How to grow straw mushrooms all year round

Varius mushroom cultivation technology

Author: Zhang Liangen, Xu Huiling Source of article: Mingxi County Agricultural Bureau of Fujian Province Number of clicks: 10400 Update time: 2011/11/13

< p>Straw mushrooms are tender, crispy, delicious, nutritious, and have good health care value. They are a high-quality edible fungus. Whether its products are fresh mushrooms, dried products or canned straw mushrooms, they are deeply loved by consumers in domestic and foreign markets. Especially in the hot weather of summer, when there are few other edible fungi, it is the peak season for straw mushrooms and the off-season for vegetables. Therefore, it can not only enrich people's vegetable choices, but also has a higher price and good economic benefits. Straw mushrooms are the fastest harvesting among edible fungi. It only takes about 2 weeks from sowing to harvesting, and a cultivation cycle only takes 20-30 days. And no special equipment is required, and it can be cultivated indoors or outdoors. To develop straw mushrooms, agricultural and sideline products such as cottonseed husks, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, corn straw and other cultivation raw materials can be used.

1. Growth conditions of straw mushrooms

1. Nutrition: The nutrients needed for the growth and development of straw mushrooms are mainly water compounds, nitrogen nutrients and minerals. In addition, a certain amount of vitamins. These substances can generally be obtained from raw materials such as straw or cottonseed hulls. Straw mushroom is a saprophytic fungus, which must absorb nutrients from dead plants and soil. Straw, cottonseed husks and other raw materials that are not moldy or deteriorated should be used for cultivation of straw mushroom. Undried wet grass is easy to rot and should not be used. In addition, waste cotton, sugarcane bagasse, green thatch, and peanut vines can all be used as raw materials for cultivating straw mushrooms. If a certain amount of auxiliary materials are appropriately added to the above raw materials; such as dried cow dung, chicken manure, wheat bran, rice bran, corn flour, etc. to supplement nitrogen nutrition and vitamins, the yield of straw mushrooms can also be increased.

2. Temperature: Straw mushrooms are high-temperature fungi. The temperature range for mycelial growth is 10-42°C. The optimal temperature is 28-32°C. Growth stops at 10°C and is higher than 45°C. Below 5℃, straw mushroom mycelium will die. Straw mushroom strains cannot be stored in the refrigerator to avoid freezing to death. The temperature range for the growth of straw mushroom fruiting bodies is 22-40℃, and the optimal temperature is 28-32℃. When the average temperature is below 23°C, it is difficult for fruiting bodies to form. When the temperature of the culture material is lower than 28°C, the formation of fruiting bodies is affected. When the temperature is lower than 25°C, it is difficult to form fruiting bodies. Temperatures below 21°C or above 40°C, as well as sudden changes in climate, have a fatal impact on small buds. The fruiting body is extremely sensitive to sudden temperature changes, and the material temperature changes by more than 5°C within 12 hours. Straw mushrooms are prone to death.

3. Humidity: Straw mushroom is a fungus that likes high temperature and high humidity environment. Only under suitable moisture conditions can the growth and development of straw mushrooms proceed normally. If there is insufficient moisture, mycelial growth will be slow and it will be difficult to form fruiting bodies; too much moisture will cause poor ventilation, which will easily kill the mushrooms and cause the occurrence of miscellaneous bacteria. The optimal moisture content of the culture material is about 70%, the optimal air humidity during the mycelial growth stage is about 80%, and the relative air humidity during the fruiting body growth stage is required to be above 90%.

4. Oxygen: Straw mushrooms are aerobic fungi, and sufficient oxygen is an important condition for the growth of straw mushrooms. If there is insufficient oxygen and too much carbon dioxide accumulates, the fruiting bodies will be inhibited or even die. Miscellaneous bacteria are also prone to occur. Therefore, during the management of straw mushroom cultivation, attention should be paid to ventilation and keeping the air fresh. But we should also pay attention to moisturizing, and we must correctly handle the relationship between ventilation, moisturizing, and heat preservation.

