popular science knowledge

Introduction From the perspective of sociology of science, the popularization of science is a universal social phenomenon, which inevitably has its own "growing point". The growing point of popular science lies in the intersection of nature and man, science and society. In other words, the interaction between natural science and human society has produced scientific popularization, and science and technology and society, as the "soil" of scientific popularization, have nurtured its growth. Scientific and technological progress and social development have provided new growth points for popular science work, which has a fresh vitality, strong sociality and the times. Figuratively speaking, popular science is a "modern civilized drama" with the times as the background, society as the stage, people as the protagonist, science and technology as the content and facing the general public. There are no traditional reserved programs on this stage.

In essence, the popularization of science is a kind of social education. As a social education, it is different from both school education and vocational education, and its basic characteristics are sociality, mass and continuity. The characteristics of popular science show that the work of popular science must use socialized, popular and regular popular science methods, make full use of various circulation channels and information media in modern society, and lose no time in infiltrating into various social activities to form large-scale, dynamic and socialized popular science.

Modern science and technology is an extremely huge and complex three-dimensional structural system with rich connotations and various social functions. In popular science work, we should not only attach importance to the external utility of scientific and technological knowledge, but also ignore its internal scientific thought, scientific method and scientific spirit. Among the four different levels of knowledge and information (namely, data, information, knowledge and intelligence), intelligence occupies the highest level and is the most active and important quality that constitutes a person's scientific and cultural quality. This is especially important for leading cadres at all levels and managers of scientific and technological work in different positions.

Who will edit this popular science section and decide the writing qualification?

Popular science books are written by people who have become great scientists, which is the industry rule of academic circles. Therefore, some scientists are unwilling or embarrassed to write popular science books, mainly considering that they are not big scientists, because once a scientist agrees to write popular science books, people in the industry generally will not say it and will be disgusted. In the end, it will be written by some ordinary people (but it must be out of love and reverence for science) and their real names can only be aliases.

Edit this section of popular science with China characteristics.

Due to China's large population, backward education infrastructure and low per capita education level, the overall scientific literacy level of the public is relatively low. In addition, China is currently a country with unbalanced economic and social development. There are great differences in public scientific literacy between urban and rural areas, regions and occupations. Therefore, the popularization of science in China is a multi-level three-dimensional project, which is richer than the western public's understanding of science, including popularizing scientific knowledge, advocating scientific methods, spreading scientific ideas and carrying forward scientific spirit.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the popularization of science has always been regarded as a public welfare undertaking, which has been highly valued by the government and all walks of life. Established a science popularization management and coordination organization, built a large number of science popularization venues and facilities, and carried out various forms of science popularization activities.

Edit this section of China science popularization legislation.

In June, 2002, China promulgated the Law on Popularization of Science and Technology in People's Republic of China (PRC), which is the first science popularization in the world.

In 2006, the State Council promulgated the Outline of the Action Plan for National Scientific Literacy.

In 2009, Nanjing promulgated the Regulations on Science and Technology Popularization in Nanjing.

Edit the section of popular science management and activity institutions in China.

Since the founding of New China, the China government has always attached great importance to popular science work. In the early days of the founding of New China, the Science and Technology Popularization Bureau was established in the Ministry of Culture of the Central People's Government, which was responsible for leading and managing the national science popularization work. Since then, various departments and localities have set up specialized science popularization management institutions. The government has invested a lot of money to build a number of national-level popular science venues. There are special funds for popular science to support popular science activities from the central government to the local government. At present, the funds for popular science in China are mainly allocated by the government. All walks of life, including science and technology, media publishing, urban communities, enterprises and so on. , are actively involved in popular science work.

National science popularization management organization

The China government's management and coordination institutions for popular science work are relatively centralized. In order to co-ordinate the management and coordination of various departments' popular science activities, and make all departments pay attention to popular science work, according to the provisions of the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Popularization of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology is responsible for formulating the national popular science work plan, implementing policy guidance, and conducting supervision and inspection. 1996 in April, a national joint conference system for popular science work was established, with the Ministry of Science and Technology as the lead and Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China and China Association for Science and Technology as the deputy heads. Member units are composed of departments and mass organizations related to popular science work of the Central Committee and the State Council. Subsequently, the local science popularization joint conference system was established in all parts of China, which provided institutional guarantee for effectively mobilizing various forces to carry out science popularization work.

In various systems in the State Council, the popular science functions of ministries and commissions are carried out according to their main functions.

