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Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located at the foothills of Leigong Mountain in the northeast of Leishan County, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province. It is 36km away from the county seat, 35km away from Kaili, the capital of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, and about 260km away from the provincial capital Guiyang City. It is composed of more than ten natural villages built on the mountain and connected together. It is currently the largest Miao village in China and even in the world. According to statistics, during the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty (1729), there were more than 600 Miao households in Xijiang. The second census in 1964 was 1,040 households, the fourth census in 1990 increased to 1,227 households, and in 1997 it was 1,115 households. According to the latest statistics in 2005, Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village currently has 1,258 households and a population of 5,326 people, of which the Miao population accounts for 99.5%. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located in a typical river valley, with the crystal clear Baishui River passing through the village. The main body of the Miao Village is located on the valley slope on the northeast side of the river. For thousands of years, the industrious and brave Miao compatriots have worked here at sunrise and returned at sunset. They have opened up large areas of terraced fields in the upper reaches of the Miao village, forming a rich farming culture and beautiful pastoral scenery. Due to the limitation of cultivated land resources, the Miao residents living here took full advantage of the terrain characteristics and built unique stilted houses in the middle of the mountain. Thousands of stilted houses follow the ups and downs of the terrain, and the mountains are stacked on top of each other, making it a spectacular sight. According to their own beliefs and customs, the Miao residents here have planted patches of maple groves as protective trees on the slopes of each village, becoming one of the important local natural landscapes. The Xijiang Miao people are an important part of the Miao people in southeastern Guizhou, and the main residents are the "Xi" clan of the Miao people. As the largest Miao village in the world, Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village has profound Miao cultural heritage. The Miao architecture, clothing, silverware, language, food, and traditional customs here are not only typical, but also well preserved. The Miao people in Xijiang used to wear long robes and turbans with black colors, so they were called "black Miao" or "long skirt Miao". The language of the Xijiang Miao people belongs to the northern sub-dialect of the central dialect of the Miao branch of the Miao-Yao group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The characters currently used here are common Chinese characters. Although Chinese language is an essential language tool for the Xijiang Miao people to communicate with the outside world, Communication among the Miao people still uses the Miao language. Before Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty opened the "Six Halls of Xinjiang", Xijiang was basically in a foreign land, and local affairs were mostly managed by natural leaders. This was significantly different from Han areas, which implemented independent management of internal affairs. The natural leaders of the Xijiang Miao people mainly include "Fang Lao", "Zhai Lao", "Tribe Lao", "Li Lao", "Haotou", "Gu Zangtou", "Huo Lutou", etc. The responsibilities of natural leaders of different natures They are also different from each other. They have the nature of division of labor and cooperation to jointly safeguard the safety and interests of the Miao village. "Fang Lao" is the supreme leader of a natural place. Each natural place has jurisdiction over several villages that are closely related to each other. "Zhai Lao" is the supreme leader of each Miao village, and "Clan Lao" is the leader of a certain family. "Li Lao" is generally held by a person with high moral standing and rich knowledge. He is mainly responsible for mediating and adjudicating civil disputes. "Hao" is mainly responsible for punishment and maintaining local security. "Gu Zangtou" is responsible for convening and presiding over sacrifices and ancestor worship. activities, "Huolutou" takes charge of arranging agricultural production. Among them, Guzangtou and Huolutou are hereditary, while other natural leaders are generally elected by the masses. "Yilang" is a mass meeting organized by Fang Lao, Zhai Lao, Langtou, etc. in order to maintain local security and social order in the Miao society to discuss and make decisions on various important internal disputes and foreign invasions. The meeting is usually held once a year. If the society is stable and there is no dispute, it can be held once every two or three years. It can be held temporarily when foreign enemies invade. Discussions in Xijiang are usually held separately in the scenic forests of each village. After the Qing government implemented the "return of land to locals" in Miao territory, Xijiang Miao Village accepted the jurisdiction of the central government. Natural leaders such as Fang Lao and Zhai Lao basically no longer exist, but the Guzangtou and Huolutou responsible for sacrifices and production are still there. can be retained hereditary. For a long time, agriculture has occupied an absolutely dominant position in the industrial structure of Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang. Although the slash-and-burn agricultural production method can feed thousands of people living here and people live a self-sufficient life, the socio-economic development rate is very slow. In 1982, Xijiang was listed as an ethnic customs tourist attraction on the east line of Guizhou by the Provincial People's Government. In 1992, it was listed as a provincial cultural relic protection unit. In 2004, it was listed as one of the five key ethnic villages and towns in the province's first phase of village protection and construction projects. In November 2005, the "Chinese Ethnology Museum Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village Museum" was listed here. The tourism popularity of Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village continues to increase, and the number of tourists coming for sightseeing is increasing day by day. In recent years, with the rise of tourism, the latecomer advantage of Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village has begun to emerge, bringing new opportunities for social and economic development and industrial structure adjustment and upgrading. The Miao people in Xijiang are a unified entity formed by the integration of many branches of the Miao people, mainly the "Xi" clan, after many migrations. More than 5,000 years ago, in the process of expanding northward, the Jiuli Group living in the plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River had violent armed conflicts with the tribes of Yandi and Huangdi who were advancing eastward and southward. After a long period of battle, Chiyou was defeated. The Jiuli Group headed by him was defeated in the Zhuolu area, and Chiyou was captured and killed by Huangdi. Most of the Miao ancestors were forced to start the first great migration, abandoning the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and retreating to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River plains, and established the "Three Miao Kingdoms" on the shores of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake. As the Sanmiao tribe became increasingly powerful, Yao and Shun conquered the "Three Miao" many times.

