Summary of geography knowledge points in the second volume of seventh grade

Geography is one of the new subjects for junior middle school students. What are its knowledge points? The following is a summary of geography knowledge points in the second volume of the seventh grade, which I compiled for your reference only. Welcome to reading.

Chapter 6, Volume 2, Grade 7: Summary of geographical knowledge points Asia, the continent where we live.

1. Location:

Hemisphere location: most of them are located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere;

Latitude position: the ground spans three zones of cold, temperature and heat; Most of them are located in the north temperate zone.

Geographical location of land and sea: it faces the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south, Europe across the Urals Mountains in the west, Africa across the Suez Canal in the southwest and North America across the Bering Strait in the northeast.

The dividing line between Asia and other continents:

① Asia-Europe border: Urals-ural river-Caspian Sea-Great Caucasus Mountains-Black Sea-Turkish Strait.

② The dividing line between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal. ③ The dividing line between Asia and North America: Bering Strait.

2. Topographic features:

(1) Topography: Plateau and mountainous areas are the main areas with higher average elevation. ② Terrain: high in the middle and low around. Height disparity.

3. Climate characteristics:

① The climate types are complex and diverse; ② temperate continental climate is widely distributed; ③ Typical monsoon climate.

Master: main climate types, distribution and climate characteristics (see textbook P 10 for pictures).

The typical reason of monsoon climate: the difference between land and sea is significant.

Influence of monsoon on climate

Climatic characteristics under the influence of birthplace nature and wind direction

Winter winds are cold and dry in Mongolia and Siberia, and cold and dry in northwest and northeast (northerly winds).

The Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean are warm and humid in summer monsoon, and the southwest and southeast (southerly winds) are hot and rainy.

4. River characteristics:

Characteristics of river flow direction: Most big rivers originate from the central plateau and mountainous areas, and flow radially to the four Zhou Haiyang along the terrain.

Major rivers: Mekong River, called Lancang River in China, is the largest river flowing through Asian countries. The Yangtze riv is that longest riv in Asia.

Asia is the best in the world;

(1) The continent with the highest average elevation except Antarctica. There is the "roof of the world"-the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; "Top of the Earth"-Mount Everest; The lowest land surface in the world-Dead Sea Lake.

(2) Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, the Caspian Sea, the largest lake in the world.

Asia is the most populous continent in the world.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Section 1 Japan (capital: Tokyo, important ports: Yokohama and Kobe, national flower: cherry blossom)

I. Island countries with many volcanoes and earthquakes

1. Location and scope

(1) Territorial composition: It consists of four big islands, namely Hokkaido Island, Honshu Island, Shikoku Island and Kyushu Island, and thousands of small islands and their surrounding waters. The largest island: Honshu Island. (Grasp the location on the map)

(2) Location:

Latitude: Northern Hemisphere, Eastern Hemisphere, North Temperate Zone.

Geographical location of land and sea: Japan is an island country in the northwest Pacific Ocean, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Sea of Japan in the west. Across the sea from Asia and Europe.

(3) The cause of multi-volcanic earthquakes: it is located in the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean, at the junction of the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate, with active crust and multi-volcanic earthquakes.

(4) The characteristics of coastline and its influence on economic development: The winding coastline and many excellent harbors are very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties.

2. Natural environment:

(1) Terrain: It is mainly mountainous and hilly, with narrow plains and mostly distributed along the coast. The largest plain is Kanto Plain. Mount Fuji, the highest mountain, is a symbol of Japan and a famous active volcano. )

(2) Climate: subtropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate (maritime monsoon climate)

(3) River features: The river is short and swift.

Second, industry is closely connected with the world.

1. Resource characteristics: two more and one less, rich in hydropower resources and forest resources, and poor in mineral resources, so it is a small resource country.

2. Industrial development mode: the "import-processing-export" economy has formed an economy dominated by processing trade. It shows that Japan is poor in resources, narrow in domestic market and highly dependent on foreign countries. )

3. Advantages and disadvantages of Japan's economic development: advantages-winding coastline, many excellent harbors and developed navigation industry; Adequate labor resources; Advanced science and technology. Disadvantages: lack of resources and narrow domestic market.

4. Industrial distribution: Japanese industries are mainly distributed along the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea coast.

Reason: The coastal port has superior conditions, which is convenient for the ship to dock; Easy to import raw materials, fuels and export industrial products; Coastal cities, with concentrated population, are the largest consumption places in China.