The Ministry of Science and Technology has a Science Popularization Department under the Department of Policy, Regulation and System Reform. The functions of the office are: drafting national policies and regulations on popular science, organizing and coordinating major national popular science activities, and perfecting and implementing the system of science and technology commissioners.

Among the institutions directly under the Ministry of Education, the Department of Basic Education, the Department of Vocational Education and Adult Education, the Department of Science and Technology, the Department of Normal Education and the Department of Sports Health and Art Education participate in science and technology education and popular science work to varying degrees according to their respective functions.

The main responsibilities of the Ministry of Health include: carrying out comprehensive health education, guiding the implementation of primary health care planning and special technologies for maternal and child health care, and guiding the popularization and application of medical scientific and technological achievements.

The Ministry of Agriculture plays an important role in rural science popularization. The Department of Science, Technology and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the popularization of agricultural science and technology knowledge and the popularization of agricultural technology. In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture also actively supports the popular science work of China Agricultural Society.

Organization of popular science activities

Although China Association for Science and Technology is a mass scientific and technological organization, it plays an important role in the development of science and technology in China, and one of its main functions is the popularization of science and technology. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has made outstanding contributions to the cause of popular science in China by organizing popular science activities.

The Law on Popularization of Science and Technology in People's Republic of China (PRC) clearly stipulates that the Association of Science and Technology is the main force of popular science work and is responsible for the organization and implementation of popular science work.

China Association for Science and Technology has established the Science and Technology Popularization Department, which is in charge of the science popularization work of the Association.

China Association for Science and Technology has 167 national societies, of which 138 have established popular science committees. China Popular Science Creation Association was founded on 1979. Among the 22 directly affiliated institutions, there are 14 Science and Technology Museum, Popular Science Publishing House and China Science Research Institute engaged in popular science work. Associations at or above the county level are 288 1, Institute 65482, Enterprise Association 10674, University Association 328, Street Association 4 19 1 Township Association and Popular Science Association. The Association for Science and Technology has formed a systematic and perfect popular science organization from the central to the local level.

China Academy of Sciences is also an important department of popular science activities in China. Its responsibility in popular science is to give full play to the advantages of Chinese Academy of Sciences in high-tech talents and advanced scientific research facilities, and to strengthen the contact between scientific research institutions and scientific and technological workers and the public; Mobilize and organize scientists and scientific and technical workers to publicize scientific and technological knowledge in various forms; Promote qualified scientific research institutions to open scientific research laboratories to the society, and carry out popular science propaganda by holding lectures and organizing visits. In order to give full play to the advantages of its own intelligence and facilities resources and popularize the latest scientific and technological achievements of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to the society in a timely and effective manner, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has established a leading group for popular science work and a popular science office of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is responsible for the popular science work of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and actively carries out popular science activities.

The All-China Women's Federation (hereinafter referred to as the All-China Women's Federation) has a women's development department, which involves the following popular science functions: guiding local women's federations to organize women's cultural, scientific and technological training and vocational skills training; Mobilize and organize women to participate in poverty alleviation, western development and ecological environment construction, and promote rural women to become rich by relying on science and technology; Guide local women's federations to carry out activities such as "learning culture, learning technology, learning achievement and learning contribution" and "women's contribution". The functions of the children's work department related to popular science include: carrying out work for girls and promoting their development; Participate in promoting off-campus education, coordinate and promote the whole society to create a good social environment for the healthy growth of children.

In addition, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the China Communist Youth League and other departments have specialized agencies to carry out popular science work among workers and teenagers.

Edit the facilities of popular science venues in this section.

Popular science venues and facilities are important places for the public to popularize education. By the end of 200 1, there were more than 240 science and technology museums in Chinese mainland, including 2 1, 8 comprehensive nature museums, 6 museums established in nature reserves, 5 professional natural history museums11,agriculture, aviation, aerospace, post and telecommunications, railways, Chinese medicine and so on.

Technisches Museum

Science and technology museum refers to a comprehensive popular science place, and its main functions include exhibition education, training education and experimental education.

The first phase project of China Science and Technology Museum with an area of 20,000 square meters was completed and opened to the public on 1988. 1999 50th anniversary of the national day, the second phase of the 20,000-square-meter project was completed and officially opened to the outside world at the turn of the millennium.

The exhibition contents of the new China Science and Technology Museum Phase II project mainly reflect the development trend of science and technology in the new century and the main areas of China's national economic development, including more than 300 exhibits in different fields such as aerospace, life science, environmental science, information technology, energy and transportation, materials and manufacturing technology, basic science, and about 400 exhibits of ancient scientific and technological achievements in China.

