Introduction to Folk Music Biandukou Folk Music Biandukou

1. In which county or city is Biandukou located? 2. Gansu Minle Biandukou: a dangerous canyon linking the Tang-Tibet Ancient Road and the Hexi Corridor 3. Biandukou - the most convenient chokepoint of the Gansu-Qinghai Passage In which county and city is Biandukou located?

Biandukou is located in Minle County, Zhangye (belonging to Gansu Province.

Biandukou: located in the middle section of the Qilian Mountains, south of Minle County, Zhangye, Gansu Province On both sides of National Highway 227 at 30 kilometers, the tourist area is divided into 5 communities and 12 main attractions, namely: Biandukou Canyon Tourist Area, Taipo Donggou Entertainment and Sightseeing Area, Leisure Resort and Management Service Area. The most famous tourist attractions in the area are the Biandu Canyon, the Batu Caves, the Stone Buddha, the Zhuge Monument and the pastoral scenery of Biyuntian and Huanghuadi.

Gansu Folk Music Biandukou: Connects the Tang-Tibet Ancient Road and Hexi. The dangerous canyons of the corridor

In the middle of the rolling Qilian Mountains, at the southern end of Minle County, Gansu Province, there is a peak mouth no more than ten feet wide. It is the canyon known as the "Dadou Valley" by the ancients. Danger Pass - Biandukou. The Biandukou Canyon is a deep and rugged valley, connecting Gansu and Qinghai from the north to the south. The valley is surrounded by mountains, rivers, and rugged rocks. The terrain here is dangerous and has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. , is also an important passage for business travel. The Tang-Tibet ancient road ran from Ledu in Qinghai to Ganzhou in Gansu and the Hexi Corridor, intersected with the middle road of the Silk Road, and reached the ancient dangerous pass in the Western Regions to Europe. Guarded by troops in the past dynasties

Biandukou is located in the southeast of Minle County, Zhangye, at the junction of Gansu and Qinghai provinces. It connects to Ebao Town, Qilian County, Qinghai in the south, and Chow Mein Village, Minle County, Gansu in the north. The canyon is 28 meters long. Kilometers, the throat is only more than 10 meters wide. It has been a shortcut from Gansu's Hexi Corridor to Qinghai's Huangzhong since ancient times. In ancient times, Biandukou was called "Dadou Valley", also known as "Dadou Valley" or "Dadou Valley". "Ganzhou Prefecture Chronicles" Volume 8·Rongbing records: "Biandukou is thirty-five miles away from the city. The old records are two hundred and fifty miles southeast of the town. Biandoukou is also the main road in Xining, Qinghai. The water is luxuriant and the roads are luxuriant. "Ping Yan". Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, when the barbarians invaded, most of the king's troops used this road. Today, merchants also use it. There is a huge monument in Yunkou, but the text is mostly peeled off, and it is difficult to distinguish it. It is not known when it was erected. "

During the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the Central Plains was divided into nine states, and the area of ??Biandu belonged to Yongzhou, which was the grazing land for the Rong and Qiang. During the Qin Dynasty, the Yuezhi lived there, and there was the Yuezhi Dongcheng (today's Minle County) at the foot of the Qilian Mountains. Yonggu Town. "Minle County Chronicle" records: "In the 14th year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (166 BC), the Xiongnu leader Shanyu united with Wusun to attack the Yuezhi in a large scale, and killed the Yuezhi king and used his head as a drinking vessel. ’, the Yuezhi moved westward again. A few remained in Hexi, and were called Xiaoyueshi in history. From then on, the county was under the jurisdiction of King Hunye, who was subordinate to King Youxian of the Xiongnu."

Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, Biandukou It has always been an important channel for the Qiang, Xiongnu, Turks, Uighurs, Tuyuhun, Tubo and other ethnic groups in the west to compete with each other and enter and exit Gansu and Qinghai. "Historical Records: Biography of General Wei Qiqi" says: "In the second year of Yuanshou (the spring of 121 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. With the champion Hou Huo Qubing as the hussar general, he sent ten thousand horses out of Longxi to fight for six days, and passed over Yanzhi Mountain for more than a thousand miles to collect Xiu and sacrifice to the Tianjin people. "Huo Qubing made a long-distance attack, crossing the Qilian Mountains from the northeast of Qinghai and passing through Dadouba. The canyon exits Biandukou, and we set up camp in Heishui Village (today's Huocheng Town, Shandan County). We used the strategy of "guarding the city with coir raincoats, escaping horses from cages, sheep beating drums, rats escaping from burrows, people walking eastward, and dragons traveling westward" to stand out from the heavy encirclement of the Xiongnu; In Chow Mian Zhuang Village (now Chow Mian Village, Nanfeng Township, Minle County), they processed fried noodles and prepared enough military rations. They also set up a strange formation at Baguaying Village (now Yonggu Town, Minle County) to capture Hunxie King City (ancient Yonggu City, today Yonggu City, Minle County). Town, captured Prince Hunxie, Prime Minister, and Captain, and beheaded more than 8,000 people. That is, along the Yanzhi Mountain (a branch of the Qilian Mountains, also known as "Xiandan Mountain", "Rouge Mountain", "Yanzhi Mountain" and "Dahuang Mountain") eastward to Guzang (now Wuwei City). It coincides with the spring festival of the Xiongnu ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty·South" "The Biography of the Xiongnu" records: "The custom of the Xiongnu is to have a three-dragon temple every year. They often worship the gods on the first, fifth, and ninth lunar months." To worship the ghosts and gods of heaven and earth, the soldiers and civilians gathered together, and their precautions were lax. Huo's army suddenly descended from the sky, and destroyed the royal city like a broken bamboo. They set up a shrine to worship the golden Buddha statue of the sky. They won a great victory and returned eastward. In the summer of that year, Huo Qubing attacked Hexi again and crossed the river. The Qilian Mountains captured the Hunxie King's City (located 15 kilometers northwest of today's Zhangye City on the side of National Highway 312, commonly known as the "Blackwater Kingdom"), which dealt a heavy blow to the Xiongnu. In the autumn of the same year, King Hunxie killed King Xiutu and led more than 40,000 people to return to the Han. Hanyang Grassland (today's Shandan Army Horse Farm) began to be an official pasture land of the Han Dynasty. The Xiongnu lost the vast natural grasslands at the foot of Qilian and Yanzhi Mountains, leaving behind a sad and desolate "Ballad" through the ages: "The loss of my Qilian Mountains has deprived me of all six animals." "I lost my Yanzhi Mountain and made my women colorless!" This is the earliest record of the Great Battle of Valley in history.

In the sixth year of Yuanding (111 BC, the Western Han Dynasty settled in Dichi! (Today Minle County has appointed a captain to protect the Qiang, and sent 5,000 troops, divided into five teams, including three teams of horsemen, stationed indefinitely; one team of infantry, stationed in Dichi City; one team of archers, stationed in the center of the former Hunyie King's herding center. "Minle County Chronicle" records: "In the first year of Emperor Yongyuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 89), Deng Xun, the captain of the Qiang Guard, sent troops to garrison Dichi to defend against the invasion of Qiang and Hu Emperor Yongning in the first year of Emperor An (AD 120). When the Qiang and Hu invaded Dichi, Ma Xian, the guardian of the Qiang school, led his troops to conquer. The Qiang and Hu were defeated and retreated. Wei Duan was defeated. "During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the sixteen countries in the western border competed for the strategic pass of Biandukou.

In the sixth year of Emperor Mu's Yonghe reign (350 AD), Liang Zhang Zuo established Hanyang County at the foot of the Qilian Mountains to guard Biandukou and manage pasture land. In the early Tang Dynasty, Chishui was established to guard the capture, and a large Dou army was placed under the jurisdiction of Wuwei County to guard the pass and prevent " Tuyuhun and Tubo went north to protect the Western Region Pass. In the seventh year of Zhenguan (633 AD), He Li, the governor of Liangzhou, Li Daliang, and the general Xue Wanjun conquered Tuyuhun and won a great victory. They stationed troops at the foot of Qilian Mountain and guarded the Dadou valley pass. Emperor Taizong sent his envoys to fight hard to reward the army. "

