What are the real estate policies across the country?

Abstract: In recent years, real estate has become more and more popular, and various land kings continue to appear. As the reform continues to deepen, the reform of the housing system has gradually deepened. In order to better regulate housing prices, the government has issued real estate policies. So what are the recent real estate policies? The following will introduce to you the recent real estate policies across the country. Let’s take a look. Real estate policies. What are the recent real estate policies and regulations across the country?

Buying a house is basically a problem that everyone may encounter. The most concerning issue in 2018 is the housing regulations that have been introduced in major cities. Purchase limit policy. So, do you know whether your area is within the scope of housing purchase restrictions? What is the list of cities with housing purchase restrictions nationwide in 2018? What are the housing purchase restriction policies across the country? Let the editor tell you below!

The latest purchase restriction policy in 2018

(1) Beijing

1. The purchase limit of 1 house in Beijing (including newly built commercial housing and second-hand housing):

(1) Families registered in this city who already own a house (including families of active military personnel and active armed policemen stationed in Beijing, and families holding a valid "Beijing Work and Residence Permit");

< p>(2) Non-local resident families who hold a valid temporary residence permit in this city, do not own a house in this city, and have paid social insurance or personal income tax in this city for more than 5 consecutive years (inclusive).

2. Suspended housing sales to them in Beijing:

(1) Families registered in this city who already own 2 or more houses;

(2) Families who are not residents registered in this city and own one or more houses;

(3) Unable to provide a valid temporary residence permit in this city and have paid social insurance or personal insurance in this city for more than 5 consecutive years (inclusive) Families who are not residents of this city and have income tax payment certificates.

(2) Shanghai

1. Situations where the purchase of one house in Shanghai is limited:

(1) Those who already have one house in this city Families with registered residence;

(2) Families with non-registered residents who have paid social insurance or personal income tax in this city for five consecutive years or more are limited to purchasing one house.

2. Suspended housing sales to them in Shanghai:

(1) Families registered in this city who already own 2 or more houses in this city;

(2) Families who are not registered residents of this city and own one or more houses;

(3) Those who cannot provide proof of social insurance or personal income tax payment in this city for 5 consecutive years or more Families who are not registered residents of this city.

(3) Guangzhou

Families registered in this city are limited to purchasing 2 houses (including newly built commercial housing and second-hand housing, the same below); households not registered in this city can provide housing purchase information. Those who have paid personal income tax payment certificates or social insurance payment certificates in this city for more than three consecutive years within the past five years are limited to purchasing one house. Families that are not residents registered in this city are not allowed to purchase houses through back-payment of personal income tax payment certificates or social insurance payment certificates.

(4) Shenzhen

Families with registered residence in this city (including families with some family members registered as residents in this city) will continue to implement the policy of limiting the purchase of two houses;

< p>Adult singles (including divorced persons) with household registration in this city are limited to purchasing one house in this city;

Can provide continuous personal income tax or social payment in this city for the first five years or more from the date of purchase. Insurance

Families not registered in the city with proof of insurance are limited to purchasing one house;

Relevant policies will be strictly followed for overseas institutions and individuals purchasing houses. The determination of the time of house purchase shall be based on the time when the house purchase contract is signed on the information system of the city’s real estate department.

(5) Suzhou

When non-registered residents of this city apply to purchase their first house, they should provide evidence of the time spent in Suzhou City (including Wujiang District) in the 2 years before the date of purchase. ), Kunshan City and Taicang City have paid personal income tax for 1 year or more or proof of social insurance (urban social insurance) payment; suspend the sale of new commercial housing and second-hand housing to non-city registered residents who already own 1 or more units. ; Suspend the sale of newly built commercial housing and second-hand housing to households with three or more registered residences in this city; real estate development companies and real estate brokerage agencies are not allowed to sell commercial housing to unqualified home buyers. Home buyers are required to provide relevant certification materials on the condition of the existing house and issue a written commitment. In violation of the above provisions, the real estate transaction and real estate registration departments will not handle relevant procedures. All kinds of foreign talents introduced by Suzhou City shall follow the city's household purchase policy for residents with relevant certification documents.

This opinion applies to Suzhou City (including Wujiang District), Kunshan City, and Taicang City.