The Dome Hall of China Science and Technology Museum is one of the largest dome theaters in the world.

In 2006, a new China Science and Technology Museum with a building area of about 6.5438+0.2 million square meters will stand in the Olympic Park, and more modern facilities will make it one of the three largest science and technology museums in the world.

Shanghai Science and Technology Museum is a large-scale popular science activity place invested by the local government. The 9th Informal Leaders' Meeting of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation was held in Shanghai, China on 200 1 and 10, and in Shanghai Science and Technology Museum.

Haier Science and Technology Museum is the first modern science and technology museum invested by enterprises in China. Founded in 1998, it was officially opened to the public in 1999. Haier Science and Technology Museum is a large-scale modern exhibition hall based on corporate culture and integrating science and technology, culture, tourism and entertainment.

Professional natural museum

At present, there are 1 15 professional natural history museums in Chinese mainland, including 30 museums of dinosaurs and other creatures, 0/5 planetariums and 70 museums in geological museum.

The advanced technology adopted by Changzhou China Dinosaur Park is a model of China Natural Museum. The dinosaur park uses the means of scene creation to reproduce the unique living environment of Mesozoic with splashing waterfalls, cold and steep rocks, waterless oceans, dense jungles and vast caves. Fossil exhibition uses different methods, high-tech means, sound and photoelectricity, combined with film and television imaging, cartoon animation, dinosaur flip-flops, online games and various scientific and technological productions, which makes China Dinosaur Museum break through the traditional concept of museum and become a powerful modern new dinosaur museum integrating natural history, popular science, appreciation, amusement and participation.

China Dinosaur Museum has five main halls and six sub-halls. The total area of the museum is more than 20,000 square meters, and the highest point of the museum dome is 36 meters. These halls are interconnected by logical lines. Based on the history of biological evolution, this paper highlights the theme of dinosaurs from survival, reproduction, evolution to destruction, and reveals the profound theme that life and environment are interdependent and human beings must protect ecology and environment.

Popular science education base

It is also an important part of popular science facilities in China to make use of the existing resources of scientific and technological activities and open them to the public to a certain extent.

From 65438 to 0996, the State Science and Technology Commission and the China Academy of Sciences identified the first batch of pilot bases for popular science education, including the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Botany, the Institute of vertebrate paleontology, the Institute of Paleoanthropology and the Computer Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Popular science caravan popular science train

The "Popular Science Caravan" was developed and produced by China Association for Science and Technology according to the requirements of the development of popular science work in China, aiming at popularizing science and technology, consulting science and technology and holding popular science exhibitions in remote areas.

The popular science caravan has five functions, such as vehicle-mounted popular science exhibits display education, exhibition board publicity education, science and technology film broadcasting education, giving away popular science materials and books, and moving the popular science propaganda stage, and is known as the "Mobile Science and Technology Museum".

The popular science caravan was put into use on 200 1 and 1, and a large number of popular science activities were carried out in the vast rural areas of central and western China, which was warmly welcomed by rural residents. In 2002, the "Popular Science Caravan" traveled all over the country 17 provinces, cities and districts, and held about 654.38+ten thousand popular science reports and lectures in various places, with tens of millions of listeners.

In 2002, China also launched a "popular science through train" for the western region and the old, underdeveloped, marginal and poverty-stricken areas, which mainly carried out popular science exhibitions, reports, lectures, agricultural technology consultation, medical technology training, rich experience teaching, popular science film screening and other activities.

In May 2002, the popular science special train with the theme of "spreading science and civilization and serving the people in the old liberated areas" set off from Beijing and carried out publicity and service activities in Hebei, Henan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces/0/4 counties and cities along the Beijing-Kowloon Railway. From June 5438 to 10, 2002, the popular science special train with the theme of "spreading science and civilization and promoting the development of the western region" sailed from Beijing to the northwest, providing services for people of all ethnic groups in 9 counties (flags and cities) along the railways in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Gansu provinces. Wherever they go, they are very popular.

Edit this large-scale popular science activity

Large-scale popular science activities in China include science and technology week, large-scale popular science exhibition, and science and technology going to the countryside.

Science and Technology Week is one of the most important popular science activities in China. Although affected by the SARS epidemic in 2003, the activities of the National Science and Technology Week are still carried out on the Internet as scheduled. The theme is "Relying on Science to Overcome SARS".