During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, wars broke out around the Biandukou Pass, and famines, earthquakes, natural disasters and man-made disasters occurred frequently. In the second year of Lizong Baoqing's reign (AD 1226). In the early summer, Genghis Khan led his army to invade the Western Xia Kingdom from the north, and defeated Suzhou (today's Jiuquan City, Heishui City, and Ganzhou). In 1281, the Yuan Dynasty established Gansu Province in Ganzhou to control Hexi. The area was under the jurisdiction of Ganzhou Road, Xingzhongshu Province, Gansu Province. The Yuan Dynasty assigned one person from a thousand households to be responsible for the grazing affairs of the Damaying grassland in the fourth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1525 AD). In the first month of the first month, Xihaibu's children and grandchildren left Biandukou and invaded Ganzhou. The villages and towns along the way were plundered. Tang Ze, the governor of Gansu Province, reported to the imperial court and set up a garrison at Flood Town (now Minle County). The Ming Dynasty ordered the governor of the capital to be guarded. Yang Bo presided over the construction of mountain passes and added beacon towers. "Qing History Manuscripts and Military Records" records: "The governor of Gansu was in charge of the fifth camp of Tibiao, and also had jurisdiction over Yonggu City Shouxie, and controlled the four towns of Xining, Tibiao Zuoying and Youying. , Qian Ying, Hou Ying, Yonggu City Shou Xie, Ganzhou City Shou Ying, Liyuan Ying, Hongshui Ying, Nan Gucheng Ying, Shandan Ying, Xiakou Ying, Damaying, Chahan Obo Ying "Kangxi IV. In 1665 (AD 1665), a boundary monument was erected on the north mountain of Ebo Camp, with the text saying "Ebo Camp, Ganzhou Prefecture". In the 33rd year of Kangxi (AD 1694), 500 garrison troops were added to Damaying to guard the key pass at the entrance of Biandu. In the eleventh year of Tongzhi (AD 1873), a city was built on the mountain. In the first year of Guangxu (AD 1875), the passes of Biandukou, Xishuiguan, Gyuyoukou, and Daduma were renovated and troops were stationed for defense. In May of the following year, Shaanxi Zuo Zongtang, Governor of Gansu Province, ordered Yonggu to coordinate the Maying Dundu Division in Erbo, and set up the Erbodu Division, which belonged to the Yonggu Association.

In April 1931, Ma Bufang, the temporary commander of the Ninth Division of Qinghai, led the army. The Ma Jiajun came out of Biandukou and fought fiercely with Ma Zhongying, commander of the second column of the 15th Route Army of the Kuomintang, in Sanbao (today's Sanbao Town, Minle County). Ma Zhongying was defeated and fled to Jiuquan. The second battalion of the 599th Regiment of Ma Bufang's 3rd Brigade was stationed in Hongshui City. In March 1937, after the defeat of the Red West Route Army in Hexi, the Ma Jiajun came out of Biandukou and hunted down and killed the lost Red Army soldiers in Minle in the name of "Qingxiang". The people in Minle took in and protected the Red West Route Army soldiers.

On September 12, 1949, the Fifth Division of the Second Army of the First Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army crossed the Qilian Mountains from Xining through the Biandukou Gorge and marched towards Minle County despite the heavy wind that blocked the canyon. In the snow, 153 soldiers in single clothes quickly entered Erbo and died heroically. They stayed in the Biandukou Canyon forever. Like heavenly soldiers and generals, the People's Liberation Army suddenly came out of Biandukou in the Qilian Mountains and passed through Zhaomeianzhuang, Zhanglianzhuang, and He. They marched rapidly in the Zhuang area and made a surprise attack on Hongshui City that night, Minle and the whole county were liberated. Peng Dehuai sent a message to commend the Second Army: "The wind and rain cannot stop your courage to advance and kill the enemy. Your spirit of not being afraid of difficulties in order to complete the task has been ordered to be learned by the whole army. I extend my cordial condolences to all the commanders and soldiers who are determined, brave and not afraid of difficulties." !”

Historical sites are dotted with folklore

As a dangerous pass, Biandukou was not only an important strategic point for ancient military defense, but also important for the development of agricultural and animal husbandry production and convenient trade. It is very important. The cultural relics left over from past dynasties are all over Qilian, Yanzhi Ershan and Minleshandan counties.

In the early 1930s, local villagers were cultivating land at the ancient site of Baguaying and found a large number of bricks, tiles and various pottery, copperware, coins, seals and bulky materials in the surface soil. Iron plows, stone grinding fragments, copper arrowheads, etc. Some complete tiles are 51 cm long and 43 cm wide, with cord patterns printed on them, which is rare. According to a survey by cultural relics workers, the ancient city of Baguaying faces north to south, has a concave shape, and is composed of an outer city, an inner city, and a palace city. The outer city is 590 meters long from north to south, 473 meters wide from east to west, and covers an area of ??279,000 square meters. The inner city is 287 meters long from north to south and 283 meters wide from east to west. The city wall is in the shape of a ridge. There is a moat on the edge of the inner and outer cities, and there are remains of a suspension bridge between the Nanyuan City Gate and the moat. The palace city is commonly known as "Ziying Terrace" and is located in the middle of the inner city. Its ruins are a rammed earth platform of 40 meters x 40 meters x 5 meters. There are pottery fragments from the Han Dynasty remaining on the platform. Analysis from the large number of tombs and unearthed weapons in the east of Baguaying Ancient City shows that the city defense structure of Baguaying Ancient City is complete and has strict military defense functions.

