Can you introduce the Japanese-Soviet War in detail?

Nomenham is a semi-grassland and semi-desert wasteland located between Hulunbeier League in Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia. 1939 From May to September, the Japanese Kwantung Army, the Puppet Manchukuo Army and hundreds of thousands of Soviet and Mongolian troops waged a fierce war in this barren land. In this campaign, the two sides mobilized all arms and active equipment except the navy to fight with all their strength, which ended in a fiasco of the Kwantung Army. The Japanese province was forced to admit that "the battle of Nomenham was the first fiasco of the Japanese army since the founding of the People's Republic of China."

However, this battle is rarely mentioned by future generations. After the Nomenham War, the Soviet Union was deeply involved in the European battlefield and soon lost in the vast patriotic war, which was rarely mentioned. When Japan's national strength and military strength were strong, it occupied the right time, place and people for the Soviet Union to strike. Unexpectedly, the kwantung army almost eroded the capital, and naturally it was even more reluctant to preach. After World War II, the puppet Manchukuo vanished, and the remnants of the puppet Manchukuo were scattered, with few records. Although Mongolia called this campaign the only world war after the founding of the People's Republic of China, its publicity was limited and its influence was not great. Therefore, the world knows little about the Nomenham War, and the domestic research and public publications about this war are even rarer. In May, 2005, Shandong People's Publishing House published the first documentary book-Nomenham-Japan's First Defeat, and analyzed the Nomenham War from Japan, the Soviet Union and China, which filled this gap to some extent.

A small fuse ignited the already buried explosives-the Nomenham War began.

The battle of Nomenheim was rushed when both sides were prepared but not ready. 1June, 936, Japan listed the Soviet Union as the first hostile country in the imperial national defense policy and quietly began to prepare for war. In August, Japan formulated a "national policy benchmark" of either going north to the Soviet Union or going south to Southeast Asia, and then signed the Germany-Japan International Production Agreement with Germany. Excited Japan thought that with the help of Nazi Germany in Europe, it was time to do a big job in the Far East, and Nomenham fell into a brief calm before the storm came.

But Stalin was not asleep. 1938+00, the 57th Army of the Far East Red Army changed its clothes and entered Mongolia. The operational target is directed at the 23rd Division of Japanese Army in Hailar. This division is famous for its belligerence and is good at attacking. Komatsubara, head of the delegation, served as the military attache of the Japanese Embassy in the Soviet Union for a long time. He is one of the few "Soviets" in the Japanese army, and the intention of the Kwantung Army is well known.

1939 In May, an unexpected small-scale battle took place along the Halaha River in Manchuria, and the generals of the Kwantung Army were ecstatic when they heard about it. After years of careful cultivation, the seeds of war finally broke ground on the Manchu-Mongolian border. The Kwantung Army Command instructed the 23rd Division to immediately expand the war situation and send troops to Nomenham. The process of the Nomenham War is like a memory of a Japanese veteran after the war: "At that time, Japan was like a little boy, dancing on the banks of the Haraha River to provoke Russian big men. Finally, the big man got angry and punched into the river. "

The Kwantung Army played a "warm-hearted fist" in the Battle of Nomenham.

At the beginning of the war, Tokyo thought that the Soviet army after the "Great Counter-insurgency" was no longer a problem, and arrogantly claimed that one Japanese military division could deal with three Soviet military divisions. The belligerence of the various units of the Kwantung Army was aroused. According to the survey of Japanese psychological institutions after the war, "almost all Japanese soldiers who participated in the war were eager to fight against the Soviet Union. More than 90% of officers know nothing about the Soviet Union, but despise their opponents for no reason. " At that time, the Japanese army was in a morbid "excited" state, ready to act.