(6) Xiamen

For the following three types of residential households, the sale of commercial housing with a construction area of ??180 square meters and below to them within this administrative region is suspended.

1. Families registered in this city that own two or more houses;

2. Families that are not registered residents in this city that own one or more houses;

< p>3. Families who are not registered residents of this city and are unable to provide proof of paying personal income tax or social insurance in this city on a monthly basis for more than 2 years in the 3 years before the date of house purchase.

The above-mentioned commercial housing includes newly built commercial housing and existing housing (second-hand housing).

The transaction time is determined as follows: the purchase of new commercial housing is based on the time when the commercial housing sales contract is submitted for online signing, and the purchase and sale of existing housing (second-hand housing) is based on the business receipt time of the Municipal Real Estate Registration Center.

(7) Hangzhou

Within urban purchase restrictions, the sale of housing, including newly built commercial housing and second-hand housing, to non-city registered residents who own one or more houses is suspended. The scope of purchase restrictions is Shangcheng District, Xiacheng District, Jianggan District, Gongshu District, Xihu District, Hangzhou High-tech Development Zone (Binjiang), Hangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hangzhou Zhijiang National Tourism Resort, Xiaoshan District, Yuhang District, excluding Fuyang District, Dajiangdong and the four counties (cities) of Lin'an, Tonglu, Jiande and Chun'an.

Hangzhou’s purchase restriction policy was further strengthened in March 2017

On March 2, in order to further implement the national “houses are for living in, not for speculation” real estate market regulation In order to promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market in Hangzhou, on the basis of the implementation of purchase restrictions in some areas on September 19, 2016 and the upgrade of purchase restrictions on November 10, 2016, according to the decision of the municipal government, the Hangzhou Municipal Housing Security and Real Estate Administration Bureau issued the "About "Notice on Further Adjusting Housing Purchase Restriction Measures" stipulates that the housing purchase restriction policy will be further adjusted from March 3, 2017, including expanding the scope of implementation of purchase restrictions, upgrading purchase restriction measures for residents with non-local household registration, and adding purchase restriction measures for households with local household registration.

This purchase restriction policy is mainly reflected in three aspects:

1. Expand the scope of implementation of purchase restrictions. Since March 3, 2017, Fuyang District and Dajiangdong Industrial Cluster Area have been included in the scope of purchase restrictions, that is, within the urban area (including Shangcheng District, Xiacheng District, Jianggan District, Gongshu District, Xihu District, Hangzhou High-tech Zone (55.750, 0.00,0.00%) Development Zone (Binjiang), Hangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone, Hangzhou Zhijiang National Tourism Resort, Xiaoshan District, Yuhang District, Fuyang District and Dajiangdong Industrial Cluster) uniformly implement purchase restriction measures.

2. Adjust the personal income tax or social insurance certificate period for non-local registered residents from 1 year to 2 years. The original "continuous payment in this city for more than 1 year within the first 2 years from the date of purchase" has been adjusted to "continuous payment in this city for more than 2 years within the first 3 years from the date of purchase". Families who are not registered residents of this city are not allowed to pass Pay back personal income tax or social insurance to buy a house.

3. Families with local household registration are limited to purchase 2 units, and households with non-local household registration are limited to 1 unit. The sale of newly built commercial housing and second-hand housing to households registered in the city that already owns two or more homes and to households without registered residence in the city that already owns one or more homes is clearly suspended.

After the Lunar New Year, the real estate market in Hangzhou has strong purchasing demand. Some investment demands, including foreign home buying demand, have heated up again, especially in non-restricted areas such as Dajiangdong and Fuyang. The proportion of purchases by foreign investors has increased more significantly. The proportion of home purchases by non-locals in Jiangdong has been as high as 50% for several consecutive months.

Professor Jia Shenghua from the Real Estate Research Center of Zhejiang University believes that the demand in Hangzhou’s real estate market has been very strong recently and the relationship between supply and demand is tense. Increasing the intensity and scope of purchase restrictions will help curb investment demand, protect real rigid demand, stabilize market expectations, and contribute to the healthy and sustainable development of Hangzhou's real estate market.