The Baguaying Han Tombs Group includes 5 mountains including Beibei Mountain, Zhiling Mountain, Fenjiwa Mountain, Lugou Mountain and Luangeda. In 1975, archaeological exploration by Professor Ma Shichang from the Department of Archeology of Peking University and Professor Liu Yuquan from the Department of History of Sichuan University discovered that the ancient tombs cover an area of ??2 square kilometers and include earthen chamber tombs and brick chamber tombs. The top structure of the tomb includes dome top, record top and coupon top. The structure of the tomb chamber includes single chamber, double chamber and three chamber. The tomb bricks are mostly strip bricks and mother-and-songy bricks, and the burial objects are mostly coffins, but there are also a small number of urn coffins. The walls of the Han and Jin mural tombs are painted with white powder, framed with ink, and painted with earthy red and azurite. In the relatively intact mural tomb No. 2, the walls are covered with clouds, and images of "immortal riding a dragon" and "sun and moon" are painted among the clouds. Three fairies are riding on the spine of a blue dragon flying in the clouds. The fairies are wearing cross-collared long clothes, with their hands in front of their bodies, and their long hair bulging behind their heads, which is very dynamic.

In the middle of the day, a golden bird holding food is painted, and in the middle of the moon, a toad and a jade rabbit holding a pole are painted. The brushwork is smooth and the painting style is rough. The ancient tombs span more than 500 years and have attracted the world's attention for their rich unearthed cultural relics and tomb murals. Now they have been listed as a national cultural relics protection unit.

In the third year of Long'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 399), when he was 65 years old, the eminent monk Faxian decided to go to Tianzhu to seek sutras and worship Buddhist relics. Nine people traveled with Faxian, starting from Chang'an. , crossed the Qilian Mountains via Xining, went through hardships to get out of the Dadou Valley to Zhangye, and went to the Western Regions along the Silk Road to Tianzhu (India) to collect Buddhist scriptures. According to folklore, after Faxian and Xuanzang passed through the Dadou Valley to collect Buddhist scriptures, this place became A road for the spread of Buddhism, so many Buddhist relics have been left behind. On the stone wall of the east cliff of Yangga Gorge, five kilometers from the entrance of Biandu into the canyon, there is a stone carving of a Buddha and Bodhisattva, 3 meters high from the ground, carved with shadow lines. It is clear to the eye. The seated stone Buddha is 1.2 meters high, wearing a three-finger crown, holding a bowl in both hands, sitting in lotus position on a lotus platform, with headlight and backlight, and a treasure cover on the top of the head; two Bodhisattva attendants stand on both sides of the stone Buddha. On the lotus seat, there is a headlight and a treasure cover. The sitting Buddha looks dignified and kind, and the Bodhisattva looks respectful. There is a Dharma banner on the top of the Buddha and the Bodhisattva. The whole portrait is 1.5 meters high and 1.8 meters wide. There are Tibetan characters below the portrait. The mark (paraphrased as: Praise for longevity and all living beings) was carved by bhikkhu Baguo Ye Xiyang. From this, it can be inferred that the stone carvings were also produced in the Tubo Zanpu period at the latest. In modern times, local believers raised funds to build the "Stone Buddha Temple" to pay tribute to the Stone Buddha and Bodhisattva. Like stone carvings to protect.

During the Sui Dynasty, the Turks in the north of the Hexi Corridor and the Tuyuhun in the south seriously threatened Hexi, which caused great harm to Zhangye, which had a prosperous "Jiaoshi". "Picture Notes of the Western Regions" by Pei Ju. It says: "The Turks and Tuyuhun divided the Qiang and Hu kingdoms and supported them, so tribute was blocked." In the fifth year of Daye (March 609 AD), Emperor Yang led a westward expedition to Tuyuhun and surrounded Chewozhen Mountain (now Qizhou, Qinghai Province) with an army of 400,000. In the Ebaotan area of ??Lian County, King Fuyun of Tuyuhun was stationed. On the eighth day of the sixth lunar month, Emperor Yangdi, accompanied by his concubine Caidai and three thousand guards, crossed the Qilian Mountains, came out of Dadou Valley, and arrived at Yonggu. "Book of Sui Dynasty: Records of Emperor Yang" records: "In the third month of the fifth year of Daye, in the sixth month of driving to the west, we passed through a big battle to pull out the valley. The mountain road was dangerous and narrow, and the soldiers came out. It was windy and dark, and the soldiers were lost in the lawsuit. Most of them froze to death, including horses and donkeys. ""The harem concubine and the master were lost in confusion, and they stayed in the mountains with the soldiers." "The Biography of the Queen in the Book of Zhou" also said: "Emperor Yang visited the west and accompanied Princess Leping. Yang Lihua, the Tianyuan Queen of Emperor Xuan of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, daughter of Emperor Wen and sister of Emperor Yang, died in Hexi. "During this trip, one of Emperor Yang's concubines also contracted an illness, but treatment failed and she had not left the Biandukou Canyon. It’s so fragrant and ecstatic. It’s still an unsolved mystery that the person buried in the “Niangniang Tomb” in the Niangniang Grave, two kilometers from the entrance of Biandu, is Yang Lihua or the sick concubine of Emperor Yang.