1939 On May 27th, the Japanese army launched an attack on the Soviet army. Although the 23rd division cavalry regiment and heavy armored vehicle troops successfully outflanked the headquarters of Mongolian army, they were soon surrounded by Soviet tanks. After a battle, the kwantung army tasted the power of the Soviet army. Japanese heavy armored vehicles are not much thicker than tin cans, and they are no match for Soviet tanks at all, and they are quickly turned into parts. The Japanese cavalry was helpless in the face of these rampaging Soviet "steel monsters", so they had to wave their sabres in despair and cut their armor jingling. The Soviet Union's 1 Spitfire Tank Company and Armored Vehicle Battalion easily wiped out the Japanese fast force. The Japanese who attacked head-on were not much better. Beaten half to death by intensive Soviet artillery fire, lost more than half, and retreated to Hailar despondently.

Kwantung army rubbed his hands for a long time, but he didn't come up with a sincere fist. Lieutenant General Komatsubara felt a twinge of terror for his rash attack, so he had to regard the funeral as a happy event, silently swallow the bitter fruit and prepare for another war.

The first tank battle in Asian history-the second battle of Nomenham

On June 20th, the 23rd Division was all deployed, and Komatsubara took more than 20,000 people to Nomenheim. At the same time, the 7th Division was dispatched as a strategic reserve. This division is famous for its hard cards in the Japanese army. It is a double trump card in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, and is recognized as the most powerful force in the Japanese army. 1July, 939, The New York Times commented: "The soldiers of the 7th Division of Japan received long-term intensive training on the dusty grassland near Qiqihar, mainly focusing on three skills that the Japanese army valued: assassination, shooting and charge. They practice hand-to-hand combat repeatedly and are the most elite troops. Its officers and men are said to be from Hokkaido, which is considered to be rich in tenacious and calm warriors. "

Known as the "national treasure", 1 tank division was the only tank division in Japan at that time. It has been reluctant to use it, and this time it has also gone to the front. The main air force of Kwantung Army rushed to Hailar Airport. In the second battle of Nomenham, the Kwantung Army moved its capital. To Tokyo's surprise, at the moment their opponents have been replaced by a Soviet star-tank expert zhukov! Playing with zhukov on the vast prairie, Komatsubara and others seem a little childish.

The Japanese plan was that the main infantry crossed the river circuitously, and the tank division stormed head-on, but the tank attack was not smooth. From July of 1 year, 1 tank division failed repeatedly, and Soviet troops stubbornly guarded the position on the east bank of the river. On the evening of July 3rd alone, the 4th Tank Wing used the cover of heavy rain and the paralysis of the Soviet army to attack the heavy artillery position of the 36th motorized infantry division of the Soviet army. Tactically, it was a successful surprise attack, and it was also the only victory of Japanese tanks in the whole Nomenham War.

On July 4th, after the Soviet army defeated the main infantry of the Kwantung Army who secretly crossed the river, General zhukov began to clear up the Japanese tanks ahead, and two Soviet tank brigades rushed into the Japanese chariots with overwhelming momentum. On the 7-square-kilometer battlefield, nearly 1,000 chariots of various types were fighting each other, guns were rumbling, flames were soaring, and smoke filled the air. The first large-scale tank battle in Asian history began. Soviet T-28, T-26, T- 130, BT-6, BT-7 tanks cooperated with active combat vehicles such as BA-6, BA- 10 armored vehicles, and the Nomenham was simply regarded as a new weapon testing ground. The Japanese tanks in 1989 were simply overwhelmed. Japanese tanks and armored vehicles soon turned into piles of black smoke-filled steel garbage. After this war, Japanese tanks were basically paralyzed. The collapse of the tank division in Anshan Iron and Steel Company greatly shocked Tokyo, and people thought that expensive tanks should no longer be used. In fact, it is hard to say that using soldiers to form a "meat bomb" attack is simple and cheap, and it can also reflect the "courage" of the Japanese army.

General zhukov commented on the Japanese tank forces after the war: "Tanks are very backward, and the basic tactical actions are also very dull. Staring at circuitous and side attacks is easy to be eliminated. " Generally speaking, Japanese tanks had neither tactics nor technology throughout World War II.