(8) Nanjing

The sale of housing, including newly built commercial housing and second-hand housing, to non-city registered residents who own one or more houses is suspended. The sale of newly built commercial housing to households with registered residence in this city that owns two or more houses will be suspended. When non-Nanjing registered residents apply to purchase their first home, they should provide proof of personal income tax payment or social insurance (urban social insurance) payment certificate in Nanjing for one year or more in the two years prior to the date of purchase. Nanjing registered adult singles (including divorced persons) are limited to purchasing one house in the city.

(9) Tianjin

Families with non-registered residence in this city who own one or more houses in this city are suspended from purchasing new houses within the six districts of the city and Wuqing District. , including new commercial housing and second-hand housing.

(10) Zhengzhou

Within the five districts of Zhengzhou City and the Zhengzhou Airport Economic Comprehensive Experimental Zone, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou Economic Development Zone, and Zhengzhou High-tech Zone, the ownership of Families registered in the city with two or more houses and non-registered households with one or more houses in the city are restricted to purchase houses of less than 180 square meters (excluding 180 square meters). On December 21, housing with an area of ??more than 180 square meters (inclusive) (including newly built commercial housing and existing housing) was included in the scope of purchase restrictions.

When households with non-Zhengzhou household registration purchase a house in this city, they need to provide proof of continuous payment of personal income tax or social insurance in this city for more than 2 years (including 2 years). (11) Chengdu

Chengdu High-tech Zone, Chengdu Tianfu New District, Jinjiang District, Qingyang District, Jinniu District, Wuhou District, Chenghua District, Longquanyi District, Xindu District, Wenjiang District, Shuangliu District, Pi Housing purchase restrictions are implemented within the county, and natural persons and legal persons with the same identity can only purchase one new set of commercial housing (except for legal entities that are confirmed to have purchased commercial housing with their own funds and used it for employees' own residence after review).

Residents with registered residence in the Southern Park of Chengdu High-tech Zone and Chengdu Directly Administered Area of ??Tianfu New District, or other areas with stable employment and continuous payment of social insurance or personal income tax for more than 1 year in the Southern Park of Chengdu High-tech Zone or Chengdu Directly Administered Area of ??Tianfu New District. Registered residents who do not have self-owned housing in the area and have not purchased new commercial housing in the housing purchase restriction area after October 1, 2016 can purchase one set of commercial housing within the area. Residents who do not meet the above conditions are not allowed to purchase commercial housing in the above areas.

Chengdu’s purchase restriction policy was upgraded again in March 2017

At around 7 pm on March 23, the Chengdu Municipal People’s Government suddenly issued the “Notice on Improving the City’s Housing Purchase Restriction Policy” ( (hereinafter referred to as the "Notice"), the "Notice" not only requires house buyers to pay social security for 24 consecutive months, but also second-hand houses are included in the scope of this control.

1. Expand the scope of housing purchase restrictions

Incorporate second-hand housing into the scope of purchase restrictions. Home buyers who purchase second-hand housing in restricted housing areas should comply with Chengbanfa [2016] No. 37, Chengbanfa [2016] No. 37, The conditions for purchasing commercial housing stipulated in Banfa [2016] No. 45 document, and only one new housing (including commercial housing and second-hand housing) can be purchased.

2. Strengthen regional job-housing balance

In Chengdu High-tech Zone Western Park, Jinjiang District, Qingyang District, Jinniu District, Wuhou District, Chenghua District, Longquanyi District, and Xindu District To purchase a house in , Wenjiang District, Shuangliu District, and Pidu District, the buyer must have a household registration in a purchase-restricted area, or be stably employed in a purchase-restricted area and pay social insurance continuously for more than 24 months.

The purchase restriction policy in the Southern Park of Chengdu High-tech Zone and the Chengdu Directly Administered Area of ??Tianfu New Area will continue to be implemented in accordance with Chengbanfa [2016] No. 45 document, but residents who are not registered in the district must pay social insurance continuously for 24 months. above.

3. Strengthen the review of house purchase qualifications

Residents who are not registered in this area are not allowed to purchase houses in purchase-restricted areas by paying back social insurance. Housing management, human resources and social security and other departments must effectively perform their duties, strengthen departmental collaboration, strengthen the review of home purchase qualifications, and ensure that housing purchase restrictions are implemented.