In Zhangye, Emperor Yang performed the "Courtesy of the Patrol" of the Emperor, inspected the "Jiaoshi" managed by Pei Ju, ordered the four imperial examiners to "civilize Yanzhi Mountain", and held the unprecedented "World Exposition". Volume 181 of "Zizhi Tongjian" contains: "Renzi, when the emperor arrived at Yanzhi Mountain, Boya, Tutunshe, etc. and twenty-seven countries from the Western Regions paid homage to Daozuo. They were all ordered to wear gold and jade and be brocaded. Incense was burned, music was played, singing and dancing were noisy. The emperor ordered the ladies of Wuwei and Zhangye to look around in rich decorations. If the clothes, carriages and horses were not fresh, the counties and counties would supervise the inspection. Riding on the horse, he traveled dozens of miles around to show the prosperity of China. "Although the remains of the "World Exposition" site in Yanzhi Mountain today have disappeared, Yanzhi Mountain, which can be called the originator of the "World Expo" in Chinese history, has been recorded in the annals of history. At the foot of Yanzhi Mountain, Emperor Yang showed off his great achievements in conquering Tuyuhun. , was very proud of showing off the Sui Dynasty's great power, and happily left a long poem "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Grottoes", which became a famous poem praising the historical achievements of the construction of the Great Wall and praising the power of the Sui Dynasty's powerful army.

< p>On the cliff on the top of the west mountain ten kilometers away from the entrance to Biandukou, there is a strange giant stone. Whenever the sun rises, the morning sun fills the hillside. Looking up from the canyon, this huge stone looks like a head against the blue sky and white clouds. The statue of Zhuge Kongming, wearing a Lun scarf and Bagua robe, sitting firmly on the bow of a boat, thinking deeply and looking into the distance. The locals regard it as magical and call it "Kongming Stone" or "Zhuge Monument". There are many touching things left by our ancestors for generations. Legend has it that during the Song Dynasty, the imperial court sent generals from the Yang family to invade the Liao army. The Yang family general Gao Wang led the army and could not attack the Liao camp for a long time. He had to retreat to Dadouba Valley and set up camp to find another strategy. Jihuo Gongxin was drowsy, so he walked out of the tent in the middle of the night and came to the cliff of Dadoubagu. Suddenly he saw a vast ocean in Dadoubagu. Zhuge Kongming sat firmly on the bow of the boat, holding a goose feather fan, and followed the current to the edge of the cliff. Wang was shocked and hurriedly knelt on his knees to salute. Zhuge Kongming returned the salute and said: "General, please rise. The mountain people know that the general is trapped, so they can burn the Liao camp's food and grass to annihilate him in one fell swoop. "Gao Wang heard the words and hurriedly thanked the plan again, but when he looked up, Zhuge Kongming was gone. Gao Wang broke out in a cold sweat, but when he woke up, he was in a dream. Gao Wang followed the plan, and the fire borrowed the wind, and the wind borrowed the power of the fire. The camp's food and grass were burned down, the morale of the army was in chaos, and Gao Wang took advantage of the situation to pursue the victory. The remaining Liao army abandoned their armor and fled back to Western Liao. In gratitude for Zhuge Kongming's kindness, Gao Wang ordered his sergeant to surrender. As it was, a stone monument was built to commemorate Zhuge Kongming on the top of the west cliff of Dadoubagukou. Later, after thousands of years of wind and rain, the Zhuge monument became today's Kongming Stone. Although these legends are far-fetched, they reflect the border area. People's yearning for a stable and peaceful life.

