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Iwo Jima

Iwo Jima (Japanese: Iwo Jima いおうじま; English: Iwa Jima) is a volcanic island located in the Western Pacific and belongs to the Ogasawara Islands, 1080 meters south of Tokyo Kilometers, 1,130 kilometers south of Guam, almost halfway between Tokyo and Saipan. The island is about 8 kilometers long from north to south, 4 kilometers wide from east to west, and only 800 meters at its narrowest point, which is less than 21 square kilometers. It is named because the island is covered with a layer of sulfur caused by volcanic eruptions.

Guam

Named Guam, it is located at the southernmost tip of the Mariana Islands. It is the gateway to Micronesia (the collective name of the islands in the Western Pacific) and is the overseas territory of the United States. territorial.

An area of ??549 square kilometers.

Population: 157,557 people (2001). Among them, Chamorro people (mixed descendants of Spanish, Micronesian and Filipino people) account for about 43%, and the rest are mainly Filipinos and immigrants from the United States, as well as Micronesians, Guam people Aboriginal people and Asians, etc. English is the official language, and Chamorro and Japanese are commonly spoken. 85% of the residents are Catholic. In 1996, more than 2,000 Kurdish refugees were temporarily resettled on the island.

The capital is Agana, with a population of 1,139 (1990).

The Governor-General has executive power and is elected by universal suffrage every four years. In June 1995, Carl Gutierrez took office as Governor.

Brief Profile It is located at the southern tip of the Mariana Islands in the western Central Pacific, 13.48 degrees north of the equator and 5,300 kilometers west of Hawaii. It has a tropical rainforest climate with an average annual temperature of 26°C. Annual rainfall is 2000 mm. There are frequent earthquakes.

Magellan arrived in Guam in 1521 while traveling around the world. Occupied by the Spanish in 1565. The Europeans vigorously persecuted the local indigenous people (Micronesians) here, causing the indigenous population to drop sharply from more than 100,000 in 1521 to more than 5,000 in 1741. It was ceded to the United States in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. Occupied by Japan in 1941, it was recaptured by the US military in 1944 and became a major naval and air force base under the jurisdiction of the US Navy. In 1950, the United States passed the Guam Organic Act, declaring Guam an "unincorporated territory" of the United States, granting Guam local government autonomy and placing it under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Guam residents have U.S. citizenship but cannot vote in U.S. elections. A 1976 referendum supported Guam's status as a closely linked United States, and Guam is currently negotiating with the U.S. government over Guam's acquisition of U.S. federal territory status and a request for the U.S. military to return military land to civilian use. In 1994, the US military returned 3,200 acres of land to civilian use, and in 1995, the centrally located Brifield Air Force Base was returned to civilian use.

Politics Guam uses the American flag. In 1969, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a decree to elect the Governor of Guam, and in 1970, the first democratically elected Governor was elected. In 1972, the U.S. Congress passed a bill allowing Guam to send a permanent representative to the U.S. House of Representatives, who has the right to vote in committees of the House of Representatives, but does not have the right to vote in the plenary session of the House of Representatives. The current representative is Robert A. Underwood. The political parties include the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party, which belong to the United States. There is a unicameral parliament of 21 members elected by universal suffrage for a two-year term. The November 1996 election gave the Republicans another parliamentary majority. Since November 1998, the parliament has been reduced from 21 to 15 members. Judges of the court are appointed by the President of the United States for eight-year terms. The government has 48 administrative departments.

The economic currency is the US dollar. The island's income mainly relies on tourism and the expenditure of the US military's sea and air bases on the island. Tourism alone generates approximately US$15.9 million in revenue each year. In 1995, the number of foreign tourists reached 1.36 million. Tourists mainly come from Japan. The service industry is the main local industry. In 1988, the GDP was US$1 billion, and the per capita GDP was US$7,675. In 1994, the per capita GDP rose to US$11,800, but has declined in recent years. The main industries include construction, light industry, food processing, oil refining, etc. The main crops include tobacco, fruits, etc. The catch in 1994 was 650 tons. In 1993, the export volume of foreign trade was US$86 million and the import volume was US$112 million. The main trading partners are countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The GDP in 2000 was US$3.2 billion, and the per capita GDP was US$21,000. In recent years, due to the large influx of foreign immigrants, which has threatened the status of the local Chamorro people, there have been growing calls to restrict immigration. Recently, the Guam government has proposed a plan to build Guam into an "offshore financial center", but whether it can be realized has a lot to do with whether Guam can obtain the status of a federal territory of the United States.

