What are the characteristics and precautions of flying in winter?

The weather that affects flight in winter is mainly low cloud, low visibility, low temperature, strong wind, snow and ice. They have a great influence on flight safety. How to take favorable measures to ensure flight safety in this weather is a problem that we should attach great importance to.

First, fly in low clouds and low visibility weather.

(a) Impact of low clouds and visibility on flight

The weather phenomena that affect visibility mainly include smoke, fog, sandstorm, snow blowing, low clouds and precipitation, but fog and low clouds are the most common and have the greatest influence on approach and landing. Especially when the visibility is about 1 km and close to the marginal weather standard, it is difficult for the crew to see the runway clearly, which brings many difficulties to take-off and approach landing, such as improper pilot control and poor crew cooperation, which will pose a serious threat to flight safety.

(2) Matters needing attention in low cloud and low visibility flight:

1. Before take-off, appropriately increase the spare oil quantity and leave enough spare space.

2. Select a suitable alternative field in advance. If necessary, you can make multiple alternate stations and prepare alternate routes in advance.

3, completes the approach briefing, a clear division of labor, strengthen the awareness of go-around and alternate, familiar with the go-around action, do a good job in preparation.

4. Establish the landing form as soon as possible, establish a stable instrument approach, and reduce distractions.

5. Optimize unit resource management and rationally allocate resources.

When the plane enters the pentagonal approach, the captain hands over the operation right to the co-pilot, who controls the plane in strict accordance with the instrument and maintains the data; The captain monitors the work of the co-pilot and various equipment; Other crew members monitor the status of the aircraft. If the aircraft is abnormal or reaches the decision-making altitude during the approach, and the captain and co-pilot fail to take corresponding measures, they should shout out the state change of the aircraft or "below the decision-making altitude" to remind the captain and co-pilot to take measures. When the conditions for safe landing are not met, they should be loudly reminded to "go around".

Second, flying in low temperature and windy weather

(A) the impact of low temperature and strong wind on flight

In winter, whenever cold air passes through the border, it is often accompanied by low temperature and strong wind, especially in North China, where strong wind is often mixed with turbulence, which has a considerable impact on take-off and landing. The specific performance is as follows:

1, flying with strong headwind and crosswind is likely to cause hazards such as low visual inspection, heavy landing and deviation from the runway;

2. When flying at low temperature, it is easy to leak, which is harmful to the oil and gas system;

(2) Matters needing attention in low temperature and windy flight:

1. Strictly grasp the standards of headwind and crosswind, especially in the case of ice and snow on the runway, strictly grasp the principle of halving crosswind standards (dry runway), pay attention to the operation of crosswind take-off and landing, and prevent deviation from the runway;

2. When flying in low temperature and strong wind, you will obviously feel that the speed disappears quickly during the leveling landing. If you don't pay attention to this feature, it will easily lead to low visual inspection or landing weight. During the approach, due to the influence of gust, airspeed indicator's instructions will be unstable, swing and have false speed, so the target speed of the approach should be revised according to the regulations, and the maintenance should not be small. The throttle can be properly delayed and closed slowly. If it is about to be leveled, it can be corrected by landing with the throttle leveled.

3. If strong wind is accompanied by wind shear, the principle of "avoidance, prevention and recovery" should be followed as appropriate. Wind shear will affect the stability and maneuverability of the aircraft, affect the accuracy of some instruments and change the flight trajectory of the aircraft, which should arouse our vigilance!

4, should avoid starting in the strong downwind, so as not to cause engine starting overheating or surge.

5. Due to the low temperature, pay attention to check whether there is any leakage in the fuel and lubricating oil hydraulic tanks and pipelines before flying in winter. Whether the height of the shock absorber column is within the specified range, whether there is air leakage in the shock absorber column, and whether the tire pressure meets the standard.

Third, flying in snow and ice weather

Snowfall and ice accumulation are the biggest threats to safe flight in winter.

(a) The influence of aircraft icing on flight;

1, engine icing reduces thrust, which easily sucks falling ice into the engine, damages compressor blades and causes engine failure;

2. The icing on the wing reduces the lift and increases the drag. The test shows that 2-3 mm frost will increase the stall speed by 35% and double the take-off distance. When taking off, the airflow will be separated from the wing prematurely and obviously. The plane is climbing.

At the beginning of high angle of attack flight, the lift coefficient of frozen aircraft from the ground is smaller than that of normal aircraft 15%-20%, which may lead to the runway not being long enough to rush out of the runway. On October 28th, 2004/KLOC-0, a Bombardier Challenger plane crashed near montrose, Colorado.

3. The accumulation of ice in pitot tube will block the static and dynamic pressure holes, increase the errors of altimeter, airspeed indicator and vertical speedometer, and even cause failure.

4. Ice accumulation in the vent of the fuel tank will make it difficult for the engine to supply oil. If ice accumulates in the exhaust valve, it will affect the normal operation of air conditioning and supercharging system.

Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the awareness of deicing and anti-icing, and fly without ice, snow and frost.

(2) Matters needing attention in ice and snow flight:

1, the external inspection of the aircraft should be particularly detailed in ice and snow weather. Check whether there is ice, snow and frost on the aircraft surface, especially on the flight control surface, and whether the control surface is flexible. There should be no ice and snow near all pitot tubes and static pressure holes.

2. If it is necessary to use ground deicing liquid for deicing, it is necessary to grasp the deicing opportunity according to the deicing time of different deicing liquids to prevent the deicing from freezing again due to long waiting time after deicing.

3. After starting, the engine should idle for two minutes to change the thrust, so that the oil temperature can rise and the engine can be well lubricated. . When the plane taxies, it should use the thrust lightly, the taxiing speed on the icy road surface should be lower than the normal taxiing speed, and the front wheels should be used lightly to turn and brake to avoid sideslip.

4. When taxiing in snow and ice weather, brake properly to prevent the brake disc from freezing and endangering safety.

5. Before taking off, the crew should check that all the control surfaces are working normally again.

6. Correct use of anti-icing or deicing system in flight. In the climb flight with severe icing, it is suggested that it is best not to use autopilot to control the aircraft for a long time, so as to prevent the icing on the flight control surface from endangering flight safety.

7. When landing on the ice and snow runway, the plane should try to land near the center line of the runway, eliminate the deviation as soon as possible, and keep the taxiing direction. Be careful when you leave the runway, and don't turn too fast to prevent the plane from getting out of control.

8. If you spend the night in a cold airport, block the wheel block and release the parking brake to prevent the brake pads from freezing to death.

The above discussion is for reference only and I hope it will help you.