Shizhu folk custom

The land of stone pillars was Liangzhou in Gong Yu in ancient times. During the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, it belonged to Pakistan's "Antarctic Thousand Houses" territory. During the Warring States period, it belonged to the middle of Chu and Guizhou, and the middle of Qin and Guizhou. From the Qin Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, with Qiyaoshan as the boundary, it belonged to Ba County, Qianzhong County, Linjiang County (now Zhongxian County) and Fuling County (now Pengshui County). During the period from the Three Kingdoms to the Sixteen Kingdoms (Han Dynasty), it belonged to Fuling County. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Northern Zhou Dynasty, it belonged to Ba County (now Chongqing) and Linjiang County (now Zhongxian County) of Linjiang County. In the second year of Tang Wude (6 19), Nanbin County was located in the western boundary of Wuning County (now Wanzhou) in Zhou Pu, which was the beginning of the establishment of Shizhu County. In the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (138 1 year), Bian Shi Division started civil administration and moved to Chongqing Wei. In the first year of the apocalypse (162 1), he was promoted to Xuanwei Division and transferred to Kuizhou Prefecture (now Fengjie). In the twenty-second year of Qing Qianlong (1757), the land was changed into a stream, a stone hall was set up, and it was still transferred to the state capital. In the twenty-sixth year (176 1), it was promoted to the Zhili Hall of Shiqiao, Sichuan Province. In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), it was changed to Shizhu County and Lichuan East Road. From 24 years to October 38 years, he was transferred to the eighth (Youyang) and ninth (Wanxian) administrative supervision offices in Sichuan Province. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Fan Shi was transferred to Fuling District. On June 1959, the State Council approved the change of Bian Shi County into Shizhu County. 1983165438+10/3, the State Council approved the establishment of Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County. 1from June 1988 to June 2000, it was assigned to Qianjiang District (Development Zone) of Sichuan Province and Chongqing City, and it was assigned to Chongqing in July 2000.

Shizhu County is one of the settlements of Tujia people, mainly composed of Cubans and other ethnic groups. There are 29 ethnic groups (including Han) in the county, including Tujia, Han, Miao, Uygur, Mongolian, Dulong, Dong, Hani, Yao, Korean, Manchu, Hui, Buyi, Tibetan, Zhuang, Yi, Li, Dai and Ewenki. At the end of 2009, the total number of households was 6,543,800+070,300, with a total population of 539,200, including 4,365,438+065,438+0,000 permanent residents (urban population was 6,543,800+006,300). Ethnic minorities account for 72.3% of the total population.

Tourism resources include Yunti Street in Xituo Town, a famous historical town in China, Ginkgo Hall, Millennium Buddhist Temple, Huangshui National Forest Park, Qin Liangyu Cemetery, Wanshou Village, Qin Liangyu Anti-Qing Garrison Site, Dadufu Site in Qin Liangyu City, a batch of stone coffin tombs with eternal mystery, Taibaiyan Stone Inscription in Nanbin County, Pearl of Plateau, Moon Lake in Huangshui, the first Metasequoia in China, and Huangshui Town. Tree-lined Yudaihe Park, Riverside Promenade, Qishan Park and other scenic spots.

Stone pillars have a long history, splendid culture and outstanding people. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Qin Liangyu, the poet-immortal chieftain, personally led the "White Warrior" twice to help Liao, and repeatedly made meritorious military service. He was named Prince Taibao and was named "Prince Taibao General Town". Wang Shunjiao, the first-class hero of the Vietnam War (ratified by the Party Committee of the Division), Chen Taijiang, a model of loving the people (awarded by the Chengdu Military Region), and Li Changhe, a good cadre who practiced the "Theory of Three Represents" (awarded by the municipal party committee and the municipal government) all grew up here. The movie "The Sun Comes Out" adapted from Shizhu Tujia Shanzhai has premiered in Chongqing and Shizhu, and Shizhu's "Luoer Tune" has been approved as an intangible cultural heritage by the State Council.

Among more than 50 ethnic groups in China, Tujia occupies a very important position. According to the national ethnic survey in 1982, the Tujia population is more than 5.8 million, mainly scattered in Wuling Mountain area adjacent to four provinces and cities of Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou and along the Yangtze River above Yidu, Hubei, including Baojing, Yongshun, Sangzhi, Yongding, Guzhang and Fenghuang counties in western Hunan, Changyang, Wufeng and Enshi Lichuan counties and cities in western Hubei. The Tujia population in Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County accounts for more than 72% of the total population of 520,000. According to investigation and demonstration, Shizhu Xituo Town is one of the important towns where indigenous people live in far Cuba. Tujia nationality evolved from Ba people and is the main descendant of Ba people. Ba people are an ancient nation in southwest China. They were named after Xia and Shang Dynasties and lived from the late Shang Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Before this, a core ethnic group of Ba people may come from eastern tribes.