The scenery of the four seasons is charming and the poems and songs are full of fragrance

Biandukou is a magical canyon, winding for more than a hundred miles, sometimes circling mountains, sometimes surrounding water, and surrounded by mountains and mountains. A natural channel was opened in the middle of the road that connects the ancient Tang-Tibet Road and the Silk Road, and connects the Qinghai Plateau and the Hexi Corridor. She is the proud daughter of Qilian Mountain and a miraculous workmanship of nature!

In the 1950s, roads and bridges were built in the Biandukou Canyon to build the Gansu-Qinghai Highway. Now it has been converted into National Highway 227. A wide and flat asphalt road heads into the valley, heading towards the winding mountains. It extends deep into the mountains. In ancient times, there were not only no roads in the canyon, but also dangerous mountains and rivers, unpredictable climate, rocks blocking the road, and tigers and wolves infested. The difficulties and obstacles faced by military envoys, merchants and monks when crossing were unimaginable.

During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the great poet Li Bai wrote in "The Song of Huma Ke in Youzhou": "Although I live in Yanzhi Mountain, I don't know how cold the snow is. The women immediately smile, their faces are like jade plates." Flying and shooting birds and beasts, carving saddles drunk by flowers and moons" thus made Yanzhi Mountain synonymous with "frontier fortress" in the poet's writing.

Reciting the beautiful poems of the predecessors, witnessing the beautiful scenery in front of you, the vast hectares of grassland at the mouth of Biandukou Valley where "the wind blows the grass and you can see the cattle and sheep", the cattle and sheep are leisurely, and the yurts are dotted, showing a peaceful atmosphere The gentle western scenery; the famous thousand-hectare sea of ??rapeseed flowers, with golden waves rippling as far as the eye can see, and a shining southern scenery. The traces of the wars and wars in Biandukou in the past have disappeared, but the series of thrilling stories performed by Dadou Bago will always live in people's hearts.

Braiding: Han Ying

Biandukou - the most convenient chokepoint of the Gansu-Qinghai Passage

In the middle of the rolling Qilian Mountains, there is a mountain gorge passage It runs through the two provinces of Gansu and Qinghai, and it is the dangerous passage called Biandukou by the ancients as "Dadou Valley". "Biandukou" is the pronunciation of "Bianmaduo" in Tibetan, which means golden dew plum. It is a low shrub in the Qilian Mountains with a large number of delicate flowers. They are usually golden yellow, but also white and pink. Every summer, Biandukou Canyon blooms with golden plum blossoms all over the mountains and plains, hence its name.

Biandukou is the most convenient and important section from eastern Qinghai to the Hexi Corridor in Gansu. It has played an important role in military, commerce, and ethnic exchanges in China's past dynasties. Biandukou is not just a pass. The old name "Dadou Bagou" refers to a dangerous and long valley. In ancient times, it was an important passage for Guanlong and Hehuang areas to enter the Hexi Corridor and lead to the Western Regions. Biandukou Canyon is a dangerous and deep valley, nearly one kilometer long, sometimes wide and sometimes narrow, making it extremely dangerous. Hao Daozun of the Qing Dynasty wrote in "The Big Fight to Pull the Valley": "The air is roaring in the Biandu Pass, and the streams are deep in the mountains. The wind is strong, and the Sui Emperor is miserable and drenched in the rain. The Chao chariot goes up to Longshan to look at it, and there is no rest. Jiaoluwu invaded. Yan said that he was singing triumphantly to defend the country, and the imperial flowers were swaying with green clouds. "It tells the human history and natural scenery of Biandukou.

In the second year of Jianyuan of the Han Dynasty (139 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian as an envoy to the Western Regions. Zhang Qian set out from Chang'an, crossed the Yellow River via Longxi, went west along the southern foot of the Qilian Mountains, exited Biandukou and entered the Hexi Corridor. After that , this ancient road left behind the figures of emperors and great Khans, border guards, merchants and camel teams, envoys, monks and literati.

The most famous one was the fifth year of Sui Dynasty (AD 609), when Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty visited the road. He led hundreds of civil and military officials and his concubines and attendants to Zhangye County in the Hexi Corridor. They paid homage to various countries at Yanzhi Mountain and held the World Exposition. After the founding of the Sui Dynasty, Turks invaded the Hexi Corridor in the north and Tuyuhun invaded in the south. In order to demonstrate the power of the Sui Dynasty and further expand the Silk Road, the talented Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty made it his top priority to pacify the Turks and Tuyuhun, recover the countries in the Western Regions, and expand the territory. He negotiated with the envoys from the Western Regions to learn about the customs, mountains, rivers, and dangers of the Western Regions, and wrote the "Illustration of the Western Regions". Pei Ju said: "There are many treasures in Huzhong, and Tuyuhunyi can annex them." He also presented the "Illustration of the Western Regions".