5. pH value: Straw mushroom is a fungus that likes alkalinity. The optimal pH value for straw mushroom mycelial growth is 7.8-8.5, and the optimal pH value for fruiting body growth is 7.5-8. An acidic environment is unfavorable to the growth and development of mycelium and is susceptible to infection by miscellaneous bacteria. During cultivation, the pH value is generally adjusted by adding lime. The amount added is generally about 5% of the dry material weight to make the pH value reach 10-12. As the mycelium grows, the pH value will gradually decrease. When the fruiting body is formed, the pH value will be around 7.5, which is just suitable for the growth and development of the straw mushroom fruiting body.

6. Lighting: The germination of basidiospores and the growth of mycelium do not require light. Direct sunlight will hinder the growth of mycelium. Lighting promotes the formation of fruiting bodies. The formation of fruiting bodies requires a certain amount of scattered light, and the optimal light intensity is 300-350 lux. The intensity of light not only affects the yield of straw mushrooms, but also directly affects the quality and color of straw mushroom fruiting bodies. When the light is strong, the fruiting body is dark and shiny, and the fruiting body group is strong and dense. When the light is insufficient, the fruiting body is dim or even gray-white, and the fruiting body tissue is also loose. The fruiting body is white when there is no light. Strong direct sunlight has a serious inhibitory effect on fruiting bodies, so open field cultivation must have shading conditions.

2. Straw mushroom cultivation season

The cultivation season of straw mushroom under natural conditions should be determined according to the temperature required for the growth and development of straw mushroom and the local temperature conditions. It can usually be cultivated when the daily average temperature reaches above 23°C. The time for cultivation using natural temperature in the south is from late May to mid-September in the Gregorian calendar. Cultivation is most advantageous from early June to early July, because the temperature is suitable at this time, it is also the mildew rain season, the humidity is high, the temperature and humidity are easy to control, the yield is high, and the quality of the mushrooms is good. In mid-summer (mid-July to late August), the temperature is high, dry, and water evaporation is large. Management is difficult, and it is difficult to obtain high yield and high quality of straw mushrooms.

Guangdong, Hainan and other provinces cultivate straw mushrooms under natural temperature conditions, and April to October is more suitable. In the northern region, cultivation is suitable from June to July. Cultivation using greenhouses and plastic sheds can be carried out earlier or later as appropriate. If a foam mushroom house is used and equipped with heating equipment, it can be produced year-round.

3. Varieties of Straw Mushroom Cultivation

According to color, there are two major strains: one is called black straw mushroom, the main feature is that the foreskin of the unopened fruiting body is mouse gray. Or black, oval-shaped, difficult to open the umbrella, straw mushroom base is small, easy to pick. However, it has poor stress resistance and is particularly sensitive to temperature changes. The other type is White Straw Mushroom. Its main characteristics are that the foreskin of the fruiting body is off-white or white, the foreskin is thin, and the umbrella is easy to open. The base of the mushroom body is large, making it difficult to pick. However, it has fast fruiting, high yield, and strong stress resistance. According to the size of individual straw mushrooms, they can be divided into large species, medium species and small species. Due to different uses, the requirements for straw mushroom varieties are also different. For dried straw mushrooms, large species with thick foreskin are preferred. For canned straw mushrooms, medium and small species with thick foreskin are required. For fresh straw mushrooms, the requirements for foreskin and individual size are not strict. Suitable varieties can be selected for cultivation in various places according to needs.

4. Preparation of straw mushroom culture materials

Cultivation of straw mushrooms uses a wide range of raw materials, mainly using raw materials rich in cellulose and hemicellulose. Such as waste cotton residue, cotton seed hulls, straw, wheat straw. Waste cotton residue has the highest yield. The following introduces the preparation of several commonly used culture materials:

1. Preparation of waste cotton residue culture materials

Waste cotton residue is also called waste cotton, broken seed cotton, floor cotton, and ground cotton. Cotton comes from cotton processing plants. Waste cotton residue has a long heating time and good thermal insulation and moisturizing properties. It is currently the most ideal straw mushroom cultivation material. About 12 kilograms of waste cotton residue is required per square meter. Commonly used formulas are:

Formula 1: Waste cotton residue + 5% lime

Formula 2: Waste cotton residue + 10% bran (or rice bran) + 5% lime powder

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There are two ways to prepare the culture material: one is to build a pond, immerse the waste cotton slag in lime water, add 5 kg of lime powder for every 100 kg of waste cotton slag, soak for 5-6 hours, and then pick it up Make a pile with a width of 1.2 meters and a height of about 70 centimeters. The length is not limited. Ferment for three days, turning the pile once in the middle. The other is to make a wooden frame, which is 3.0 meters long, 1.8 meters wide and 0.5 meters high, and place it on the cement floor. Then lay a layer of waste cotton residue in the wooden frame, about 10-15 cm thick, sprinkle a thin layer of lime powder, sprinkle water and press it to make the waste cotton residue absorb enough water, then sprinkle a layer of bran or rice bran, and spread another layer When the waste cotton slag is stacked layer by layer until the frame is full, lift the wooden frame upwards and continue to add materials and press until the pile is about 1.5 meters high. Ferment for 3 days.

2. Preparation of cottonseed hull culture material

Cottonseed hull, also known as cottonseed skin, is also a relatively nutritious straw mushroom cultivation material, but its thermal insulation, moisturizing and calorific value are not as good as those of waste. Cotton residue. The formula of the culture material is the same as that of waste cotton residue. In addition to the above two treatment methods, cottonseed shells can also be spread on the cement floor, add lime powder or auxiliary materials, mix well, and then pile them up, cover them with film, and ferment. Turn the pile once every three days. During the turning, if the pile is too dry, lime water needs to be added to adjust. The moisture content of the material when going to bed is about 70%, and the pH value is 8-9.

3. Preparation of rice straw or wheat straw culture materials

Rice straw and wheat straw are rich in raw materials and are the traditional raw materials for straw mushroom cultivation. Due to their poor physical properties and lack of nutrients, rice straw and wheat straw are , as long as proper treatment is carried out and auxiliary materials are added, better output can be obtained. Each square meter requires 10-15 kilograms of dry straw.

Recipe ①: 87% straw or wheat straw + 5% plant ash + 1% compound fertilizer + 2% gypsum powder + 5% lime;

Recipe 2: 88% + straw or wheat straw 5% bran or rice bran, + 2% gypsum powder + 5% lime;

Recipe ③: 73% straw or wheat straw + 5% dry cow dung + 15% manure + 2% gypsum powder + lime 5%;

Recipe ④: 83% straw or wheat straw + 5% bran + 5% dry cow dung + 2% gypsum powder + 5% lime

The above rice straw or wheat straw There are two treatment methods: one is to use long straw for cultivation instead of chopping the straw or wheat straw. Soak the straw for about 12 hours, and press it with heavy objects to fully absorb water. After soaking, take them out and make a pile. The pile is 2 meters wide and 1.5 meters high. Cover with a film to keep it moisturized. Let the pile ferment for 3-5 days, turning the pile once in the middle. During cultivation, the long straw should be twisted into an "8" shape and tied tightly. , arranged closely one by one, stacked in two layers according to the shape of "品", with a thickness of 20 cm. The other method is to cut the straw or wheat straw into 5-10 cm long or crush it with a grinder, soak it or directly add lime water to mix it, add auxiliary materials, and pile it for 3-5 days, turning the pile once in the middle.

4. Preparation of mixed culture materials

In order to reduce production costs, the cultivation method of waste cotton residue or cotton seed husks plus rice straw or wheat straw can also achieve better results. The mixing ratio is usually 1/3-2/3 of waste cotton residue or cottonseed hulls. The straw can be cut into sections or crushed, and added with lime and auxiliary materials before use.

Let me introduce the bed-frame cultivation technology of straw mushrooms:

5. Bed-frame cultivation technology of straw mushrooms

Bed-frame cultivation of straw mushrooms is currently a commonly used cultivation method in my country. Setting up a bed frame in a house or shed can not only make full use of space and improve utilization rate, but also has good moisture and heat insulation, is easy to manage, and has high and stable output.