5. Main industrial zones and their distribution: Kyushu Island-Keihin Industrial Zone (Tokyo and Yokohama), Nagoya Industrial Zone (Nagoya) and Hanshin Industrial Zone (Osaka and Kobe); Seto Inland Sea Coast-Setouchi Industrial Zone; Kyushu Island-Kitakyushu Industrial Zone (Kitakyushu) p 18

6. Foreign investment targets: Japan's main investment targets are the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Third, the eastern and western cultures are compatible.

1. Cultural characteristics: Eastern and Western cultures are compatible, and tradition and modernity are combined.

2. National traditional costume: Yamato nationality is dominant, and traditional costume: kimono.

Section 2 Southeast Asia

I. Location of the intersection

Location and scope:

(1) Scope: Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago (Indochina Peninsula is named because it is located in the south of China. )

(2) Location:

Latitude position: tropical;

Land and sea location: geographical location is extremely important; Southeast Asia is located at the "crossroads" of Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island, Malacca Strait is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Known as the "lifeline of the sea" by the Japanese. Reason: Japan imports oil from the Persian Gulf and exports industrial products to western Europe and other countries, all of which have to pass through the Strait, so Japan calls it the "maritime lifeline". P23

(3) Country: landlocked country: Laos. Coastal countries: Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar. Island countries: Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, East Timor.

Second, tropical climate and agricultural production.

1. Topography: Indo-China Peninsula: mountains and rivers crisscross and are distributed in columns.

Malay archipelago: rugged terrain, short rivers and many volcanoes.

2. Climate:

Climate type tropical monsoon climate tropical rain forest climate.

Distributed in Indochina Peninsula, northern Philippine Peninsula, most of Malay Peninsula and southern Malay Peninsula.

It is characterized by high temperature all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season.

Impact on agriculture: sowing in rainy season and harvesting in dry season.

3. The main food crop: rice, the main cash crop: it is the world's largest producer of rubber, oil palm, coconut and banana hemp.

Third, mountains and rivers and urban distribution

1. Distribution characteristics of mountains and rivers in Indochina Peninsula: Mountains and rivers mostly extend from north to south, with the characteristics of alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. The upper reaches of major rivers flow through mountainous areas, which are rich in hydropower resources, and the lower reaches mostly form alluvial plains. These plains and estuarine deltas have fertile soil, low terrain, easy irrigation and convenient transportation, making them densely populated and developed agricultural areas in Southeast Asia.

2. Major rivers: Irrawaddy River and salween (Nujiang River) flow into the Indian Ocean, and Chao Phraya River and Mekong River (Lancang River) and Red River (Yuanjiang River) flow into the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean) p26.

3. Major cities and their distribution characteristics: Hanoi (capital of Vietnam), Phnom Penh (capital of Cambodia), Vientiane (capital of Laos), Bangkok (capital of Thailand) and Yangon (big city of Myanmar, former capital). The big cities in Indochina Peninsula are mainly distributed along the Yangtze River and the estuary delta. P27 "Activities"

4. Race: Most Southeast Asian residents are yellow.

Southeast Asia is the region with the largest concentration of overseas Chinese in the world. Singapore has the largest proportion.

6. Southeast Asia is rich in tourism resources, and Xinmatai is an important tourist route. The main tourist resources are: Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar, Polo Pagoda in Indonesia, Angkor Wat in Cambodia, Water Market in Bangkok, Thailand, Halong Bay in Vietnam and Garden City Singapore (Figure P28).

Remarks: read the map to master the main islands and peninsulas in Southeast Asia, the coastal waters of Indo-China Peninsula, neighboring countries and major countries, rivers and cities; The location of the Malacca Strait.

Section 3 India (capital: New Delhi)

I the second most populous country in the world

1. Geographical location

(1) Latitude: tropical and subtropical.

(2) Land and sea location: the Arabian Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Indian Ocean in the south. Located in the southwest of China, it belongs to South Asia and is also the largest country in South Asia.

2. Natural environment:

(1) Terrain: North: mountainous area-south of Himalayas, middle: plain-Ganges Plain, and south: plateau-Deccan Plateau. (Impact on agriculture: The terrain is relatively flat and the soil is fertile, making it the country with the widest cultivated land area in Asia. )

(2) Climate: tropical monsoon climate (high temperature all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season). Northeast monsoon in dry season (10 to May of the following year), southwest monsoon in rainy season (June to September) → frequent floods and droughts. (as shown in Figure p33, Figure 7.38 and Figure 7.39)

(3) River: Ganges River-flows into the Bay of Bengal from the Ganges Delta in Bangladesh, and is called "Holy River" and "Mother of India" by Indians.

3. Human environment

(1) Ethnic group: mainly white and black.