4. Support reasonable housing needs

For major investment projects and high-end talents introduced by agencies, enterprises and institutions, after being recognized by the local district government (administrative committee), their House purchases are not subject to restrictions on household registration and social security payment time limits, but purchased commercial houses cannot be listed and transferred within 5 years from the date of contract filing and second-hand houses from the date of inclusion in the real estate registration book.

5. Crack down on illegal activities

Strengthen market supervision, standardize market order, and strictly investigate and punish illegal collection of earnest money, falsely high decoration costs, disguised price increases, forged or false social insurance payments Proof and other illegal activities.

(12) Wuxi

Real estate development companies are not allowed to sell multiple sets of commercial housing to the same buyer; suspension of sales to non-local resident families who already own one or more houses. New commercial housing for sale.

(13) Jinan

Families registered in this city are limited to purchasing two houses. Families not registered in this city are limited to purchasing one house in our city (they need to provide proof of paying personal income tax or social insurance in the city for more than 24 consecutive months). This policy applies to Lixia District, Shizhong District, Huaiyin District, Tianqiao District, Licheng District and Jinan High-tech Zone in Jinan City.

(14) Hefei

Within the urban area (excluding four counties and one city, the same below), it is suspended to residents with registered residence in the urban area who own 2 or more houses. Households are selling newly built commercial housing; sales of newly built commodities are suspended to non-urban registered residents who own one or more houses or are unable to provide proof of personal income tax or social insurance for more than one year in the city within the two years before the date of house purchase. Housing and housing stock.

(15) Wuhan

The scope of housing purchase restrictions is: Jiang'an, Jianghan, _kou, Hanyang, Wuchang, Qingshan, Hongshan District, Wuhan East Lake New Technology Development Zone, Wuhan Economic and Technology Development Zone (excluding Hannan), Shidong Lake Ecological Tourism Scenic Area, Jinyin Lake and Jinyin Lake in Dongxi Lake District, Wujiashan Area (east of Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway, south of Shanghai-Chengdu Expressway, west of Fuhe and Hongtu Road), Jiangxia District Zhifang, Miaoshan, Daqiao, Canglongdao area (east of National Highway 107 in Jiangxia District, north of Hurong Expressway), Panlongcheng area in Huangpi District (east of Wuhan Outer Ring Expressway, south of Houhu, Daihuang West of the expressway and north of Fuhe River).

In the purchase restriction area, residents with registered residence in Wuhan are prohibited from purchasing a third house; non-Wuhan residents who purchase a house must provide proof of continuous payment of social insurance or personal income tax for 2 years (including 2 years) before the date of purchase. , prohibiting the purchase of second homes.

(16) Zhuhai

For households with 3 or more registered residences in this city and households with 1 or more homes with non-local registered residents, it is not possible to provide housing purchase before Sales of ordinary housing with a building area of ??144 square meters and below to non-local residents who have paid personal income tax or social insurance certificates in this city for more than one year on a monthly basis will be suspended throughout the city.

(17) Dongguan

In the Dongguan administrative area, sales of newly built commercial housing to households with two or more houses in the city will be suspended; Households that are not registered in the city and are unable to provide personal income tax or social insurance certificates for more than one year in the city within the two years before the date of house purchase, as well as households that are not registered in the city and own two or more houses, are suspended. Sell ??newly built commercial housing to them.

(18) Fuzhou

For the following three types of residential households, sales of commercial housing with a construction area of ??144 square meters or less within the five urban districts of this city will be suspended.

1. Families registered as residents in Wucheng District of this city who own two or more sets of commercial housing;

2. Families who are not registered residents of Wucheng District in this city who own one or more sets of commercial housing. ;

3. Families who are not residents registered in Wucheng District of this city and have paid personal income tax or social insurance for one year or more in Wucheng District of this city in the two years before the date of house purchase cannot be provided.

(19) Foshan

In the entire Chancheng District, Guicheng Street, Dali Town, and Lishui Town in Nanhai District, Daliang Street, Chencun Town, and Be_ Town in Shunde District , Lecong Town implements the purchase restriction policy for new commercial housing:

1. For households registered in this city that own two or more houses in this city, sales of new commercial housing in the above areas will be suspended.

