Knowledge points from the first volume of geography for the second grade of the People's Education Press

Chapter 1

1. Topography and topography

1. The terrain is distributed in a ladder shape

⑴Topography characteristics: high in the west and low in the east. Distributed in a ladder shape. The west is mostly mountains, plateaus and basins, while the east is dominated by plains and hills.

⑵Overview of the three-level ladder

Ladder name, altitude, main terrain type, main terrain area

The first ladder is above 4000 meters, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qaidam Basin

Boundaries: Kunlun Mountains-Qilian Mountains-Eastern edge of Hengduan Mountains

The second step of 1000~2000 meters plateau, basin Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin , Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin

Boundary line: Greater Khingan Range-Taihang Mountain-Wushan Mountain-Xuefeng Mountain

Hills, mountains, plains, and basins below the third step of 500 meters are alternately distributed in the southeast. Hills, Northeastern Plains, North China Plains, and Plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

⑶ my country’s terrain is higher in the west and lower in the east. The impact of the ladder-like distribution on my country’s climate, rivers, and transportation: ① Impact on climate: my country’s terrain is higher in the west and lower in the east The low tilt toward the ocean is conducive to the advancement of moist airflow from the sea to the inland of my country, bringing abundant precipitation to vast areas of my country. ② Impact on rivers: The topography of high in the west and low in the east causes my country's major rivers to run into the ocean from west to east; when rivers flow from a higher step to a lower step, the gap is large and huge water energy is generated. ③Impact on transportation: The large river flowing eastward connects my country's east-west transportation and facilitates the connection between the coast and the inland. However, the tall mountains at the junction of the stairs have become a huge obstacle to my country's east-west transportation.

2. The terrain is complex and diverse (Figure 2.4 on P24)

⑴Characteristics of the four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: the roof of the world, with widespread glaciers and continuous snow-capped mountains.

Loess Plateau: The most extensive loess distribution area in the world, with thousands of ravines and fragments.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Karst landforms are widespread and the surface is rugged.

Inner Mongolia Plateau: The second largest plateau in my country, the ground is open and boundless as far as the eye can see.

⑵ Characteristics of the three major plains:

Northeastern Plain: The largest plain in my country, with broad terrain and widespread black soil.

North China Plain: The most complete plain in my country, also known as the "Yellow-Huaihai Plain".

The plains of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: the lowest plains in my country, densely covered with rivers and lakes, the "land of plenty".

⑶Characteristics of the four major basins:

Tarim Basin: The largest basin in my country, including the Taklimakan Desert, the desert in my country, and the Tarim River, the inland river in China. Junggar Basin: The second largest basin in my country, it is relatively humid.

Qaidam Basin: A basin in my country’s topography, known as the “treasure basin”.

Sichuan Basin: Also known as the "Purple Basin", there is the larger Chengdu Plain in the west, with developed agriculture and rich products, and is known as the "Land of Abundance".

⑷Main mountain ranges (Figure 2.6 on P26)

①Three columns running east-west: North column: Tianshan Mountains-Yinshan Mountains; Middle column: Kunlun Mountains-Qinling Mountains; Southern column : Nanling.

② Three columns running from northeast to southwest: west column: Daxinganling - Taihang Mountain - Wushan - Xuefeng Mountain; middle column: Changbai Mountain - Wuyi Mountain; east column: Taiwan Mountains.

③Three columns running from northwest to southeast: northern column: Altai Mountains; middle column: Qilian Mountains; southern column: Bayan Har Mountains.

④Three columns running from north to south: North column: Helan Mountain; Middle column: Liupan Mountain; South column: Hengduan Mountain area.

⑤Arc-shaped trend: Himalayas. Its main peak, Mount Everest, is 8,844 meters above sea level. It is the highest peak in the world and is located on the border of China and Nepal.

⑥The Five Mountains of China: Dongyue Taishan (Shandong), Xiyue Huashan (Shaanxi), Nanyue Hengshan (Hunan), Beiyue Hengshan (Hebei), and Zhongyue Songshan (Henan).

⑸Main hills: from north to south are Liaodong hills, Shandong hills and southeast hills.

3. Mountainous areas are vast

⑴ Mountainous areas: including mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about 2/3 of the country’s land area.

⑵ Development and utilization of mountainous areas:

Favorable conditions: Mountainous areas have great advantages in developing tourism, mining and agricultural diversification, such as forests, minerals, biological resources, and mountainous water energy. Rich.