In the fifth year of Sui Dynasty (AD 609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty personally led hundreds of officials, concubines and more than 100,000 troops from all walks of life to set out from Chang'an and left Linjinguan (today's Yongzhou, Gansu). Jing, crossed the Yellow River and entered Qinghai along the Huangzhong Road. They "Chen Bing taught martial arts" in the area of ??today's Minhe and Ledu, and "hunted for two thousand miles" in the Bayan Mountain in the north of Hualong. After that, the Sui army passed through Xining and followed Haomen. Sichuan (today's Datong River), facing Daban Mountain (Yuexing Ridge) at the junction of Datong and Menyuan counties. The pass is as high as 3940 meters above sea level. Because the mountain is steep and towering into the clouds, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty's army did not have direct access to the mountains. Crossing the Daban Mountain, he followed the Datong River all the way north into the territory of Menyuan, defeated Tuyuhun in the area of ??Yuanchuan (now Yong'an Beach in the west of Menyuan), and forced Tuyuhun to submit to the Sui Dynasty. This massive Western Expedition made the Silk Road a success. The smooth flow of the ancient roads in Luning (Xining) and Zhangye.

In order to show the might of the Sui Dynasty and the military, and to submit to all directions, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty vigorously promoted his majesty. The "palace" of the troops accompanying the Western Inspection consisted of "Liuhe City", It is composed of "Liuhe Hall" and "Thousand-person Tent" and is used as a sleeping palace. It is 120 steps square and 4 feet 2 feet high (equivalent to the current two buildings that are 100 meters long, 32 meters wide and 6 stories high. The building can accommodate 600 guards, and it is transported by vehicle and wheeled for easy loading and unloading; the "Liuhe Hall" is used as the "Guanfengxing Hall" (observation of customs, reception of guests), decorated with car curtains, hidden warning devices, and loading of bells and horses. It is very convenient to separate and combine, and can accommodate hundreds of courtiers and three guards; the "thousand-person tent" can accommodate thousands of people, and is used for discussions, celebrations, and banquets with ministers.

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty visited Zhangye to the west and took a dragon and phoenix chariot to the east to the foot of Yanzhi Mountain, whereupon the "World Expo" began. At that time, those who participated in the grand meeting were Turks, Silla, __, Bidaci, Hedu, Chuanyue, Unaho, Pola, Tochara, Jilujian, Hulun, Hedo, Peihan, Qiuci, Shu Le, Yutian, Anguo, Caoguo, Heguo, Muguo, Bi, Yimi, Shifanyan, Jiazhe, Khitan and other countries. "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" records: "There were more than twenty barbarians accompanying the procession. At that time, the meeting place was magnificent, with thunderous cheers, and merchants from all the countries in the Western Regions gathered. The envoys of the kings and ministers of the Western Regions, wearing gold, jade and brocade, were on the roadside. To pay homage to Emperor Sui Yang, Emperor Sui Yang ordered that no one wearing colorful clothes or horses would be allowed to enter.

Emperor Sui Yang also hosted a state banquet for the leaders of various countries, accompanied by envoys from 27 countries and ministers. On the left and right, the momentum was extraordinary. In the tent of thousands of people, the royal guard of honor played nine pieces of Chinese music, and large-scale performances were performed first. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty personally visited the "Guanfeng Hall" to display cultural relics, silk brocades, and other kings and envoys from the Western Regions. Enjoy the entertainment to show the prosperity of Sui Dynasty civilization. Such a grand meeting at the foot of Yanzhi Mountain lasted for 6 days. Envoys from 27 countries in the Western Regions presented tributes to Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang was very happy and immediately issued an edict to announce the establishment of the West China Sea. The four counties of Heyuan, Shanshan, and Qiemo

Although Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was brutal in style, his great achievements such as digging the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, patrolling Yanzhi Mountain in the west, convening the General Conference of Nations, and recovering the Western Regions cannot be erased. . Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty held the World Exposition to stabilize the western border, which demonstrated the power and majesty of the Sui Dynasty, opened the Silk Road, and further prospered the economy.