2. Families who are not residents registered in this city and do not have a house in this city can purchase a set of newly built commercial housing in the above areas.

3. If a non-local resident household owns a house in this city and purchases a second newly built commercial house in the above-mentioned area, it must provide a cumulative payment of 1 year in this city within the two years before the date of purchase. The above personal income tax payment certificate or social insurance payment certificate, and the personal income tax or social insurance payment certificate through back payment will not be recognized.

4. For families who are not residents registered in this city and own two or more houses in this city, sales of newly built commercial housing in the above areas will be suspended.

(Twenty) Nanchang

In East Lake District, West Lake District, Qingyunpu District, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang Economic and Technological Development Zone, Nanchang High-tech Development Zone, Honggutan New District and other areas ( That is: to the north it is bounded by Zhimin Avenue, Meilin Street, Gangkang Avenue, Fenghe North Avenue, Yingxiong Bridge, and Fudayou Road, and to the west it is bounded by Changxi Avenue, the Wusha River tributary along Huangjiahu Road, and Fengsheng Expressway. Bounded by Xiangyun Avenue, Shengmi Bridge and Changnan Avenue in the south and Aixihu West Road, Aixihunan Road and Changdong Avenue in the east), it is suspended to those who already own 1 unit in the urban area and Newly built commercial housing will be sold to residents with the above-mentioned registered residence in the city; sales of newly built commercial housing and existing housing to non-locally registered residents who already own one or more homes in the urban area will be suspended.

(21) Hainan

On the morning of February 28, the Hainan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development convened a symposium with 42 real estate development companies and 28 intermediaries.

At the meeting, the Hainan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development stated that the next step will be to increase supervision and supervision, and work with relevant departments to continue to carry out rectification. Specifically, 6 measures will be taken:

1. Strictly investigate and deal with the behavior of covering up the market. For those who make false publicity, hoard housing, hold back on sales, and deliberately create a shortage of housing, increase exposure and punishment, cancel business qualifications if the problem is serious, and hold relevant personnel accountable;

2. Strengthen Supervision of pre-sale behavior. Anyone who sells without obtaining a pre-sale license or collects reservation money in disguised form by subscription, numbering, etc. shall be ordered to stop illegal activities, illegal gains shall be confiscated, and those who collect reservation money shall be fined in accordance with the law;

3. Strengthen price filing management. If the sales price exceeds the registered price by more than 5% and the price is increased at will, it will be ordered to make corrections within a time limit, online signing will be suspended, and later pre-sale licenses will be suspended;

4. Strengthen the supervision of the intermediary market. The registration status of intermediaries will be announced one after another, and online signing will be suspended for unregistered intermediaries selling commercial housing and for real estate development companies entrusting unregistered intermediaries to sell commercial housing;

5. Improve the supervision of pre-sale funds. Cities and counties that have not yet established a commercial housing pre-sale fund supervision system are required to establish it before the end of June 2017, and all commercial housing pre-sale funds must be included in the supervision account to ensure that they are used for project construction;

6. Improve the market regulatory system. On the basis of implementing the online signing and filing of new commercial housing transaction contracts, accelerate the online signing and filing of second-hand housing transactions and housing rental contracts, establish a second-hand housing transaction fund supervision system, accelerate the establishment of a real estate market integrity system and an intermediary supervision service platform, and build a complete market regulatory system.

At the meeting, the Hainan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development also interviewed relevant persons in charge of 19 companies that have recently been publicly exposed for suspected violations of laws and regulations.

(22) Purchase restrictions will begin in these places in Hebei in 2017

1. Langfang

Purchase restrictions in Sanhe, Dachang, Xianghe, and Gu'an:

On April 1, 2016, Langfang City issued the "Several Opinions on Improving the Housing Security System and Promoting the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market" (i.e., Langjiu Tiao) with nine measures to cool down the real estate market in Langfang City.

The background environment for the introduction of this regulation at the time was that in March, the real estate market in Langfang city "picked up" rapidly, especially in Huanjing County (city), where house prices increased significantly, which aroused social concern and Langfang City urgently learned After studying relevant control policies in Shanghai, Shenzhen and other cities, the "Opinions" were drafted and formulated.