According to legend, in ancient times, there were two caves, one red and one black, on Wuluo Zhongshan (now on the Yishui River in Changyang County, Hubei Province), where people with five surnames, Babbitt, Bian, Xiang and Zheng, lived. Babbitt's son was born in Dong Chi. His son is not surnamed Si, but was born in a black hole. Five surnames make a living by fishing and hunting, and there is no leader. The son of five surnames * * * threw a sword in a cave, and the winner was the first one, only Pappy's son, and all the sons were amazed. And make the ships float first, except the son of Papi who floats alone, and the other four sons are heavy. So * * * made Bawu Township, the son of Dad, as the leader and called him "Lin Jun". The alliance of five ethnic groups formed the earliest tribe of Ba people. Lin Jun took a dirt boat on a sunny day (now Enshi), and the goddess of salt water told Lin Jun that the fish and salt here should be shared with Lin Jun for a long time. If Lin Jun doesn't follow, the goddess becomes a group of insects, covering the sky for more than ten days. Therefore, Lin Jun's Shuaiba people took Enshi as their capital, forming the earliest capital of distant Cuban tribes.

In the early days, Ba people lived in western Hubei with Enshi as the center, and in the long years after that, Ba people flourished in Qingjiang River basin. With the growing influence, the sphere of influence in the prosperous period extended to Langzhong, Sichuan in the west, Hanzhong, Shaanxi in the north, Zhijiang, Yidu in the east, the whole Wuling mountain area in northeast Guizhou and Xiangxi in the south, and Fiona Fang was thousands of miles away. With the continuous expansion of the field of living damage, Ba people went from Qingjiang to Lichuan, entered the stone pillars, and at the same time went along Qingjiang to Yidu, and then walked along the river. At the same time, the Ba nationality was also oppressed by the rising Chu people, forced to move westward, and gradually moved its capital, the central region, to Zhizhi (now Fuling City) and then to Chongqing. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in 1 122 BC, Ba people who were good at dancing took part in Zhou Wuwang's war against Mu Jun in Shang Dynasty, singing and dancing with Lingyin people, and their former disciples defected one after another, showing their courage. So the Ba people established the "Ba State" in Hanzhong, which belonged to the southern Zhou Dynasty. Since then, there has been a famous "Pakistan State" in history.

Pakistan and Chu are the most important neighbors, and the dispute between Pakistan and Chu almost runs through the whole history of Pakistan. With the growing power of Chu, Pakistan has been oppressed more and more, and Pakistan has become a vassal state of Chu, which is also an important reason why Pakistan's sphere of influence has gradually moved from Hanjiang Qingjiang to southwest Chongqing. After entering Sichuan, Bashu developed friendly relations because the rulers belonged to the same family. Unexpectedly, at the same time, the state of Qin in northern Sichuan carried out the "Shang Yang Reform" and the country became strong rapidly. In 3 16 BC, Qin attacked Shu, and Shu perished. Qin moved eastward, occupied Wang Ba and destroyed Pakistan. At this point, the history of Pakistan is over.

After the Qin Dynasty destroyed Bashu, Pakistan disappeared as a political power, but the Israelis still existed, and their power was still quite strong, and it was difficult for the Qin State to completely control it for a while. In order to stabilize the political power, the Pakistani nobles were given great preferential treatment in taxation and criminal law, and counties were set up in the hometown of Pakistan, and local palace posts were appointed to the surrendered Pakistani leaders. In the later historical evolution, the Ba people broke free from the oppression of the north and Qin Chu, and gradually advanced to the Wuling Mountain area at the junction of western Hunan, western Hubei, southeastern Chongqing and northeastern Guizhou, and returned to the birthplace of the Ba people. Wuling mountain area is characterized by high mountains and deep valleys, deep forests, criss-crossing ravines, rugged and dangerous, which is suitable for people's living customs. In this vast land, Ba people have been ploughing, hunting, cutting mountains and multiplying. In the long evolution, the word "Ba people" has gradually faded, and it has always been called "barbarians", such as Banyami, Wuxi Man, Wuling Man and Baxian Nanman.

After the Tang Dynasty, from the Liang, Tang, Han and Friday dynasties, the original meaning of "Ba people" disappeared and was replaced by the word "Tu", such as Tusi, Tu people, Tujia people and so on. Or coating, full mixing or alternate use. "Man" is an insult, and it is more polite to paint it. Later, "Tu" became.

Since 1206, that is, since the Yuan Dynasty, due to a large number of immigrants from Han people and other ethnic groups such as Miao, Dong and Gelao, "Tu" has gradually been transformed into a special name for Tujia people, which is used for the symmetry and identification of "Tu" with "Han" and "Tu" and other ethnic groups.

To sum up, according to the coincidence of space, time and people, Ba people and Tujia people come to the conclusion that Ba people who lived in eastern Chongqing, western Hubei and western Hunan in the Spring and Autumn Period evolved into "Wuxi people" in the Han and Wei Dynasties; Wuximan lived among the five streams of You, Chen, Wu, Wu and Yuan in Wuling Mountain area, and its existence lasted for thousands of years to the Song Dynasty, with stable national characteristics. After that, this Wuximan, with Ba descendants as the main body, integrated ethnic minorities and some Han people, and after a long time, gradually formed Tujia nationality.