At the same time of frontal combat, the Kwantung Army Air Force dispatched three brigades to Tamsk Airport in soviet strike, which was the first time in the history of Asian air combat that a large fleet successfully raided an enemy airport and achieved a tactical surprise. Soviet front-line aircraft once lost most of their air superiority. However, after the new Soviet I-16 fighter plane was put into battle, it quickly regained the air superiority. The Soviet Air Force adopted the most advanced two-plane attack formation in the world at that time, and on the first day of the confrontation, six Japanese planes were blown into the air with rocket launchers. The hero of Soviet Air Force, Sk Balshin, even created the miracle of crashing the enemy plane head-on but landing safely, which caused great pressure to the Japanese army. After several ace cards were shot down one after another, the Kwantung Army plane stayed on the ground for a longer time.

During this period, the Japanese army also used the Ishii Army (the notorious 73 1 Bacteriology Army) to secretly release highly toxic infectious bacteria such as plague and gangrene to the Halaha River. Fortunately, because Su's drinking water came from the water pipes laid in the rear, there were no heavy casualties. Although the Japanese army repeatedly refused to drink the river water, many soldiers secretly drank the river water when they were extremely thirsty and became victims of the germ warfare. According to the statistics of the Military Medical Department of the Japanese Kwantung Army after the war, during the whole war, there were 1 173 people who died for unknown reasons on the front line, and the Kwantung Army lifted a rock to drop it on its own feet.

"Meat Bomb" Can't Resist Shells —— The Third Battle of Nomenham

Less than half a month after the second battle of Nomenham, the Kwantung Army lost nearly 10,000 troops, and technical weapons such as tanks, armored vehicles, planes and field guns were damaged by more than half. The Japanese army vaguely felt that the Soviet army was not as easy to deal with as Tokyo thought, so it was determined to use long-range heavy artillery units. On July 15, the artillery regiments of the Kwantung Army stationed in all parts of Manzhouli (including the garrison artillery stationed in Lushun) became busy, and the heavy crawler tractors dragged the guns with long guns out of the cave library, and the Kwantung Army took out all its belongings.

On July 23, the Japanese large-caliber artillery volleyed, and the whole Nomenham battlefield was ablaze. Such a large-scale and long-term shelling was recorded as the first time in the history of the Japanese army. The kwantung army is going to fight for its life this time. However, the Japanese artillery has never been trained in ultra-long-range shooting and has never experienced supersaturated shooting. Although it is in full swing, the news from the front is that the effect is not good, especially the accuracy is not enough. By noon, the artillery group had fired nearly ten thousand shells in one breath, which was amazing in the history of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. If the war continues like this, the Kwantung Army will go bankrupt in a few days. What annoys Kwantung Army even more is that the heavy artillery has broken down one after another, and many heavy artillery mounts have broken, and accidents such as overheating, chamber explosion and barrel ablation have emerged one after another.

In the afternoon, the Soviet artillery group moved to the new position began to fight back, and a large number of shells made a frightening whistle, hitting the Japanese artillery position like a storm, and the position suddenly became a sea of fire. In the face of the overwhelming Soviet attack, the firepower of the Japanese counterattack was almost unbearable, and the infantry even asked the artillery next to it not to fight back, so as not to attract a more violent blow. The Japanese army recorded: "The Soviet counterattack far exceeded expectations. The density and duration are unprecedented. The position was shrouded in smoke and black clouds, and the visibility was only two or three meters. The smoke covered the line of sight, and the wounded, bodies and damaged weapons were everywhere. " The artillery battle lasted for three days, and the Japanese army had no strength to fight back. The arrogant Japanese army bowed its head and the artillery lost the decisive battle again.

As the air, tanks and artillery failed one after another, the Japanese army had to return to the old method of "pig charging", that is, rushing down like a wild boar, which was an old routine during the Russo-Japanese War. After nightfall, tens of thousands of Japanese infantry rushed out of the bunker together, carrying bayonets and shouting and launching a collective charge. At that time, the hysterical cries of the Japanese army resounded through the night sky of Nomenham, which was creepy. In the moonlight, tens of thousands of shiny bayonets reflected ferocious murderous look, and Kwantung Army's eyes were red.