Disadvantageous conditions: rugged terrain, inconvenient transportation, prone to natural disasters: collapses, landslides, mudslides. When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention must be paid to ecological environment construction to prevent and avoid mountain disasters.

2. Diverse climate and significant monsoon

1. Difference in temperature between north and south

⑴ Winter temperature distribution characteristics: There is a big difference in temperature between north and south in winter, with cold in the north and warm in the south , and the further north you go, the cooler the temperature becomes. Reason: Mainly affected by latitude, the north receives less solar heat and has lower temperatures than the south; winter monsoons intensify the severe cold in northern my country, while the south is less affected due to the obstruction of mountains.

January 0℃ isotherm: roughly distributed along the Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River line.

⑵ Summer temperature distribution characteristics: In summer, except for areas such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, high temperatures are generally high throughout the country, and there is not much difference between the north and the south in most places. Reason: Mainly affected by latitude, the north and south receive almost the same amount of solar heat.

⑶The coldest place in my country in winter: Mohe Town in Heilongjiang; the hottest place in summer: Turpan in Xinjiang.

⑷The division of temperature zones in my country: ①Based on: A. The actual agricultural production; B. The sum of the daily average temperatures within the duration of ≥10℃ is accumulated, and the resulting total temperature is called the active accumulated temperature. It is the main indicator for dividing temperature zones. ②Five temperature zones and one plateau climate zone. (Figure 2.15 in P33)

Temperature zone Cold temperate zone Mid-temperate zone Warm temperate zone Subtropical Tropical Plateau climate zone

Crop ripening: one crop in one year, one crop in one year, and three crops in two years. Two crops a year, two crops a year to three crops a year, three crops a year and one crop

2. The difference between dryness and wetness in the east and west

⑴The general trend of annual precipitation distribution: from the southeast It decreases from the coast to the northwest inland.

⑵ The place with the most rainfall in my country is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province; the place with the least rainfall is Tuokxun in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang.

⑶According to the comparative relationship between precipitation and evaporation, it can be divided into four types of wet and dry areas. (Figures 2 and 17 on P36)

Region Humid region Semi-humid region Semi-arid region Dry region

Dry and wet conditions Precipitation > Evaporation Precipitation > Evaporation Precipitation Evaporation Amount of precipitation and evaporation

Vegetation forests, grasslands and deserts

3. my country’s climate characteristics

⑴ Monsoon climate is significant: ① Monsoon: monsoon refers to the Wind that changes direction due to seasonal changes. ②Causes of monsoon: The thermal difference between sea and land is the main reason for the formation of monsoon in my country. ③Characteristics of monsoon climate: Northerly wind blows in winter, which is cold and dry; Southerly wind blows in summer, which is warm and humid. ④ Monsoon area and non-monsoon area: Areas that are significantly affected by the summer monsoon are called monsoon areas; areas that are not significantly affected by the summer monsoon are called non-monsoon areas. Its dividing line: Greater Hinggan Mountains - Yinshan Mountains - Helan Mountains. (Figure 2.21 on P39) ⑤ The difference between monsoon areas and non-monsoon areas: monsoon areas have abundant precipitation, mainly concentrated in summer; non-monsoon areas have difficulty in reaching the summer monsoon, have scarce precipitation, and are relatively dry throughout the year. ⑥The main form of precipitation in eastern my country: frontal rain.

⑵ The climate is complex and diverse: (Figure 2.26 in P42) ① The east: tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate. ②Northwest: temperate continental climate. ③Southwest (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region): plateau mountain climate.

4. The impact of my country’s climate (1) The climate is complex and diverse, which is conducive to the development of a variety of agricultural economies, making my country extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources. ⑵The most prominent climate feature in the monsoon area is the synchronization of rain and heat. When the precipitation is the highest, the temperature is also the time. This is also the growing period of crops. The combination of rain and heat provides favorable conditions for the growth of crops.

⑶ It is easy to bring about various disastrous weather. Strong winter monsoon activity can lead to cold waves; unstable summer monsoon activity can also lead to floods and droughts.

Main disastrous weather: mainly cold waves, typhoons, droughts, floods, etc. Among them, floods and droughts are the most common and widely distributed climate disasters that affect agricultural production in my country.

3. Rivers and lakes 1. Numerous rivers and lakes

⑴Outflow river and outflow area: The river that finally flows into the ocean is the outflow river, and the area where it is located is the outflow area.