(2) Population: The second most populous country in the world, with a rapid population growth. The huge population has put great pressure on India's resources, environment and economic development. Official language: English.

Second, frequent floods and droughts.

1. Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, with tropical monsoon climate as the main climate (high temperature throughout the year is divided into two seasons: drought and rain, rainy season from June to September, and dry season from10 to May of the following year). Affected by the southwest monsoon, the annual precipitation is extremely unstable and floods and droughts occur frequently. Kilapanchi is the place with the most precipitation in the world.

2. Main food crops: rice and wheat. Main cash crops: jute, cotton and tea.

The relationship between the distribution of rice and wheat and natural conditions: rice is mainly distributed in the northeast plain and the coastal plains on both sides of the peninsula, with abundant precipitation; Wheat is mainly distributed in the northwest of Deccan Plateau and the upper reaches of Ganges River, as well as in plateau mountainous areas with less precipitation.

(Please refer to the notes of P34-35)

3. Green Revolution: After the 1960s, the green revolution was implemented, and the grain was not only self-sufficient, but also some surplus grain was available for export.

Third, the fast-growing service outsourcing industry.

1. Service outsourcing industry: master the characteristics, development conditions (reasons) and achievements of service outsourcing industry (P35); India's software outsourcing industry originated in Bangalore and is called "India's Silicon Valley". Software outsourcing business mainly comes from the United States.

2. Indian industry: ① Main mineral resources: coal, iron and manganese.

② Relationship between industrial distribution and raw material producing area: The distribution of industrial centers is close to the raw material producing area, which can save freight and reduce costs. ③ Main industrial zones: Mumbai Industrial Zone, Kolkata Industrial Zone and Bangalore Industrial Zone.

3. Major cities and characteristics: New Delhi, the capital; Kolkata-India's largest linen textile center, the largest city-Mumbai (India's largest cotton textile industry center, the largest port).

Section 4 Russia (capital: Moscow)

First, across the northern part of Eurasia.

1. Location and scope

(1) Scope: A country consisting of Eastern Europe Plain and North Asia, spanning Asia and Europe, is the largest traditional European country in the world.

(2) location: latitude location; Eastern and western hemispheres; Located in the north temperate zone and the north cold zone.

Geographical location of land and sea: it is located in the north of Eurasia, facing the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Baltic Sea (Atlantic Ocean) in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in the southwest, and the United States (North America) across the Bering Strait in the northeast.

2. Natural environment-topography, climate, rivers and lakes

(1) Terrain: mainly plains and plateaus.

(Distribution of main topographic areas: Eastern Europe Plain/Ural Mountain/Western Siberia Plain/Yenisei River/Central Siberia Plateau/Lena River/Eastern Siberia Mountain. )P37

(2) Topographic features: high in the east and low in the west, high in the south and low in the north.

(3) Climate: temperate continental climate is dominant. The climate is characterized by long and cold winters, short and warm summers, less precipitation and more summers. Oymyakon is the cold pole in the northern hemisphere. Influenced by latitude, land and sea location and topography, the climate in eastern and western Russia is quite different, with the temperature higher in the south and lower in the north, higher in the west and lower in the east. Precipitation is more in the south and less in the north, and more in the west and less in the east.

(4) Rivers and lakes: ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River all flow into the Arctic Ocean from south to north; The Volga River flows into the Caspian Sea from north to south, and is praised by Russians as the "mother river" (the longest river in Europe).

Lake Baikal, located in the south of the Central Siberian Plateau, is the largest and deepest lake in the world.

Second, rich in natural resources and developed in heavy industry.

1. Features of Russian natural resources: complete species, abundant reserves but uneven distribution, less in the east and west.

2. Distribution area of main mineral resources: iron ore-Kursk; Petroleum-Baku Oilfield No.2, Tyumen Oilfield. Coal Mine: Kuzbas Coal Mine.

3. Main industrial zones and their characteristics: St. Petersburg Industrial Zone (the most developed area of Russian food and textile industry)

Moscow Industrial Zone (the most developed industrial zone), Urals Industrial Zone and Novosibirsk Industrial Zone;

Main mineral resources: Kursk Iron Mine, Second Baku Oilfield, Tyumen Oilfield and Kuzbas Coal Mine.

4. Distribution characteristics of industrial zones: more in the west and less in the east, and industries are mainly distributed in Europe.

5. Industrial characteristics: heavy industry is developed and light industry is backward.

Third, developed transportation:

1. traffic characteristics: the traffic department is complete and developed, but it is not balanced. The European part is dense, radiating from Moscow, and the Asian part is sparse, but there is a Eurasian continental bridge (trans-Siberian railway: Vladivostok-Moscow).

