, but has continued to grow and develop: 1, eastward: the territory of Hunan dialect has been gradually swallowed up from Jianghan, Chongqing and Xiangxi in Hubei. 2. Invasion to the South: In the Han nationality areas of Guangxi, Southwest Mandarin is becoming more and more common. The two former sites of Southwest Mandarin in Yunnan and Guizhou are surrounded by minority languages that speak Zhuang and Dong languages and Miao Yao. Most of these ethnic minorities are bilingual, and some have basically completed language conversion in the younger generation. The Chinese they use is the local southwest mandarin. 3. Expansion to the west: Many ethnic minorities in western Sichuan and western Yunnan who speak Tibetan and Burmese have switched to Chinese or are bilingual, and the Chinese used is also Southwest Mandarin; Because the * * * military sub-division is subordinate to * * *, most of the officers and men come from Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing and Sichuan. At the same time, due to geographical factors, people in the west have the most contact with the southwest, and the Chinese they learn in non-classroom is also Southwest Mandarin. 4. Internally: There are many unofficial dialect islands in Sichuan, which are gradually submerged under the strength of Southwest Mandarin. 5. Assimilation: Southwest Mandarin is one of the simplest dialects in Chinese. Therefore, people who work and study in the southwest from the northern Mandarin area and the southern non-Mandarin area, as well as those who stay for a long time or a short time, have learned the southwest Mandarin to some extent. 6. At the same time, Southwest Mandarin is widely used because of its high internal consistency (mainly tone and tone identity), which can accept the accent of the other side. In fact, it has formed a regional homonym close to Chengdu-Chongqing dialect. At the same time, this regional homonym largely avoids more dialect words, and the written language of the same language with the Han nationality is more unified, and the language is more common. 7. Because the grammar system of Southwest Mandarin has great consistency with Putonghua, it developed together with Putonghua, and the modernization achievements of modern Chinese written language can be used by it, so there is no problem of modernization of words and languages like Wu dialect, Min dialect and Hakka dialect. Only words related to ... >>

Question 3: How are dialects formed? Among several dialects of modern Chinese in China, the northern dialect can be regarded as the development of ancient Chinese in the vast northern region after thousands of years, and the rest dialects are gradually formed by the continuous southward migration of northern residents in history. The early Jiangnan area, mainly inhabited by the Guyue nationality, used Guyue language, which was far from ancient Chinese and could not speak. Later, * * in the north went south several times on a large scale, which brought ancient northern Chinese in different periods and spread to various regions in the south of the Yangtze River, thus gradually forming six dialects that are obviously different from each other now. There are three reasons for the differences in dialects: first, before the contact between northern Chinese and southern ancient Vietnamese, there were their own regional dialects; Second, the time for northern Chinese to go south is different, and the natural Chinese themselves are different; Third, the southern dialect developed in a certain unique environment.

In the development of Han society, there have been different degrees of differentiation and unification, which gradually led to the emergence of Chinese dialects.

There are various dialects in modern Chinese, which are widely distributed. The differences between modern Chinese dialects are manifested in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, especially in pronunciation. But these dialects and homophones are not independent languages, because they have certain corresponding rules in pronunciation and have many similarities in vocabulary and grammar. According to the characteristics of dialects, the history of their formation and development, and the results of the current dialect survey, dialects of modern Chinese can be divided. At present, Chinese linguists have different opinions on the division of modern Chinese dialects. Most people think that there are seven dialects in modern Chinese: Northern Dialect, Wu Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect, Cantonese Dialect, Hunan Dialect and Gan Dialect. The ancient languages in China differ greatly in time, so there are many controversies. There are two kinds of materials (below), the first is from the perspective of history, and the second is from the perspective of ancient Chinese pronunciation. But no matter what kind of information it is, the official language of pre-Qin China is still unknown.

Generally speaking, it is like this:

After Qin dynasty: a language based on Shaanxi and Xianyang dialects;

Southern Song Dynasty: A "Er Hua Yin" similar to Beijing appeared; Nanjing dialect is also ok.