1. Setting up the bed frame: The bed frame for straw mushroom cultivation is the same as the bed frame for mushroom cultivation. The bed frame and mushroom room should be arranged vertically, that is, the mushroom room runs east-west, and the bed frame should be arranged north and south. The mushroom bed should not be against the wall. The walkway against the wall should be 50 cm. The walkway between the bed frame and the bed frame should be 67 cm wide. The distance between each floor is 67 cm, and the bottom floor is more than 17 cm above the ground. The number of bed frame layers depends on the height of the mushroom house, generally 4-6 layers, and the bed frame width is 1.3-1.5 meters. The bed frame can be made of bamboo or wood, and reinforced concrete bed frame is better. There is a pair of upper and lower windows on the walls at both ends of each corridor. The size of the window is preferably 40 cm wide and 50 cm high. A hairdryer is installed on the roof in the middle of the walkway between the bed frames, 1.5 meters high and about 40 cm in diameter.

2. Secondary fermentation of the culture material: fluff the fermented culture material, mix well, and move it onto the mushroom house bed frame while it is hot. At this time, the best moisture content of the culture material is about 70%, and the pH value is about 9. The thickness of the culture material for different cultivation materials is also different. For waste cotton residue or cottonseed husk culture material, the general thickness is 7-10 cm, chopped straw culture material is 12-15 cm, and long straw culture material is 20 cm. . When the temperature is high in summer, the culture medium should be spread thinly. When the temperature is low in winter, the culture medium should be spread thicker.

After laying the material, immediately introduce steam or put a coal stove into the mushroom house to heat it, so that the culture temperature reaches about 65°C, maintain it for 4-8 hours, and then cool down naturally. When the temperature drops to about 45°C, open the doors and windows. The secondary fermentation can kill pests and harmful bacteria in the mushroom house and culture material, and is conducive to the large-scale reproduction of beneficial microorganisms such as high-temperature actinomycetes, which is more conducive to the growth of straw mushrooms and is easy to Get high yields.

3. Sowing and post-seeding management: When the temperature of the culture material drops below 38°C, fluff the culture material, mix it evenly, level the bed surface, compact it, and then sow. Dig out the strain from the strain bottle. For bagged seed, you can tear off the plastic, put the strain in a clean basin, gently crush the strain block, and use the method of on-demand and broadcast sowing. 3 inches square, sprinkle the remaining 1/5 of the bacteria on the surface of the material, and gently pat it flat with a wooden board. Generally, 300-400 bottles (750 ml) of bacteria are needed for 100 square meters of cultivation area.

After sowing, cover the bed surface with plastic film, remove the film and ventilate it 1-2 times a day, and pay attention to controlling the temperature inside the material. The temperature in the culture medium changes from low to high and from high to low. After sowing, the temperature in the material gradually rises, and generally reaches the maximum temperature in 3-4 days. The maximum temperature in the material should be controlled below 42°C. Otherwise, if the temperature is too high, a large amount of water in the material will evaporate, and the mycelium of straw mushrooms will be seriously inhibited or die. If the temperature in the material is too high, the cause should be analyzed in time and measures should be taken to solve it. If there is not enough moisture in the material and the culture material is too dry, water should be sprayed to replenish moisture and cool down; if the culture material is too thick, indoor ventilation should be strengthened, the plastic on the surface of the material should be opened, and holes should be made in the material to distribute the temperature inside the material.

About 4 days after sowing, remove the plastic covering the material surface. It is best to cover it with a thin layer of pre-wetted long straw, or pre-wetted rice husk or cover with about 1cm thick granules. The yield of straw mushrooms can also be increased by spraying 1% lime water on the soil.

4. Management during the fruiting period. Generally, 5-6 days after sowing, when the straw mushroom mycelium begins to kink, it is necessary to increase the humidity of the material surface in time, add "mushroom water" to increase indoor light, and promote the formation of straw mushroom fruiting bodies. When a large number of buds with small white spots are formed, moisturizing is the main focus, the relative air humidity is maintained above 90%, and water spraying on the bed surface is suspended. When the fruiting bodies are the size of buttons, the amount of water spray should be gradually increased.