⑵Inland rivers and inland areas: Rivers that do not eventually flow into the ocean are inland rivers, and the area where they are located is an inland area.

⑶ Comparison between the outflow area and the inflow area in my country:

The name of the river basin accounts for the major rivers in the country's total area

2/3 of the outflow area flows into the Pacific Ocean: the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River, Lancang River (called Mekong River abroad).

Flow into the Indian Ocean: Brahmaputra River (called Brahmaputra River abroad), Nu River (called Salween River abroad).

Flows into the Arctic Ocean: Irtysh River. (Rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean in my country)

The dividing line is the Greater Khingan Range - Yin Mountain - Helan Mountain - Bayan Har Mountain - Gangdise Mountain

1/3 of the inflow area flows in Deep in the Desert: Tarim River

⑷ Comparison of the hydrological characteristics of outflow rivers and inland rivers: ① Outflow rivers are mostly distributed in the outflow area in the southeast. Affected by the monsoon climate, the river water volume is large, and the river water mainly comes from the atmosphere. Precipitation and river flood seasons become shorter and shorter from south to north, and rivers north of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River freeze in winter. ②Inland rivers are distributed in the inland northwest, with small water volume and large seasonal changes. The river water mainly comes from mountain precipitation and melted water from mountain ice and snow. The inland river in my country is the Tarim River.

2. Beijing-Hangzhou Canal

The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is the longest and earliest man-made river in the world. It is 1,800 kilometers long, passing through the two cities of Beijing and Tianjin and the four provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang from north to south, connecting the five major water systems of the Haihe River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River, and the Qiantang River.

3. The Yangtze River and the Yellow River (Figure 2.32 on P48, Figure 2.36 on P53)

Yangtze River and Yellow River

Length 6300 kilometers 5500 kilometers

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The birthplace of Bayan Hara Mountain in Tanggula Mountain

It is characterized by a "V+W" shape. It is the longest river in my country and the third longest river in the world. Shaped in the shape of "ji", it is the second longest river in my country and the river with the highest sediment content in the world.

Injects into the East China Sea and Bohai Sea

The dividing points of the upper, middle and lower reaches are Yichang, Hukou Hekou and Mengjin

It flows through the provinces of Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yun, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shanghai (11) Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, and Shandong (9)

Flow through the terrain District Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, Sichuan Basin, Wushan, the middle and lower Yangtze River plains Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau, North China Plain

The main tributaries are Jialing River, Han River, Xiang River, Gan River, Huangshui River, Fen River, Weihe River

Development ① "Hydro Energy Treasure House". Water energy resources are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. Hydropower stations: Three Gorges and Gezhouba. ②The "golden waterway", the main stream runs from east to west, does not freeze all year round, and is navigable in all seasons below Yibin. ① Utilize hydropower to generate electricity in the middle and upper reaches. Hydropower stations: Longyangxia, Sanmenxia, ??Xiaolangdi.

②Diversion from the Yellow River for irrigation: south of the Yangtze River outside the Great Wall - Ningxia Plain, Hetao Plain; important water sources in the North China Plain.

Worries ① The area of ??lakes in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River has shrunk, forests and grassland vegetation have been destroyed, and the natural ecological environment has deteriorated day by day.

② The trunk and tributaries above Yichang, the two major river systems of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Han River on the north bank are the three main sources of floods in the middle and lower reaches of the plain area.

③The Sichuan River beach has many rapid currents, and the Jingjiang River section has curved channels, slow water flow, and sedimentation. ①Upstream: The climate tends to be arid, grassland degradation and desertification are serious. Freezing floods are likely to occur in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia in early spring.

②Middle reaches: It flows through the Loess Plateau and suffers serious water and soil erosion, becoming the river with the highest sediment content in the world.

③Downstream: The river channel widens, the flow slows down, and a large amount of sediment is deposited, raising the river bed and becoming an "above ground river". The threat of floods is serious and water pollution is aggravated. Freezing floods are likely to occur in Shandong in early spring.

Management measures ① Build protective forests in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River to conserve water and soil; build flood diversion and flood storage projects. (Storage)

② Improve river courses and return farmland to forests. (Guide)

③Reinforce the river embankment. (Prevention)

① Upstream: Reasonable grazing, restore forest and grass vegetation, and improve the ecological environment. Build reservoirs and hydropower stations.

②Midstream: Carry out comprehensive management of soil and water conservation. Plant trees and grass, return farmland to forests and grass, build dams to silt the land, and conserve soil and water.