Putonghua in different periods of Ming and Qing Dynasties may adopt different regional phonetics. From the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, there was always a dispute about which region should be used in Mandarin, including Jinling dialect, Beijing dialect and Luoyang dialect. What is certain is that from a certain period of the Qing Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Mandarin used Beijing dialect. However, it should be noted that Nanjing dialect, Luoyang dialect and Beijing dialect have undergone great changes compared with Ming and Qing dynasties, especially compared with Nanjing dialect, Luoyang dialect and Beijing dialect in the early Ming dynasty.

This article seems to lack empirical evidence, but I personally think it is still of great reference value.

The official language of China today is Mandarin, which is based on Beijing dialect. This tradition of China's official language probably began in the Yuan Dynasty. But before the Yuan Dynasty, what was the official language of China? We have almost no exact historical records now.

The establishment of a unified society in China began in the Qin Dynasty. However, according to historical records, the Qin Dynasty only unified the characters, that is, the so-called "books with the same language", and there was no unified language. Until today, dialects in different parts of China are very different, which is also a problem left over from history. Before the Qin Dynasty, we had reason to believe that the official languages of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties should be relatively unified, but during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, each independent kingdom was basically its own independent official language. Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, Qin and wuyue. The official language of each court should be different.

So what is the official language of the central court after the Qin Dynasty and the establishment of unified centralization? According to common sense, the official language of the Qin Dynasty may be based on Shaanxi and Xianyang dialects. As an ancient historical capital, Xi 'an has always been the seat of the central government in the history of China. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that before the Yuan Dynasty, the official language of China should be Shaanxi dialect or xi 'an dialect.

The reason why we want to talk about this problem is that we will encounter a problem when we study China's ancient poems. China's ancient poems pay great attention to melody and level tones. So, in which language are melody and tonality expressed? In other words, what language should Li Bai's poems be read in to be more rhythmic and even? Today, we read the poems of Li Bai and Du Fu in Mandarin, without exception. But in the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai was above the imperial court and asked Gao Lishi to take off his boots before writing poetry. What language was used? When we read the word "reading" in Mandarin today, the correct pronunciation is "chop" in Shaanxi dialect. & gt

Question 4: Why are Shandong dialect, Henan dialect and Guanzhong dialect called Zhongyuan Mandarin? Central Plains Mandarin is a branch of the mother tongue and Mandarin of the Central Plains and Guanzhong nationalities.

There is a big gap between the typical Central Plains Mandarin and Mandarin in initials, finals and characters, and the sharp sounds are strictly distinguished. Today, Yin Ping reads the ancient initial consonants, and today Yangping reads the ancient full-voiced initial consonants, which is the standard for dividing the Mandarin areas in the Central Plains.

Central Plains Mandarin is mainly distributed in most parts of Henan, southwestern Shandong, northern Jiangsu, northwestern Anhui, southwestern Shanxi, Guanzhong of Shaanxi, southeastern Gansu, eastern Qinghai and southern Tianshan of Xinjiang. * * * In 390 counties and cities, the population of Central Plains Mandarin is second only to that of Southwest Mandarin.