When the Japanese army rushed to the front of the Soviet position, the Soviet army suddenly turned on the vehicle-mounted searchlight, and thousands of flares were fired one after another. The Japanese army exposed to the bright light was knocked down one by one before it understood what was going on. Under the leadership of the commander, the Japanese army continued to charge regardless of life and death. Years of militaristic education and the influence of the spirit of "Bushido" have made the Japanese army generally chivalrous, but chivalrous courage cannot change its fate of failure. According to post-war statistics, the Kwantung Army carried out several large-scale night raids in succession, with more than 5,000 casualties. Only 263 Soviet troops were killed, and the defense line shrank by 2-3 kilometers. The German military attache watching the war was dumbfounded after witnessing these crazy actions of the Japanese army. The report sent back to China said that the tactical level of the Japanese army was at the beginning of World War I at most.

Total annihilation-zhukov's counterattack

The war in Nomenham lasted for more than three months. Although the Japanese army was frustrated again and again, it did not give up. There are indications that continuing to defend cannot stop the crazy intentions of the Japanese army. Successive victories have boosted Soviet morale, so it's time for a big counterattack. The General Staff of the Soviet Union decided that the general attack time would be Sunday, August 20th, because according to the usual practice, half the officers of the Japanese border guards would take turns to go to Hailar for vacation. The order to attack arrived at the first-line company at 2: 45 a.m. on the 20th. The opposite Japanese position was silent, and the Soviet counterattack achieved the greatest suddenness.

On the second day of the general attack, the armored forces flanked by Soviet troops joined forces smoothly and completed the division and encirclement of the Japanese army. At the same time, intense artillery fire and intensive bombing completely destroyed all the forward artillery positions, observation stations and communication stations of the Japanese army. The 203rd Parachute Brigade raided the enemy's rear and successfully cut off the Japanese supply line. The Japanese army has become a turtle in a jar. Tokyo refused to admit defeat and did not want to believe that the "Great Japanese Imperial Army" would fail. It ordered the troops to fight back immediately and not to sit still. Generally speaking, the Japanese style during World War II should be tenacious. Before Japan announced its surrender, there were almost no troops who surrendered their guns, which was the only capital that the Japanese army could show off. )

In the early morning of August 24, the counter-offensive troops climbed out of the collapsed fortifications. After the Japanese army completely left the position, Soviet artillery fire was overwhelming, and the Japanese army with nowhere to hide suffered heavy casualties. In one day's counterattack, the Japanese army only advanced less than two kilometers, but suffered heavy casualties. In some places, there are so many bodies piled together that there is nowhere to go. Japanese war history records: There are only 7 officers and 87 soldiers left in the left-wing attack force, and Major General Kobayashi's right leg was interrupted and almost trampled to death; Right-wing attack force was ambushed by Soviet troops, and the charge led by Colonel Morita was smashed into a sieve. After the Kwantung Army's crazy counterattack failed, the whole defense line collapsed, and the Soviet pursuit stopped at the front line of the General Temple. The purpose of annihilating the main force of Kwantung Army has been basically achieved, and Stalin did not want to trigger a Soviet-Japanese war in the Far East.

In the end, there were only 400 Japanese troops on the front line of Nomenham, and only 100 cavalry regiment ran out of the whole system. The commander of Kwantung Army Ueda Kenji resigned, and the commander-in-chief of the front line, Komatsubara, committed suicide by cutting his abdomen. Chief of staff Okamoto's leg was broken. Later, when the colonel was treated in Hailar Hospital, he somehow annoyed the disabled and was hacked to death with a knife. In the Nomenham War, the Japanese army lost nearly 50,000 people, and the 23rd Infantry Division, 7th Infantry Division, 8th Frontier Guard (Brigade), 1 Independent Guard (Brigade), 1 Tank Division were almost completely annihilated, and1Special Forces United Wing completely lost its combat effectiveness. The casualties of senior officers are also unprecedented, and Japanese newspapers lamented: "A large number of casualties of senior officers are so concentrated that they have never been seen after the Russo-Japanese War."