After Emperor Shun came to the throne, he went on a "hunting tour in the south" and further attacked and plundered the "Three Miao" who were not subject to Emperor Shun's control. The Miao ancestors were once again forced to migrate to the southwest and northwest regions. Among them, the Miao ancestors who were forced to migrate to the northwest Some of them merged with the "Qiang people" and became the ancestors of the Western Qiang people. Some of them migrated to plain areas due to the increase in population and less cultivated land, from Qinghai southward to southern Sichuan, eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou, and some further south and to the west. It goes deep into Laos, Vietnam and other places in the west. The Miao ancestors who migrated to the southwest lived in harmony with the Chu people and became the main members of the "Chu barbarians" later. During the Warring States Period, after Qin destroyed Chu, some Miao people left their hometown and traveled long distances westward, entering the Wuxi area of ????Wuling Mountains, forming the famous "Wuling Barbarians" in history. By the Western Han Dynasty, this part of the Miao ancestors developed rapidly here and formed a force that competed with the Han Dynasty. In 47 AD, the Han Dynasty sent troops to conquer the "Wuling Barbarians", forcing the Miao people to leave their hometown again. Some of them entered the northeastern region of Guizhou (today's Tongren area), and some went south to Rongshui, Guangxi, and then traced their capital up the Liujiang River to today's Rongjiang River. , Leishan, Taijiang, Shibing and other places. During several great migrations, the Miao people divided into many different branches. Among them, the Liu clan, the Xi clan, the You clan, the Gou clan, etc. arrived in Rongjiang, Guizhou at almost the same time. Since the Xi clan moved in many places in Rongjiang, they arrived in Xijiang later than the Liu clan. The Xi clan arrived in Xijiang more than 600 years ago, but before the Xi clan arrived, the Miao "Shang" clan already lived here. The "Xi" in the place name of Xijiang refers to the Xi clan, and "Jiang" refers to the "discuss", that is, Xijiang is the place where the "Xi" clan asked for help from the "Shang" clan, hence the name "Xijiang". After the "Xi" clan arrived and settled in Xijiang, other Miao branches moved in one after another, forming a Miao fusion with the "Xi" clan as the main body. Legend has it that Xijiang has a history of more than a thousand years. There is a close relationship between the Xijiang Miao people and their ancestor Chi You. According to the genealogy of the Miao people in Xijiang recorded in "Lin Yin Ji", there were 284 generations from Chi You to 1732, indicating that the Miao people living in Xijiang are the direct descendants of Chi You. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, in order to manage the Miao territory, the Qing government implemented household registration for the Miao people. It forcibly canceled the tradition of the Miao people to connect their father's names, and used the homophony of Miao names to determine Han surnames. Currently, the Miao people in Xijiang include Jiang, Tang, and This is where the surnames Hou, Yang, Dong, Song, Gu, Long, Lu, Li, Liang, Mao, Chen, Jin, and Wu come from. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Leishan belonged to the border area between the Zangda Kingdom and the Qielan Kingdom. During the Warring States Period, it belonged to the Dayelang Kingdom. During the Qin Dynasty, it belonged to the border of Xiang County and Qielan County. Lian County was a border area under the jurisdiction of Zangqi County in the Three Kingdoms. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it belonged to Binhua County of Zangqi County. "Miao Nationality Area", in the mid-Yuan Dynasty, it belonged to Xuanwei Division, Bozhou, Huguang Province, and in the Ming Dynasty, it belonged to the Miao Nationality area outside the jurisdiction. From the Qin and Han dynasties to the Yuan, Ming and early Qing dynasties, although the establishment of imperial courts in the mountainous area of ??Leigong Mountain was involved, the rule of the prefectures, counties and Jizhou Prefecture was extremely weak and did not even directly govern this area. In history, it was often called a "barbaric wilderness". "land", "seedlings", "life world", etc. In the seventh year of Yongzheng's reign (1729), Guizhou Governor Zhang Guangsi opened up Miao territory and set up the "Sixth Hall of Xinjiang", including the Danjiang Hall, which administered Danjiang Wei and Kaili Wei, and Xijiang belonged to Danjiang Wei. In the third year of Qianlong's reign (1738), Danjiang Guard established branch chieftains, including Huangmaoling Division, Jijiao Division, and Wudie Division. Jijiang Division was located in Yingshang Village near the southwest of present-day Xijiang. From then on, Xijiang was included in the Central Plains. The scope of governance of the government. In 1914, Danjiang was renamed as a county, and Xijiang fell under its jurisdiction. In 1945, Danjiang was removed from the county, and Xijiang was placed under the jurisdiction of Taijiang County. In 1944, the Leishan Bureau was established, and Xijiang returned to the jurisdiction of Leishan and was changed to Xijiang Town. In 1950, Leishan County People's Government was established, and Xijiang belonged to the Second District Office. In 1954, the Leishan County Miao Autonomous Region was established. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located in Xijiang District. In 1959, Leishan, Lushan, Danzhai, and Majiang were merged into Kaili County, and Xijiang belonged to the Leishan area of ??Kaili County. In 1961, Leishan County was restored and four districts, Danjiang, Xijiang, Datang and Yongle, and 44 communes were built. The Qianhu Miao Village belonged to Xijiang Town, Xijiang District at that time. In 1992, after the district was withdrawn and merged into the countryside, Qianhu Miao Village has been under the jurisdiction of Xijiang Town ever since. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is a typical agricultural village in mountainous areas. Although many villagers have gone out to work or engage in tourism reception in recent years, the main source of income for the vast majority of residents is still agricultural production, and they still follow the production method of small-scale farmer economy. The large arable land in the upper reaches of the Miao Village is the main source of livelihood for the residents of the village. It mainly grows rice, corn, potatoes, sweet potatoes, peppers, etc. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village has been merged. According to original statistics, the basic social and economic conditions of each village are as follows: Original Yangpai Village: It has 12 villager groups, 345 households, 1,308 people, and a GDP of 2.5994 million yuan in 2005. The per capita net income of farmers is 1,510 yuan, of which agricultural income is 900 yuan, labor income is 400 yuan, and tourism income is 210 yuan. The village currently has 1,346 acres of cultivated land, including 1,225 acres of paddy fields and 121 acres of dry land. The average farmer has 412kg of grain. Former Dongyin Village: It has 7 villager groups, 308 households, and 1,318 people. In 2005, the GDP was 2.433 million yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1,460 yuan, of which agricultural income was 810 yuan, labor income was 470 yuan, and tourism income was 180 yuan. The existing cultivated land area is 769 acres, including 692 acres of paddy fields and 77 acres of dry land. The per capita possession of grain by farmers is 381kg.