6. Straw mushroom border cultivation technology

Straw mushroom border cultivation is a commonly used cultivation method in outdoor open fields. It is characterized by low investment, low cost, great flexibility and simple operation. Good management results in higher yields.

The best site for outdoor cultivation of straw mushrooms is loose, fertile, well-drained sandy loam. This kind of soil has good heat preservation, moisture retention, nutrient storage and ventilation properties, which is beneficial to the growth and development of straw mushroom mycelium and fruiting bodies. Rice fields, vegetable fields, orchards, woodlands, and open spaces in front of and behind houses can all be used as sites for cultivating straw mushrooms. There are fewer earthworms and miscellaneous bacteria in rice fields, which is conducive to the growth and development of straw mushrooms. When the temperature is low, you should choose a sheltered and sunny place. When the temperature is high, you should plant it in a cool and ventilated shade shed, melon shed, or under the woods, so that you can obtain a more ideal yield.

After selecting the cultivation site, first plow the land once, usually to a depth of 15-20 cm, and expose it to the sun for 2-3 days. Then prepare the land to make a border, with a border height of 15-20 cm and a border width of 1 meter. It is generally 5-6 meters long, and the walkway between the borders is 50 centimeters wide. Make a soil ridge of about 10 cm wide and 10 cm high around the border and in the middle of the border so that more mushrooms can grow. If the terrain is low, deep trenches should be dug around the field for drainage. For places with high terrain and dry conditions, the border should be low and the walkways should be about 20 cm higher than the border to facilitate moisture retention.

After the border surface is sorted, because the soil on the bed surface is relatively dry, water should be poured or sprinkled on the border surface the day before feeding to make the soil soaked, or tea dry cake water should be poured directly on the border surface Or ammonia or bleach to eliminate pests and bacteria. Then sprinkle a layer of lime powder on the border and spray insecticide to eliminate pests and bacteria in the soil.

After the cultivation bed is disinfected, move the pre-fermented culture material into the bed, and spread the material directly on the soil. It is thicker than the material for indoor bed cultivation. Use waste cotton residue or cotton seeds. The hull culture medium needs to be spread about 10 cm thick, the chopped straw culture medium needs to be spread 15-18 cm, and the long straw needs to be spread about 20 cm thick. After sowing, especially the straw culture medium, it is best to spread it on the material surface. Cover with a layer of fine soil, about 2cm thick. Cover it with plastic and remove the film 1-2 times a day.

After sowing, use bamboo slices and fence bamboos to build a circular arched scaffolding on the border. The center of the scaffolding is 50 cm high from the border. The scaffolding is covered with plastic, and the plastic is covered with a sunshade net or straw curtain. This can not only prevent direct sunlight from hitting the border surface, but also maintain heat and moisture. The sowing method and post-sowing management are the same as indoor bed cultivation.

7. Straw mushroom bag cultivation technology

Straw mushroom bag cultivation is a relatively new cultivation method. Grass cultivation increases yield by about 100%. Biological efficiency can reach 30-40%.

1. Soak the straw: Cut the straw into 2-3 sections, if possible, cut it into about 5 cm, and soak it in 5% lime water for 6-8 hours. The water in which the straw is soaked can be reused twice, and lime must be added each time.

2. Mixing ingredients: Pick up the straw and place it on the cement floor with a small slope. Spread it out to drain off the excess water, or wring it out manually. Hold the straw tightly with one or two drops of water, that is, For proper moisture, the moisture content is about 70%. Then add the auxiliary ingredients and mix evenly to ensure that the various auxiliary ingredients are evenly distributed and adhered in the straw. The following formulas are commonly used when mixing ingredients:

Recipe ①: About 87% dry straw + 10% bran + 3% peanut cake powder or soybean powder. + Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.1%.

Recipe ②: About 85% dry rice straw + 10% rice bran + 3% corn flour + 2% gypsum powder + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

Recipe ③: 83.5% dry rice straw + 10% rice bran + 3% peanut cake powder + 2% gypsum powder + 1.5% compound fertilizer.