On September 3, the kwantung army stopped all combat operations. Tokyo is willing to strike, on the one hand, because there are no more soldiers on the front line, and on the other hand, because the Soviet Union and Germany signed a non-aggression treaty. The news was a blow to the Japanese army. Before signing the contract, Germany did not intend to communicate with Japan at all. Hitler looked down on this small country from his heart. At the beginning, after the signing of the Anti-* * Agreement, Japan has been chasing Germany's ass and demanding another military alliance, while Hitler was full of complaints and never gave a clear answer. The Japanese Prime Minister has held more than 70 consultations with Germany for this purpose, but all ended in failure. Unexpectedly, Germany quietly signed a peace treaty with their enemy, the Soviet Union, which made Japan flustered. The Japanese government lost face and the cabinet had to announce its full resignation. In this war, Japan was defeated not only militarily, but also politically, and became a ridiculous buffoon on the international stage. Soon, the "southward movement" gradually gained the upper hand, and Tokyo readjusted its national policy. Since then, Japan has turned its attention to the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia, ready to share the pie with the United States and Britain.

This is a strange and secret war. On July 20th, 1939, The New York Times's editorial commented on the struggle between the Soviet Red Army and the Japanese army on the Mongolian grassland. The Times sneered dismissively, "(They) vent their anger in corners of the world that people have not noticed". It was not until two years later that the Japanese bombs were dropped on Pearl Harbor that Americans realized that it was World War I, which they thought was irrelevant, that changed Japan's war goals, and it was this tiny country that they simply looked down upon that gave them a fatal blow! Americans paid a heavy price for their pride and lightness.

Professor Lorenz of Massachusetts Institute of Technology once said, "A butterfly flapping its wings in the hinterland of Asia may cause a storm in the South Pacific in a few weeks." In the military and political fields, the causes of many major historical events may be minimal, but the resulting "butterfly effect" is remarkable. The Nomenham War is a typical example. Who would have expected that an unknown border conflict in the hinterland of Asia would pave the way for the ultimate failure of the Axis countries?

From a political point of view, this war not only dealt a heavy blow to the arrogant aggression of Japanese militarism at the beginning of World War II, but also forced Japan to change its national policy of "going north" to attack the United States, so that the Soviet Union avoided the unfavorable situation of fighting with Germany and Japan on two fronts and could concentrate on fighting German fascism. The battle of Moscow, when the Soviet Union and Germany were exhausted. Fortunately, at the critical moment, the Soviet Union evacuated 20 Asian divisions from the Far East border and moved to Europe, which dealt a fatal blow to the Germans and reversed the situation in the anti-fascist battlefield in Europe and even the world. Without the Battle of Nomenham, Stalin would never dare to take this strange risk. In addition, during the Nomonhan War, China's anti-Japanese war entered the most difficult period, which made it impossible for the Japanese army to send more troops to Shanhaiguan for a while, effectively supporting the people of China to resist Japanese imperialist aggression. After the Nomenham War, the arrogant Japanese army caused psychological obstacles to the Soviet Union, and Japan basically died of fighting with the Soviet Union again. Tokyo finally decided to turn the gun and attack Britain and the United States. Soon, the Japanese army raided Pearl Harbor, dragging the United States, which was watching the fire across the bank, into the water, and the balance of power changed fundamentally. Finally, Japan defeated the Asia-Pacific battlefield. It can be said that the Nomenham War was the most wonderful foreshadowing in the early World War II.

From a military point of view, the Soviet Union tested all kinds of new equipment of the army and air force through this war, exercised the newly promoted young officers after the "big cleaning", and also improved the once-depressed morale. In particular, zhukov, a great soldier of the first generation, was excavated to reserve a handsome talent for the upcoming Great Patriotic War (zhukov later took part in and commanded almost all major battles in the Soviet-German battlefield, often saving the day, and was known as the "firefighter on the Soviet-German battlefield", and zhukov's famous battle was the Nomenham War). The Soviet army also carried out airborne operations for the first time in this campaign, using "offensive defense" and "night glare lighting" tactics for the first time, and adopting electronic jamming warfare and psychological warfare for the first time. The logistics department has also created a world miracle of long-distance continuous supply. These were widely used in the later Great Patriotic War and dealt a heavy blow to German fascism.