③Downstream: Reinforce and raise the Yellow River embankment, dredge the river channel, and control water pollution.

4. Main lakes

my country’s lakes: Qinghai Lake (Qinghai) is a saltwater lake.

The five largest freshwater lakes in my country: Poyang Lake (Jiangxi), Dongting Lake (Hunan), Taihu Lake (Jiangsu), Hongze Lake (Jiangsu), and Chaohu (Anhui).

Chapter 2

1. Vast territory

1. Superior location

⑴ Hemisphere location: Eastern Hemisphere, Northern Hemisphere. ⑵Sea and land location: Eastern Asia, west coast of the Pacific.

⑶ Latitude location: Most of them are located in mid-latitude areas, which belong to the northern temperate zone. A few areas in the south are located in the tropics south of the Tropic of Cancer, and there is no cold zone.

⑷ Location advantages

Developing agricultural production my country has a vast territory and large climate differences between the north and south and east and west, providing favorable conditions for the development of a variety of agricultural economies.

Foreign exchanges and cooperation: The east is bordered by the Pacific Ocean, with many excellent harbors and convenient maritime transportation, which is conducive to friendly exchanges with overseas countries; the west is deep into the Eurasian continent and borders many countries, allowing China's land transportation to connect with my country Direct exchanges between Asia, West Asia and Europe.

Developing marine industries faces the Pacific Ocean to the east and has many excellent harbors along the coast, making it easy to develop various marine resources.

Others have created my country’s rich tourism resources, such as the ice and snow in the north and the tropical scenery in the south.

2. The land is vast

⑴Land area: about 9.6 million Km2, almost equal to the area of ??the entire Europe, second only to Russia and Canada, ranking third among countries in the world. It is the largest country in the world.

⑵ The four territories: about 5,000 kilometers apart from east to west, and about 5,500 kilometers apart from north to south.

The easternmost point: the intersection of the center lines of the main channels of the Heilongjiang River and the Ussuri River (135°E); the westernmost point: the Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang (73°E);

The southernmost: Zengmu Shoal in the Nansha Islands in the South China Sea (4°N); the northernmost: the center of the main channel north of Mohe, Heilongjiang Province (53°N).

⑶ Land boundary: more than 20,000 kilometers; coastline: more than 10,000 to 80,000 kilometers.

⑷Land neighbors: Land neighbors (14): North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam.

⑸ Countries facing each other across the sea (6): Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia.

⑹ my country is an important maritime country in the world. The oceans it borders are the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea from north to south. The sea area under its jurisdiction is about 3 million square kilometers. The Bohai Sea and Qiongzhou Strait are my country’s inland seas. The Bohai Sea has my country's salt field - Changlu Salt Field, and the East China Sea has my country's fishing ground - Zhoushan Fishing Ground.

⑺Peninsulas and islands: Main peninsulas—Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, Leizhou Peninsula. The main islands are Taiwan Island (the largest island in my country) and Hainan Island.

3. 34 provincial-level administrations (Figures 1 and 7 in P7)

⑴Administrative divisions: my country’s current administrative divisions are basically divided into provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, special administrative divisions) Administrative district), county (autonomous county, county-level city), town (township) three levels.

⑵ There are 34 provincial-level administrative units in my country, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao.

⑶The names, abbreviations, and administrative centers of my country’s 34 provincial-level administrative units. The first website of new curriculum standards

⑷Special provincial administrative regions. ①The province with the widest latitude is Hainan Province. The one with the widest longitude is the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The latitude is Heilongjiang Province. The lowest latitude is Hainan Province.

②The most populous province is Guangdong Province. The smallest population is the Macao Special Administrative Region. Yunnan Province has the largest number of ethnic minorities.

③The area is the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The smallest area is the Macao Special Administrative Region. The longest mainland coastline is Guangdong Province. Zhejiang Province has the most coastal islands. Hainan Province is all in the tropics. At the same time, Liaoning and Shandong provinces are bordering the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea.

④The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has the most neighbors. The most neighboring provinces are Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province.

⑤The provinces that the Tropic of Cancer passes through from west to east are Yunnan Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangdong Province, and Taiwan Province.

2. Large population

1. The most populous country in the world

⑴ According to the fifth census in 2000, my country’s total population is 1.295 billion. Accounting for more than 1/5 of the world's total population. January 6, 2005, is China’s 1.3 billion population day. ⑵ Outstanding characteristics of population: large population base and rapid population growth. ⑶Population policy: The implementation of family planning is a basic national policy of our country.