Since ancient times, Luoyang reading pronunciation has always been this pronunciation, and Henan dialect is a typical central plains mandarin. Huaxia language, with Luo Yang as the standard pronunciation, later became the elegant language used in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and then developed into the "common language, common language" in Yang Xiong dialect. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the "lingua franca" based on Luoyang intonation spread from the Central Plains to the north and Jiangzuo areas. Yang Di Yang Guang, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty, moved tens of thousands of wealthy businessmen dajia from all over the country to Luoyang with Luoyang as the capital, which popularized pronunciation and orthography represented by Luoyang. In the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang reading sound was still the basis of Han homonyms. During the Northern Song Dynasty (now Kaifeng), the sound of reading in Luoyang was still called "the elegant sound of the Central Plains". Chen Ming Quanzhi's "Peng Chuang Tu Lu": "Hangzhou is like a border race. When crossing from the south to the end, there are many side sounds." When the Song Dynasty moved south to Hangzhou, the influence of the elegant sounds of the Central Plains also expanded in Hangzhou, so that today's Hangzhou dialect has many similarities with the Central Plains Mandarin. But at that time, Luoyang's reading pronunciation was still in the position of standard pronunciation, "Luoyang is the only one in the Central Plains with the most correct pronunciation" (Lu You's Notes on Old Learning Temple [1] Volume 6). The voice of the Central Plains was basically shaped in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Question 5: Sichuan, a province in the southwest of China, is called "Sichuan" or "Shu" for short. Chengdu, the capital, is located in the southwest hinterland of Chinese mainland. Since ancient times, it has been known as the "Land of Abundance", and it is the gateway to western China and the hometown of giant pandas. Sichuan borders Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, * *, Qinghai, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces and cities. In the east of Sichuan, there are parallel ravines and hills in the middle of Sichuan, the Chengdu Plain in the middle and the western Sichuan Plateau in the west. Sichuan now governs 1 sub-provincial cities, 17 prefecture-level cities and 3 ethnic autonomous prefectures. Sichuan is an important economic, industrial, agricultural, military, tourism and cultural province in China. Chengdu, the provincial capital, is the seat of one of the * * *. Sichuan is rich in resources. There are 132 kinds of mineral resources with proven reserves, accounting for 70% of the national resources. It is a major resource and energy province in China and the starting point of gas transmission from Sichuan to the East. Because of its rich products and resources, it is known as the "land of abundance". Chinese name: Sichuan abbreviation: Sichuan and Sichuan mbth: Sichuan province alias: land of abundance administrative region category: province area: China municipality area: 18 city &; Resident of three autonomous prefectures * * *: No.30, Du Yuan Street, Jinjiang District, Chengdu. Telephone area code: 028, 08 1X, 082X, 083X Postal code: 6 1XXXX, 62XXXX Location: southwest capital of China: Chengdu area: 486,000 square kilometers Population: 8 1.402 million (permanent population at the end of 2065 was 438+. Climate conditions of Hakka-Tukan dialect: Famous scenic spots with subtropical monsoon climate: Huanglong, Jiuzhaigou and Dushunan Zhuhai Airport: Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport, Jiuzhai Huanglong Airport, Luzhou Lantian Airport and mianyang nanjiao airport Railway Station: Chengdu Railway Station, Chengdu East Railway Station, Mianyang Railway Station, Panzhihua Railway Station, Dazhou Railway Station and Guangyuan Railway Station. License plate number: Sichuan A- Sichuan Z Important cities: Mianyang, Deyang, Luzhou, Nanchong and Yibin Major rivers: Yangtze River, Minjiang River, Tuojiang River, Jialing River, Yalong River, Qujiang River and Dadu River GDP:28536.7 billion yuan (20 14) Current leader: secretary of provincial party committee: * *; Governor: Li Yin famous universities: Sichuan University, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Southwest Jiaotong University and other historical celebrities: * * *, Wu Zetian, Su Shi, Li Bai, etc. Chongqing, also known as Bayu, Shancheng, Chongqing, Du Qiao and Wudu, is a municipality directly under the Central Government of the People's Republic of China, a national central city, a megacity, a hot spring capital of the world and an economic center in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Water, land and air integrated transportation hub in the central and western regions. Chongqing is called "Chongqing water" because of Jialing River in ancient times, so it is called Chongqing for short. In the first year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty (1 102), Yuzhou was changed to Duke Zhou. In the first month of the Southern Song Dynasty 16 (1 189), Zhao Xian, the son of Xiao Zong, was crowned King Gong, and in February, he became emperor, known as "Double Celebration", and was later promoted to Chongqing, hence the name Chongqing. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Republic of China designated Chongqing as the wartime capital and permanent capital, and in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was the Southwest Command and the municipality directly under the Central Government. After the establishment of the municipality directly under the Central Government in June 1997, the transformation and revitalization of Chongqing's old industrial base accelerated, forming hundreds of billions of industries such as electronic information, automobile, equipment manufacturing, comprehensive chemical industry, materials, energy and consumer goods manufacturing. Chongqing has Sino-Singapore (Chongqing) strategic interconnection demonstration projects, national new areas-Liangjiang New District, Chongqing Yuxinou International Railway, Chongqing Lianglu Cuntan Bonded Port Area, Chongqing Xiyong Comprehensive Bonded Zone, Chongqing Railway Bonded Logistics Center, Chongqing Nanpeng Highway Bonded Logistics Center and Wanzhou Bonded Logistics Center, which are exempt from visas within 72 hours of transit, and import ports such as complete vehicles, fruits and meat are available. Chinese name: Chongqing abbreviation: Ba, Chongqing mbth: Chungking, municipality directly under the Central Government Chongqing alias: Shancheng, Bayu, Wudu, administrative category: municipality directly under the Central Government, national central city area: Southwest China: District 23 1 1 county 4 Autonomous County * * Resident: No.232 Renmin Road, Daxigou Street, Yuzhong District. Telephone area code: (+86)023 Postal code: 400000-4099 12 Geographical location: upper reaches of the Yangtze River, southwest area: 82402.95 square kilometers Population: 299 14000 people (2014 >