The activities of the National Science and Technology Week are very rich, and institutions related to popular science activities in all provinces and cities in China have taken action to publicize science and technology and promote the dialogue between the public and science. Every year, the joint meeting of science and technology countries forms a theme through consultation, and various departments will hold various forms of popular science activities around this theme.

The 2004 National Science and Technology Week with the theme of "People-oriented Science and Technology and Building a Well-off Society in an All-round Way" was held nationwide from May 15 to May 2 1 day. In 2004, the National Week of Science and Technology Activities was rich in content and varied in forms, which was highlighted in three aspects: paying attention to publicizing Scientific Outlook on Development, emphasizing the service of science and technology for agriculture, countryside and farmers, and paying attention to popular science education for minors. The main activities include holding a large-scale theme exhibition and a large-scale science and technology garden party in Beijing, a large-scale popular science activity in Xibaipo, Hebei Province, and a large-scale activity such as "Revitalizing Northeast China, Serving Agriculture, Countryside and Farmers, and Running Longjiang Science and Technology Through Train" in Heilongjiang Province.

Although the comprehensive popular science activities such as Science Week and Science Month are short-lived, their influence is very extensive. By holding large-scale popular science activities regularly, the enthusiasm of scientific and technological personnel for scientific communication has been mobilized, the public's learning and understanding of science and technology has been promoted, and the social influence has been expanded.

At the same time, in line with major international and domestic festivals, various national science popularization units actively carry out various forms of science popularization activities. Such as International Meteorological Day, World Health Day, World Environment Day, Earth Day, International Museum Day, National Arbor Day and National Energy Conservation Publicity Week. According to the holiday situation, all relevant units publicize the corresponding scientific knowledge through newspapers, radio, television, Internet and other media, and by means of popular science contests, speeches or large-scale cultural performances.

Popular science activities for rural areas pay more attention to the spread of practical technology. Since 1996, various localities have extensively carried out the activities of going to the countryside for cultural, scientific and technological health in spring and winter festivals every year, and organized more than100000 scientific and technological personnel to go to the countryside to help rural cadres and masses improve their cultural, scientific and technological quality.

In these activities, popular science lectures were interspersed. According to statistics, in 2002 alone, China Association for Science and Technology held nearly 90,000 lectures with more than 3 million participants.

"Due to the attention and support of government departments for popular science, China now has the best popular science environment in the world." -Bobby Chen China, a famous mathematician, has been to many places in the world. After comparing the working conditions of popular science at home and abroad, he expressed sincere admiration for the popular science environment in China.

Edit the definition of popular science in this paragraph.

With a clear and accepted definition, it is easy to know the basis of discussion and get a consistent conclusion.

Telling one's own arguments and conclusions, so that readers can verify that this conclusion is a repeatable regular (scientific) process, which is called popular science.

Superstition means that you don't want the listener to verify it, but you just want the listener to accept the form of communication that expresses your views.

Unconfirmed acceptance is also superstition.

Teaching science to people who have no ability to understand or verify should be called enlightenment education, which is mostly used to talk about scientific knowledge when children don't know the basic scientific verification methods. This does not apply to theoretical confrontation, which mainly focuses on evidence. School textbooks are standard popular science books, which can stand scrutiny and experimental proof.

From this definition, just like a brief history of time, blindly pushing the conclusions of some "scientists" to the public without strict reasoning process is not popular science, but enlightenment at most, that is to say, it is for people who don't know or understand the theory of relativity, while popular science books, like textbooks, should make clear the preconditions, expected results and experimental results of each experimental argument for readers to verify.

The textbooks in our school are the most common popular science books. Using this popular science definition is a verifiable and repeatable scientific definition. There is no strict definition of "scientist", and popular science books don't need scientists to write!

Some people define science popularization as: "The popularization of science and technology refers to the activities of popularizing natural and social science knowledge, spreading scientific ideas, carrying forward scientific spirit, advocating scientific methods and popularizing the application of science and technology in a way that the public can easily understand, accept and participate." Einstein "popularized" his theory of relativity in this way: "A person sitting by the fire for five minutes feels like an hour; A man talked with a girl he liked for an hour, and it felt like five minutes had passed. So time is relative. " It is easy for the public to understand that it is true, but it is wrong! Science is an objective law, independent of human will. The scientifically defined time is the unified time agreed by all reference systems, otherwise it is not scientific time. Scientific spirit is an attitude of questioning everything. No matter who said it, only without exception will we admit that it is scientific.