Military An important military base in the United States. In September 1996, US military aircraft took off from the island to conduct air strikes in southern Iraq. The US military's military land in Guam is approximately 27,000 acres (including the portion that has been returned to civilian use), accounting for approximately 20% of the total land area of ??Guam. Anderson Air Force Base on Guam is an important strategic air base for the United States in the Pacific region.

The US Navy has an air station in Agana and a submarine base in Port Abra. The U.S. Marine Corps and Coast Guard have troops stationed on the island. In 1996, there were 2,100 U.S. Air Force personnel and 4,600 Navy personnel on the island. On August 28, 2000, the Pentagon confirmed that it had transferred more than 60 AGM-86 air-launched cruise missiles from the mainland to Guam at the beginning of the month. This is the first time that the United States has deployed such advanced missiles outside its mainland. The U.S. Navy has also begun research on deploying attack nuclear submarines in Guam.

Culture and Education In 1993, there were 36 public primary and secondary schools of various types and several private schools on the island, with about 32,000 students in school. There are two public universities and two private universities. The public University of Guam is the largest, with more than 2,000 students. There are five radio stations and three television stations, as well as seven major newspapers including "Pacific Daily News", "Guam Business Weekly" and "Guam Tribune".

Mariana

In the Western Pacific to the east of the East Asian continent, there is a string of pearls scattered from north to south, from small to large. This is the U.S. Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of America) ), abbreviated as CNMI in English, is almost equidistant from China, Japan and South Korea.

The Mariana Islands are composed of 14 islands, mainly composed of coral reefs and volcanic eruptions. The only inhabited islands are Saipan (where the capital is located), Tinian and Rota, with approximately It has a population of 80,000, including about 20,000 Chinese. The Mariana Islands, like all ocean islands, have beautiful sunshine, sea water, sandy beaches and tropical scenery.

But what makes it unique is that the Mariana Islands were successively occupied by Spain, Germany and Japan, and finally belonged to the United States. In particular, it was the main battlefield of World War II (Pacific War). The Anti-Japanese War with China and the Asian people is closely connected and echoes each other, creating a tragic but glorious history, which is poignant and beautiful that other islands do not have.

Today, Chinese, Americans, Japanese and Koreans have become the largest groups of tourists in the Mariana Islands. They set foot on this strange but familiar foreign land and discovered the fresh sea breeze, clear water and beautiful scenery. The sea water still carries the smoke of that period of history, and the natural scenery in front of you is the same unique, but people from different countries may have different feelings in their hearts.

On January 19, Mariana Tourism Director Ms. J. Vicky Benavente flew to Guangzhou to promote "My Mariana", which included water sports, golf and spa. She said that Mariana has become The destination for Chinese tourists will thus open a Chinese website, focus on increasing Chinese signs on the island and Chinese training for practitioners, and try to solve the cumbersome visa issues.

Tangled historical grudges

Mariana, in the fragments of memory, is so far away and close, so strange and familiar. The middle school textbook has the deepest geographical knowledge of Mali. The Yana Trench contains the most shocking "Story of Two Children" in history; and in the 1980s and 1990s, Mariana became the "Golden and Yuan Empire" that many Chinese people dreamed of, and "Saipan" has become It has become synonymous with the United States. Currently, about 1/4 of the population of Mariana is Chinese. I think most of them migrated at this time.

However, what shocked me most was not the Western color of Mariana, nor the island scenery and exotic customs of Mariana, but that this country is separated from the East Asian continent by the vast Pacific Ocean, and is closely connected with China, Japan, and South Korea ( and North Korea) are almost equidistant, a small land with wild and huge cultural differences, but it is entangled in the historical grievances of the three East Asian countries, East Asia and the United States for more than half a century.

When I set foot on Mariana, I had a strange feeling - this is not Mariana, what it is, I really can’t tell. Since Magellan discovered it, it has been included in the territory of Spain. During the long-term conquest and counter-conquest war, the more than 40,000 indigenous people on the islands dropped sharply to more than 1,700 people. Later, Spain "sold" Mariana to Germany, and after Germany's defeat in World War I, the "League of Nations" handed Mariana over to the Japanese for "trusteeship". The largest number of Japanese on the island exceeded 70,000.

However, after 30 years of Japanese occupation, Mariana actually "changed" the destiny of East Asian countries - in a sense, the demise of the Japanese Empire, the resurgence of China and the rise of South Korea , started in Hawaii (the outbreak of the Pacific War) and ended in Mariana (the United States dropped atomic bombs on Japan).