Recipe ④: 56.5% dry rice straw + 30% fertilizer soil + 10% rice bran + 2% gypsum powder + 1.5% compound fertilizer.

3. Bagging: Use a polyethylene plastic bag of 24 cm x 50 cm for the thoroughly mixed materials. Tie one end of the bag tightly with a thick cotton thread and tie it 2 cm away from the mouth of the bag. . Put the mixed culture material into the bag and press it tightly while loading. The wet weight of each bag is 2-2.5 kg. Then tie the mouth of the bag tightly with cotton thread.

4. Sterilization: Use normal pressure sterilization. After installing the pot, heat it vigorously to make the temperature in the pot reach 100℃ as soon as possible. Keep it at 100℃ for about 6 hours. Then stop the fire and remove the pot and move it into the inoculation room.

5. Inoculation: Use sterile or inoculation box for inoculation. The disinfection treatment of the sterile room or inoculation box is the same as that of other edible fungi. When inoculating, untie the rope at one end of the bag, insert the straw mushroom strain, and tie the rope again. Untie the rope at the other end, add the bacteria, and tie the rope again. One bottle (or bag) of bacteria can inoculate about 12 bags.

6. Bacteria management: Move the inoculated bacteria bags into the culture room and place them on the culture rack or stack them on the ground. The stacking height of fungus bags should be determined according to the season. If the temperature is high, the number of layers should be smaller. If the temperature is low, the number of layers can be increased appropriately. Generally, it is appropriate to stack 3-4 layers. It is best to control the temperature of the culture room at 32-35°C. Four days after inoculation, when the mycelium in the bag has eaten 2-3 cm of material, loosen the tie at the mouth of the bag to increase oxygen in the bag and promote the growth of mycelium. Under suitable conditions, it usually takes 10-13 days for mycelium to cover the entire bag.

7. Mushroom management: Move the fungus bag full of mycelium into the cultivation room, roll up the bag mouth, place it on the bed frame or stack 3-5 layers against the wall, cover it with plastic film, and increase cultivation. The relative humidity of the room air is about 95%. After 2-3 days of management, mushroom buds begin to form, and the film can be lifted at this time. When the mushroom buds grow to a small button, water can be sprayed on the bag. The mushroom buds can be harvested when they reach the egg-shaped stage. Generally, 2-3 batches of mushrooms can be harvested.

8. Plastic foam house annual cultivation technology

Plastic foam house cultivation is the main method of annual cultivation of straw mushrooms. It has good thermal insulation and moisturizing properties. It can insulate in summer and heat in winter. Less investment and low cost. There are few bacteria and high yield.

There are many types of plastic foam houses. There are currently two main types, which are introduced below:

1. Two-bed type: the mushroom house is 5 meters long and 2.2 meters wide, with two rows. Bed frames, each row has 4 layers. The mushroom house is a wooden frame structure with an "eight" shaped roof. Build the bed frame first, then cover it with film and foam board. The bed frame is made of fir squares. The dimensions of the wooden squares are generally 4 cm × 4 cm or 3 cm × 3 cm. Each bed frame is 70 centimeters wide, the distance between layers is 0.6 meters, and the bottom floor is about 0.4 meters above the ground. The walkway between the bed frames is about 0.6 meters wide. After the bed frame is set up, cover the outside and top of the bed frame with plastic film. After covering the plastic, seal it with foam board.

The thickness of the foam board is preferably 2.5-3, and the film interface should be sealed with plastic tape. The joints between the two foam boards are compacted and nailed with fir forest pieces, and a door and window are opened at both ends of the walkway. In addition to covering the top layer of the mushroom house with plastic and foam boards, it is best to cover it with a layer of asbestos tiles if possible.

The walkway of the foam room is an underground stove with a diameter of 0.3 meters and a depth of 0.5 meters. There is a grate at the bottom of the stove and air inlet and exhaust outlets. The air inlet has a pipe leading to the outside of the mushroom house, and the exhaust outlet is connected to the heating pipe. The pipe extends along the walkway to the outside of the other end wall of the mushroom house. Half of the pipe is below the surface and half is above the surface. The upper part of the furnace is tightly covered with a cement board. The heat in the furnace is distributed into the mushroom house through pipes, and the smoke generated is discharged out of the mushroom house through the pipes. Mushroom houses can be heated for cultivation in winter.