The "Nine Corridors" stipulate that Sanhe, Dachang, Xianghe, and Gu'an in the four counties (cities) surrounding Beijing will initiate controls. Non-local registered residents are limited to purchasing one house, and the down payment ratio must not be less than 30%. .

Four months later, Langfang issued another "Seven Corridors" to standardize the real estate market, requiring developers to develop properties according to rules and systems, especially for the sales process. The "Seven Corridors" require developers to obtain The pre-sale certificate must not be publicized beforehand, and deposits and reservation fees must not be collected from home buyers in the name of subscription, reservation, numbering, etc., and the pre-sale certificate must not participate in any exhibitions and sales activities.

In July 2016, after Sanhe City implemented the purchase restriction on first-hand housing, it issued a notice that it will also restrict the purchase of second-hand housing in Sanhe City. Non-local registered residents are limited to purchasing one house, and the down payment ratio for the purchase of a house is limited. Not less than 30%.

2. Baoding

Zhuozhou purchase restrictions:

On March 1, 2017, the Zhuozhou Municipal People’s Government issued the “Implementation Opinions on Maintaining the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market” ”, effective immediately, purchase restrictions will be implemented.

The opinion stipulates that housing purchase restrictions and differentiated housing credit policies be implemented. For households with non-local registered residence in this city, the purchase of one commercial house (including second-hand houses) is limited to 1, and the down payment ratio is not less than 30%; for households with local household registration when purchasing a second house, the down payment ratio is not less than 50%; for Talents introduced into this city and personnel from non-local units stationed in Zhuozhou can enjoy preferential policies for purchasing houses in this city.

Laishui purchase restriction:

On March 1, Laishui County, Baoding City, Hebei Province issued a purchase restriction policy. It is stipulated that households with non-local registered permanent residence are limited to purchasing one house and the down payment ratio of the purchase is not less than 30%. The purchase restriction policy will be implemented from March 1, 2017. Non-local registered residents must first go to the Housing Management Bureau to issue an approval when purchasing a house in Laishui County. Proof of purchase (you need to bring your household registration book, ID card and marriage certificate). The real estate development company will sign a purchase contract with the buyer and sign online for registration with the proof of purchase.

The down payment ratio for local registered residents purchasing a second home shall not be less than 60%.

3. Zhangjiakou

Purchase restrictions in Huailai:

Zhangjiakou Huailai County has implemented purchase restrictions since November 30, 2016, for non-Huailai residents. Those who do not yet own a house in the county can purchase a house in Huailai (including newly built commercial housing and second-hand housing), and the down payment ratio for the purchase must not be less than 30%; residents who are not registered in the county already own one or more houses in the local area , are temporarily not allowed to purchase housing in this county.

Chongli Purchase Restrictions

On March 7, the People's Government of Chongli District, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province issued supplementary opinions on the "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market (Trial)" .

The supplementary opinions released this time show that households registered in this district that already have 2 or more (including 2) ordinary houses in the district are not allowed to purchase a third ordinary house (including second-hand houses); Adult singles (including divorced) with district household registration can purchase an ordinary house; residents with household registration in this district purchase their first ordinary house or non-ordinary house, and the down payment ratio shall not be less than 30% or 40% (previously it was 30%). To purchase a second ordinary house, the down payment ratio shall not be less than 60% (previously it was 50%). To purchase a second or more non-ordinary houses (including the second house), the down payment ratio shall not be less than 70%.

Chongli District stipulates that households not registered in the district can purchase an ordinary house with a down payment of no less than 40%. When purchasing a house, non-registered residents of the district must provide proof of personal income tax or social insurance payment that has been paid in the district for more than one year in the two years before the date of purchase. They are not allowed to purchase a house through back-payment of personal income tax or social insurance payment proof. .

This is another upgrade of the purchase restriction policy in Chongli District after the implementation of purchase restrictions on November 30 last year.

It is understood that at present, Hebei Province’s policy orientation for the real estate market is “one city, one policy” and no longer one-size-fits-all. Each locality formulates local real estate market policies based on actual conditions, with the overall purpose of controlling housing prices. Excessive growth, especially in urban areas around Beijing and Tianjin counties. At present, cities with purchase restrictions are basically in the Beijing-Tianjin area, and the issuing agencies are basically local county, city, and district governments.