2. The population is more in the east than in the west

⑴Population density: my country’s average population density is 134 people per square kilometer, which is three times the world’s average population density.

⑵Population distribution characteristics: Taking Heihe (Heilongjiang Province)-Tengchong (Yunnan Province) as the boundary, there is more in the east and less in the west.

⑶Among the 34 provincial-level administrative regions, the most densely populated is the Macao Special Administrative Region, and the least densely populated is the Tibet Autonomous Region. Among the 23 provinces, Jiangsu Province has the highest population density.

3. Multi-ethnic family

1. 56 ethnic groups

⑴ The Han nationality has the largest population, accounting for 92% of the country’s total population.

⑵ The largest minority population is the Zhuang, and the least is the Lhoba. The ethnic minorities with a population of more than 4 million include Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uyghur, Yi, Tujia, Mongolian, and Tibetan. .

⑶Each ethnic group has unique customs, culture, art and traditional sports activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival of the Han people, the Water Splashing Festival of the Dai people, the Naadam Conference of the Mongolian people, the Eid al-Fitr of the Uygur people, and the torches of the Yi people Festival, the long drum dance of the Korean people, etc.

⑷Ethnic policy: All ethnic groups, big or small, are equal.

2. Distribution of ethnic groups

⑴ Characteristics of ethnic distribution: large groups living together and small groups living together. ⑵ Han nationality: spread throughout the country, mainly concentrated in the east and central areas. ⑶ Ethnic minorities: Mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast regions.

Part 3

Chapter 1 Viewing China from the World

1. China’s geographical location: Viewed from the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, China is located in the Eastern Hemisphere; viewed from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres , China is located in the northern hemisphere. From the perspective of the continents and oceans, China is located in the east of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific

2. China’s superior geographical location

3. China’s land area is about 960 square meters Ten thousand square kilometers, ranking third in the world after Russia and Canada.

4. China’s Four Solstice: The northernmost point: the center line of the main channel of Heilongjiang north of Mohe, Heilongjiang, (53°N).

The easternmost point: the intersection of the center lines of the main channels of the Heilongjiang River and the Ussuri River (135°E).

The westernmost point: the Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang, (73°E).

The southernmost point: Zengmu Shoal in the Nanshao Islands in the South China Sea, (3°N).

Our country is located in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, facing the Pacific Ocean to the east. It has 14 land neighbors and 6 countries facing each other across the sea.

Near the Bohai Sea is my country’s salt field, Changlu Salt Field, and in the East China Sea is my country’s fishing ground, Zhoushan Fishing Ground.

5. The oceans on the verge of our country, from north to south, are: Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea, Taiwan Strait belongs to the East China Sea

6. my country has 34 provincial-level administrative units , 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 special administrative regions

Provincial administrative region memory tips:

Two lakes, two Guangxi, two rivers, mountains, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Henan , Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong

Wujiang (Xinjiang) Erning, Qingshaan and Gansu, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Gansu

Chongqing, Taihai, Fujian, Yunnan, Guizhou, Tibet, Sichuan, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin

Yunnan, Guizhou, west and north, Chongqing, Inner Mongolia, Taiwan, Hainan, Fujian, Jilin, Anhui

Hong Kong and Macau are happy to return.

The motherland is a wonderful land. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region

4 municipalities: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing.

Five autonomous regions: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

2 Special Administrative Regions: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

China’s provincial administrative unit: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The smallest provincial administrative unit in China: the Macao Special Administrative Region. The most populous provincial administrative unit in China: Guangdong Province.

The provincial administrative unit with the smallest population in China: the Macao Special Administrative Region.

Provincial administrative unit of population density in China: Macao Special Administrative Region.

The provincial administrative unit with the smallest population density in China: the Tibet Autonomous Region.

The northernmost, southernmost, easternmost, and westernmost provinces in China are Heilongjiang Province, Hainan Province, Heilongjiang Province, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region respectively.

(For the outline map of each province and city and the location of the provincial capital city, please refer to textbook pictures 1 and 7)

7. my country’s total population is 1.341 billion (the sixth census in 2010). Accounting for more than one-fifth of the world's population, it is the most populous country in the world. (National policy: family planning).

8. my country is bounded by Heihe-Tengchong. The population is densely distributed in the east and sparsely populated in the west.