2. Three-bed type: The mushroom room is 4 meters wide and 5 meters long, with three rows of bed frames inside. The left and right rows of bed frames are 0.7 meters wide, and the middle row of bed frames is 1.2-1.4 meters wide. There are two walkways, the width of the walkway is 0.6 meters. Others are the same as above.

9. Straw mushroom cultivation technology

Longer straw and wheat straw are cut from the rice fields, and the traditional straw cultivation method is adopted. The cultivation location can be indoors It can be done in outdoor rice fields, in greenhouses, or under fruit trees.

The size of the pile should be specifically determined according to the outside temperature. If the temperature is low, the pile shape should be larger; if the temperature is high, the pile shape should be smaller. Generally, when the temperature is around 25°C, the pile width is 75 meters and the pile height is about 35 cm; when the temperature is around 30°C, the pile width is 70 cm and the pile height is about 30 cm; when the temperature is above 33°C, the pile width is 60 cm and the pile height is about 30 cm. About 25cm high. There are many ways to step on the pile, here we mainly introduce the following ones:

1. Grass-rolling type: First make a cultivation border on the cultivation field, arrange the bed surface, pour lime water or sprinkle lime powder on the border surface . In order to produce more "ground mushrooms", first sow a 1.5 cm wide strip of fungus in the soil around the cultivation border, and then step on the first layer of grass to just suppress the fungus. Use a rolling knife to roll the straw soaked in 5% lime water into two sections, and pile them up while rolling, with the heads and ends facing outwards, the heads and tails of the straw facing inwards, one by one, and step on it tightly with your feet. Fill the middle of the pile with random straw and water it appropriately according to the dryness and wetness of the grass. Around the first layer of grass, sow 1.5 cm wide strains of bacteria inward about 2 cm from the edge of the pile. Then step on the second layer, with the grass handles just pressing down on the bacteria. The sowing method is the same as the first layer. Generally, 2-4 layers are piled. The upper layer is about 2 cm smaller than the lower layer. The pile is a rectangular trapezoid with the top Spread bacterial strains on the upper layer, cover with a thin layer of straw after sowing, step on it tightly, and pile it into a turtle-back shape, and cover the surface of the pile with plastic and straw. Generally, about 5 bottles of bacteria are sown on 50 kilograms of rice straw. If the seeding rate is appropriately increased, there will be less miscellaneous bacteria, fast mushrooming, and high yield.

2. Soak the straw in 5% lime water for 5-6 hours, then twist the straw into an "8" shaped handle and tie it tightly with straw. Each handle has a dry weight of 0.25 kg. left and right, other methods are the same as before.

3. Tail-folding type: This method is suitable for long straws of more than 65 cm. The dry weight of each straw is about 0.4 kg. The straw is tied near 1/3 of the straw head. The straw head is required to be neat. When stepping on the pile, , the grass head is on one side of the border, and the grass tail is on the other side of the border. At the same time, turn the grass tail and step on it tightly. After planting, step on the second layer. The direction of the grass head is opposite to that of the first layer and presses on the tail of the first layer of grass. Other methods are the same as before.

10. Harvesting of straw mushrooms

It only takes about 12 days from sowing to harvesting of straw mushrooms. Straw mushrooms grow quickly and are easy to open. They must be harvested in time. The optimal harvesting period for commercial straw mushrooms is when the buds are long and the buds are not open. During the peak production period, harvesting takes place 2-3 times a day. When harvesting, hold the culture material with one hand and gently unscrew the fruiting body with the other hand. Do not hurt the immature buds. After harvesting the mushrooms, the rotten grass and sediment at the base of the fruit body must be cut off promptly with a sharp knife, and then sent to the market for fresh sale. In addition to being sold fresh, it can also be processed into dried straw mushrooms and canned straw mushrooms.