Original Nangui Village: It has 8 villager groups, 235 households, and 899 people. In 2005, the GDP was 1.5992 million yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1,458 yuan, of which agricultural income was 790 yuan, labor income was 490 yuan, and tourism income was 178 yuan. The existing cultivated land area is 640 acres, including 564 acres of paddy fields and 76 acres of dry land. The average farmer has 371.2kg of grain. Yuan Pingzhai Village: It has 10 villager groups, 397 households, and 1,495 people. In 2005, the GDP was 2.309 million yuan, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1,380 yuan, of which agricultural income was 750 yuan, labor income was 510 yuan, and tourism income was 120 yuan. The current cultivated land area of ??the village is 824 acres, including 767 acres of paddy fields and 57 acres of dry land. The average farmer has 366.5kg of grain. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village has a subtropical humid mountain monsoon climate, with an annual precipitation of about 1300-1500mm and an average annual temperature of 14-14 16℃, no severe cold in winter and no scorching heat in summer. When cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chongqing, and Changsha are unbearably hot, it is cool and pleasant here, making it a good place to escape the summer heat. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village is located in a fault valley, with the crystal clear Baishui River winding through the village at the bottom of the valley. The mountains on both sides of the valley are not symmetrical, with relative heights of hundreds of meters. The mountains on the southwest side are high and steep, like a tall screen, guarding the peaceful pastoral life of Qianhu Miao Village for thousands of years; the mountains on the northeast side are much gentler, with rows of stilted buildings built along the mountains, following the undulations of the terrain. produce various changes. On the southeast side of the Miao Village, there is an intermountain basin shaped by the long-term lateral erosion of the Baishui River. Although the basin is not large, it is the place where the Xijiang Miao compatriots have farmed and made a living for generations. The bottom of the basin is covered with paddy fields, and the mountains to the north have been It was cultivated into terraces and dry land. On the mountains surrounding Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang, the forest vegetation is well preserved, especially on the hillside in the southwest of the Miao Village, where large arbor forests still remain. Small patches of maple trees are scattered throughout the natural villages of Yedong, Yangpai, Nangui and other Miao villages, showing a scene of Miao residents living in harmony with nature. Relatively closed terrain conditions, harmonious and peaceful Miao villages, clear and attractive Baishui River, lush vegetation coverage, and vast terraced landscapes constitute a beautiful Miaoling landscape and pastoral scenery, which is of great tourism aesthetics and development value. The Miao buildings in Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang are mainly wooden stilted buildings with a bucket-style roof structure. There are two types of stilted buildings on flat ground and stilted buildings on slopes. They are generally three-story structures with four bays and three bays or five bays and four bays. The bottom floor is used to store production tools, house poultry and livestock, store fertilizer, or serve as a toilet. The second floor is used for the living room, main room, bedroom and kitchen. There is a unique "beauty leaning" on the outside of the main room, which is called "step rest" in Miao language. It is mainly used for enjoying the shade, viewing and resting. It is a major feature of Miao architecture. The third layer is mainly used to store grain, feed and other production and living materials. Xijiang Diaojiao Building is not only beautiful in appearance and practical, but also shows high scientific and cultural value in the following aspects. 1. Xijiang Miao Diaojiao House originated from the southern stilt-style buildings of ancient residents and is a living fossil of ancient Chinese residential buildings. This kind of building has a history of thousands of years. The ganlan-style building at the Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang dating back 7,000 years has reached a high level. The earliest civilization of the Miao people originated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The Miao people in Xijiang have inherited this ancient architectural style. In 2005, Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village Diaojiaolou was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists. 2. Xijiang Diaojiao Building has a rigorous structure. The construction craftsmen cleverly used mechanical principles and used a combination of multiple structures such as rectangles, triangles, and rhombuses. The columns are connected and the canons are connected to form a three-dimensional network system. This kind of building seems to be solid on top but imaginary on the bottom, but it is solid, very practical, and has high value in architecture. 3. Thousands of stilted buildings are connected one after another along the hillside, forming an overall ring shape, creating a visual effect that a single stilted building does not have. The Diaojiaolou group is integrated with the surrounding green mountains, green waters and pastoral scenery, harmoniously and harmoniously complementing each other, making Xijiang Diaojiaolou of high aesthetic value. 4. The Xijiang Miao people build stilted buildings on slopes and use flat land with better agricultural production conditions for farming, which reflects the national psychology of Miao people cherishing land and saving land. It has a positive education in my country's current situation of more people and less land. significance. 5. When building a house, the Miao people in Xijiang have a set of particularities and taboos about the ink, center pillars, and main beams. In particular, the congratulatory speech on the first beam and the house-building song have a strong religious and cultural flavor of the Miao people. Therefore, the Miao Diaojiao Building not only has good aesthetic and architectural value, but is also an important bearer of the Miao traditional culture. In addition to the Diaojiaolou, Fengyu Bridge is also one of the important buildings in Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village. In order to improve the feng shui conditions of the village and facilitate residents' lives, most Miao villages have built wind and rain bridges near their villages to collect wind and energy and block wind and rain. There used to be wind and rain wooden bridges in Xijiang, mainly including Pingzhai Wind and Rain Bridge from Pingzhai to Oga and Nanshou Wind and Rain Bridge in Nangui Village, which blocked the Feng Shui of Dazhai in Xijiang. Because it is a wooden structure, it was destroyed by floods after several repairs. Now the only wind and rain bridge in Xijiang is the bow-shaped cement bridge connecting Dazhai and Xijiang Middle School. It was restored and rebuilt on the basis of the previous wind and rain bridge. Due to the mixed structure of cement and wood, the wind and rain bridge is solid and able to withstand floods. greatly increased. Although agriculture is still the leading industry in Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village, in the past decade or so, a large number of tourists have come for sightseeing, which has promoted the development of Xijiang tourism.