2. Main modes of transportation: railway and pipeline transportation. (1) Main modes of passenger transport: railway and highway; (2) The main modes of cargo transportation: railways and pipelines.

3. Russia has a large number of pipelines, which is related to the rich reserves and output of oil and gas.

4. The southern part of Russia is mountainous, but trans-siberian railway is built along the southern mountainous area.

(1) South China is rich in mineral resources; The temperature in the south is higher and the climate is more pleasant;

(2) There is frozen soil in the north, so it is difficult to construct and the safety factor is low;

(3) Being closer to neighboring countries is more convenient for economic development.

Sailing five seas: Volga River is the longest river in Europe, with a total length of 3,600 meters. It is the river with the highest shipping value in Russia. It is connected with the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea through canals, and is called "Navigation to Five Seas". P4 1

6. Major cities and their characteristics: Moscow (the capital of Russia) is the largest city and the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the country; St Petersburg is the second largest city and an important port; Murmansk is a port along the Arctic Ocean, and it is an all-year-round ice-free port.

7. Russian culture: Russians have a special interest in symphony and ballet.

(Remarks: Fill in the drawings with Russian waters, countries, terrain areas, mountains and rivers, etc.; Major mineral resources distribution areas, major industrial areas and major cities; The "Five Seas" where the main railways are connected with the Volga River.

Expanding reading: a way to improve geography performance 1. Making good use of maps is the key to learning geography well.

Some people say, "Without a map, there is no geography". Obviously, the importance of maps to geography. A wide variety and a large number of maps are the outstanding characteristics that distinguish geography courses from other disciplines. Therefore, learning how to use maps well is the key to improve geography performance. So how can we make good use of the map? We should start from three aspects:

First, form a good habit of reading and using pictures. There are many important geographical knowledge hidden in the map. In geography study, we should draw a picture from the left and a book from the right. Map is the skeleton and vein of knowledge. If you master the map, you can find the rules from it. If we persist for a long time, we can not only discover the beauty of geography, but also combine knowledge with maps to form a virtuous circle, thus making geography easier.

Secondly, we should master the correct method of reading and using pictures. It is impossible to learn geography only with habits and no methods. When reading a map, we should pay attention to the order, what to observe first and then what to observe, so as to split the complex map layer by layer without missing details. Usually, when reading and using maps, we will go through three steps: obtaining information, analyzing maps and explaining principles.

Second, making good use of geography textbooks is the basis of learning geography.

No matter what subject teaching material is fundamental, it is an important way to acquire knowledge. Therefore, learning geography textbooks well is the premise of consolidating the geographical foundation and improving geographical achievements. So what should we do?

1, familiar with the basic concepts in geography textbooks.

If you want to understand the geographical knowledge you have learned, you must start with the basic concepts. If you don't know what terrain is and what terrain is, how can you understand the subsequent knowledge? Therefore, only by defining the concept can we learn geography well.

2. Clarify the background of knowledge

In fact, the geographical difficulty lies in the different climate, environment and humanities in different places, which requires students to treat them differently; This is the simple aspect of geography. As long as we sort out the geographical elements and find out the relationship between them, we can sort out the context of knowledge and form a knowledge network.

3. Learn to summarize.

① Find out the similarity and regularity of knowledge.

The content of geography textbooks is characterized by a large amount of information, but the angles and methods of describing the same type of knowledge have great similarity and regularity. For example, describing the climate characteristics of a country or region often needs to be explained from two aspects: temperature and precipitation. Temperature includes annual average temperature, annual temperature difference and temperature distribution. Precipitation is mainly composed of annual precipitation and its temporal and spatial distribution.

② Compare and sort out the geographical knowledge with great differences.

There are obvious differences or similarities in geographical environment or geographical elements in different countries and regions. Based on this, we can learn through comparative methods, such as: what is the difference between North and South due to different dimensions; What are the similarities and differences between the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta?

Third, the formation of geographical thinking ability

Forming geographical thinking ability is helpful for junior high school students to better understand geography, master geographical knowledge faster and cultivate geographical thinking ability, which is also an important goal of junior high school geography curriculum. Junior high school geography is relatively simple. As long as one or two key elements can be found in a certain chapter, the whole chapter can be basically linked. Junior high school geography is mainly based on regional geography, so it is very easy to analyze the characteristics of other geographical elements around the key factor of geographical location when thinking about problems.

To learn geography well, we should not only have efficient learning methods, but also have a correct learning attitude. Learning geography knowledge is not only for preparing for exams, but also for marking papers. More importantly, it allows us to better understand the earth and living environment we live in through geography.