Today, we set out from Xining, the capital of Qinghai Province, and crossed the Daban Mountain. Passing through the hinterland of the Qilian Mountains, the natural chasm has long been opened. The main artery National Highway 227 meanders through the Qilian Mountains. The Dabanshan Tunnel has also been connected. The altitude of 3792.75 meters ranks among the highest in Asia and the second highest in the world along the Ningxia Highway Tunnel. The highway goes north, crosses the Haomen Bridge, passes through Menyuan Qingshizui, crosses the Jingyang Ridge, and then enters the Qilian Prairie and reaches Mingle and Zhangye.

Station in Hexi. From the corridor, you can see the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the lush Yanzhi Mountains, and your thoughts are rolling in. As early as the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the Qiang people (Xirong) lived a nomadic life in this area. Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, It has always been an important channel for the Xiongnu, Turks, Uighurs, Tuyuhun, Tubo and other ethnic groups to communicate with each other and to enter and exit Gansu and Qinghai. As early as the second year of Yuanshou, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (123 BC, Huo Qubing, a general of the Hussars, led his elite troops out of Longxi to Guohao. Gate, entered the Hexi Corridor through Dadou Valley (Biandukou), penetrated more than a thousand miles into the Xiongnu garrison, defeated King Hunxie and King Xiutu, and Hexi was included in the territory of the Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eminent monk Faxian was determined to go to Tianzhu In the third year of Emperor Long'an of Jin'an (AD 399), he traveled from Jingyuan via Lanzhou, Ledu, Datong, Menyuan, through the Qilian Mountains from Biandukou, to Zhangye, and then headed to the Western Regions along the Hexi Corridor to Tianzhu. Returned to China by sea. In the fifth year of Daye of the Sui Dynasty (March 609 AD), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty conquered Tuyuhun and came out of Biandukou, and held the "World Exposition" at the foot of Yanzhi Mountain; in the sixth year of Tang Tianbao (AD 747), the Tang Dynasty general Ge Shu Han served as the deputy envoy of Dadou Army to guard Dadou Bagou. Due to his outstanding military exploits, he was promoted to the general of Youwu Guards and served as the deputy envoy of Longyou Jiedu. He founded the "Shencheng Army" and built "Longying City" to garrison the Gansu and Qinghai areas. The Old Book of Tang Dynasty - Biography of Ge Shuhan records: "(Wang Zhongsi took (Ge Shuhan) as the deputy envoy of the Great Dou Army." The Great Dou Army guarded the entrance of Biandu. There was a poem from time to time: "The Big Dipper is high, and Ge Shu Han is leading the army at night." Knife, I still see herd horses and dare not cross Lintao. "From then on, the Tubo people no longer dared to invade eastward, and they also prevented the Tubo invasion of the Hexi Corridor. In the third year of Baoqing in the Song Dynasty (1227 AD), the Mongolian army passed through Biandukou, crossed the Qilian Mountains, and captured the northern part of Qinghai. In the fifteenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty ( In 1642 AD, after Li Zicheng, the leader of the peasant uprising army, captured Ganzhou, he led his army through the Qilian Mountains via Biandukou and marched to capture Xining. Camp, and set up boundary monuments. In the 33rd year of Kangxi (1694 AD), 500 troops were added to Dama Camp to guard the camp. In the 8th year of Guangxu (1882 AD), the Frenchman Dou Tuolei went deep here to conduct on-site survey and drawing. Map. In the 20th year of the Republic of China (AD 1931), Ma Bufang came out from here and fought fiercely with Ma Zhongying's troops south of the Three Forts. Ma Zhongying was defeated and fled Xinjiang. In mid-September 1949, the First Field Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army also passed through Biandukou. , galloping all night, suddenly appeared in front of the Kuomintang defenders at Minle County Fried Noodle Shop like a divine soldier descending from heaven, liberated Minle in one fell swoop and then advanced to Zhangye. On this ancient road, they also passed by Li Bai, Wang Wei, Gao Shi, and Cen Shenhe. Wang Changling and many other literati.

Biandukou has a rich history and culture. It has witnessed the wars of emperors and the rise and fall of dynasties. Biandukou is full of sorrow and sadness. I can't tell you the vicissitudes of life, nor the legendary ancient passages. The valley once echoed with the long ringing of the caravans' bells, and the cliffs were engraved with the figures of cavalry walking in battle. I don't know how many historical stories were staged here. Over thousands of years, all the stories have been stirred by the wind and gradually settled in the tunnel of history. Today, National Highway 227 passes through the gorge, and Biandukou still plays an important role in connecting Gansu and Qinghai. Biandukou, once a battleground for military strategists, is now a tourist attraction and a place for trade. Golden rapeseed flowers are in full bloom, welcoming the world with a new look.