The survey shows that in addition to tourists from the province, domestic tourists who come to Xijiang mainly come from Chongqing, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Beijing, Shanghai and other parts of the country. Foreign tourists mainly come from the United States, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, Spain and Belgium. . Due to the imperfect tourist reception facilities, currently it is mainly occupied by day-trippers, who usually arrive in the morning and leave in the afternoon. A small number of guests on multi-day tours are mainly art college students who come to sketch and experts and scholars engaged in Xijiang research. Statistics show that the number of tourists at Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village has continued to grow over the past six years. From 2000 to 2005, there were 7,500, 12,000, 24,000, 21,5 (SARS), and 35,000 people. In 2006, the number soared to 75,000. Foreign tourists also increased from 200 in 2000 to 3,000 in 2006. people. At present, there are more than 100 Miao Jiale stores and more than 30 tourist product stores in Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang. The tourist products that have been developed mainly include silver jewelry series, Miao clothing, embroidery series, etc. With the deepening of tourism development, there is still a lot of room for the development of tourist reception facilities and tourist souvenirs.

Transportation:

1. Take a minibus from Kaili Bus Station to Xijiang Town. It turns out that you go through Leishan to Xijiang. In September 2008, the Guizhou Tourism Development Conference was held in Xijiang For convenience, a 36KM two-lane asphalt road is opened directly from Kaili to Xijiang. The fare is still 20-25 yuan according to the Leishan line. It can be reached in about 45 minutes. The traffic is very smooth, but there are not many mid-term trains. . Most of the people in the know took a taxi from Kaili for 20 yuan and went directly to Xijiang.

2. You can also take a bus from Kaili to Leishan, which runs every half an hour, and costs 12.5 yuan/person for an hour's journey. Then transfer to the minibus to Xijiang at the station, which costs 10 yuan/person. People, every hour, from 7 am to 5:40 pm. You can also charter a car from Leishan to Xijiang, which costs 70 yuan.

3. There is a line from Kaili to Paile (Kaili-Leishan line, which is just half the distance, and there are direct buses from Kaili). There is an asphalt road here that also leads directly to Xijiang. However, currently, The road is being repaired and there are no signs. People with an adventurous spirit can give it a try. They can also visit places such as Langde Shangzhai first. Of course, taking this route will bring greater rewards and more beautiful scenery.

Accommodation:

After the continuous efforts of the government to repair, Xijiang has now become completely new. There are many farmhouses with good food and accommodation conditions, which fully meet the requirements of guests. The folk customs in this place are simple and they regard promiscuous women as disaster stars. Visitors from other places can carry them with them but are not allowed to ask, otherwise they will be expelled from the country. Exactly!

Tips:

1. In addition, Xijiang has a famous silversmith village, which is famous for its exquisite silver jewelry making. The cross-stitch embroidery made by Miao village girls is quite exquisite. You can choose the appropriate purchase that you like and make a counter-offer.

2. November 2010 will be the Guzang Festival held every 13 years in Qianhu Miao Village. There will be a series of celebrations, which will be very lively.

Introduction to important attractions - Silversmith Village:

Xijiang has a well-known Silversmith Village. The Miao silver jewelry is all handmade, and its craftsmanship is of a very high level. Xijiang is a place that preserves the integrity of the Miao people's "original ecology" culture, and is the first choice place to appreciate and understand the long history and development of the Miao people in China. Xijiang Guzang Festival and Miao Year are famous all over the world. Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village, an open-air museum, displays an epic of the development of the Miao people and has become a grand stand for viewing and studying the traditional culture of the Miao people.

Qianhu Miao Village