Question 6: Why does Yunguichuan belong to the northern language family? Is there any historical reason? There are historical reasons. For example, Sichuan,

In the Qin dynasty, soldiers entered Sichuan to defend, and then civilians moved.

An Shi Rebellion, northerners moved south.

Song dynasty, yuan dynasty

During the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Jinchuan slaughtered the sea, and many people moved in, including Zhu Yuanzhang's massacre.

So is Yunnan, such as Wu Sangui and so on.

Many of them are defensive in nature, and they have existed in almost every dynasty, so they are deeply influenced by northern culture and have the same pronunciation.

Question 7: Why is there no tone in Southwest Mandarin? Some national languages have tones, and Mandarin, Cantonese, Minnan and Shanghai all have tones.

There are four tones in the typical Southwest Mandarin, namely, flat tone, rising tone, falling tone, five tones or even six tones. The ancient entering tone reached the upper tone, and the Minjiang Renfu film reached the falling tone. According to the investigation in the Republic of China 1939, Southwest Mandarin has a separate tone and is also recognized as Southwest Mandarin.

The typical tone values of the four tones in Southwest Mandarin are as follows (taking Chengdu dialect as an example): 55, rising tone 2 12, rising tone 53, falling tone 2 14 and entering tone 2 1. After relaxation, level 55, up 2 1 1, up 53, up 53.

Question 8: Dynamic website 20 m-zone/

Question 9: Who knows that Yunnan and Guizhou are located in the south? Why do you speak northern dialect? What is the connection with other northern dialects in Chinese mainland? Yunguichuan dialect belongs to the same department as Mandarin in most areas in the west of Hunan and Hubei, and both belong to Southwest Mandarin. There used to be a Shu dialect in Sichuan that didn't belong to Mandarin (northern dialect). From the differences between Sichuan dialect and Beijing dialect, we can see some characteristics of Shu dialect in those days, such as no vowel uo. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang killed people in Sichuan, resulting in a sharp decline in the population of Sichuan. Later, the Qing dynasty had to launch "Huguang to fill Sichuan" to restore the population in central Sichuan, which is the fundamental reason why Sichuan dialect and Hunan Mandarin belong to the same department today. Yunnan-Guizhou region is probably also caused by the outward spread of Sichuan population after this period, because Sichuan is a land of abundance and its population is expanding rapidly. 1997 Before the partition of Sichuan and Chongqing, Sichuan had a population of 1 100 million, ranking first in all provinces. Now, among the migrant workers in all provinces, Bashu people are still the most, indicating that Sichuanese have a strong ability to move out. Southwest Mandarin, represented by Sichuan dialect, that is, Yunnan and Guizhou dialects, is closer to Beijing phonology than Shaanxi and Shanxi dialects (closer to Beijing phonology than Hunan and Hubei Southwest Mandarin), which shows the influence of Beijing phonology on the three southwestern provinces when Huguang filled Sichuan.

Question 10: In which countries are the international branches of Southwest Mandarin and Cantonese distributed? Which is more influential? 20 points Southwest Mandarin is distributed in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, too much Cantonese, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, the United States, Canada and Britain. .....