After picking the first batch of (tide) mushrooms, the second batch of (tide) mushrooms will usually appear in 4 days. With proper management, 2-3 batches of mushrooms can be harvested. But it is mainly the first batch of mushrooms. Generally, the output of the first batch of mushrooms accounts for about 80% of the total output. In order to improve the utilization rate of mushroom beds, some mushroom houses usually only harvest one batch of mushrooms.

11. Main problems and preventive measures in the cultivation process of straw mushrooms

1. Causes and preventive measures of Coprinus phalaenopsis

Ink coprinus, membrane Coprinus is the most common competitive bacteria in straw mushroom cultivation. It likes high temperature and high humidity. It usually appears one week after sowing or after fruiting. Once it occurs, it will contaminate the surface of the material and consume a large amount of nutrients in the culture material. and moisture, thus affecting the normal growth and development of straw mushroom mycelium, resulting in reduced straw mushroom production. Therefore, controlling the occurrence of Coprinus parasol and how to prevent and treat it after it occurs are key technical measures to increase the yield of straw mushrooms. The causes and prevention measures for the occurrence of parasitic parachute are now introduced as follows:

① The quality of cultivation raw materials is not good. When cultivating straw mushrooms, old and moldy raw materials are used as cultivation materials, which are prone to pests and diseases. Therefore, when cultivating, you must use mildew-free raw materials, and dry them in the sun for 2-3 days before use to use ultraviolet rays in the sun to kill bacterial spores.

② The formula of culture material is unreasonable. The formula and treatment of planting materials are also closely related to the occurrence of Acroparagus parasitic worms.

The demand for nitrogen source of Phallus parasitic bacteria is higher than that of straw mushroom. Therefore, when preparing the culture material, if too much cow dung or urea is added, the C/N will be reduced and the amount of ammonia in the culture material will be reduced. Increase can lead to a large number of parasitic galls. Therefore, when urea, cow dung, etc. are added to the culture material as a supplementary nitrogen source, urea should be controlled at about 1% and cow dung at about 10%, and it can be used only after it is fully fermented and decomposed.

③ The pH value of the culture medium is too small. The pH value of the culture material is also one of the important reasons for the occurrence of miscellaneous bacteria. Straw mushrooms like an alkaline environment, while bacteria like an acidic environment. Therefore, when preparing the culture material, add lime appropriately, generally about 5% of the material. Increase the pH value to make the pH value of the culture material reach 8-9. In addition, after sowing straw mushrooms, sprinkle a thin layer of plant ash on the surface of the material or spray lime water after picking mushrooms to adjust the pH value of the culture material, which can also inhibit the occurrence of Coprinus phalanges and other miscellaneous bacteria.

④ The culture material is not fermented completely. The moisture content of the culture material is too high, there is insufficient ventilation during the stacking process, the fermentation temperature is low during stacking, the culture material is not fluffed after entering the room, and there is too much ammonia in the material, all can cause the occurrence of parasitic parasitism. Secondary fermentation of the culture material can make the culture material fermented thoroughly, which is an important measure to prevent the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. It is also a key technology to increase the yield of straw mushrooms.

In addition, diseases and insect pests are also prone to occur if the strains carry miscellaneous bacteria, the cultivation temperature is too high, and ventilation is poor. Once Coprinus pilosa occurs on the mushroom bed, it should be removed promptly to prevent the spread of Coprinus spores. In addition, during the cultivation of straw mushrooms, mycelial shrinkage will also occur, causing a large number of young mushrooms to die.

2. Causes and prevention measures of hyphae shrinkage

Under normal circumstances, about 12 hours after straw mushroom sowing, it can be seen that straw mushroom mycelium germinates and grows into the material. If 24 hours after sowing, there is still no mycelium germination or growth into the material, or mycelium shrinks during the cultivation process, the main reasons are:

① The age of the cultivated strain is too long. Straw mushroom mycelium grows quickly and ages quickly. If the mycelium does not germinate after sowing and the mycelium of the spawn blocks shrinks, it is often due to the bacteria being stored under too long or too low temperature conditions. It is best to use strains of appropriate bacterial age. Generally, it is best to sow the mycelium of cultivated species until it reaches the bottom of the bottle in about a week.

② The temperature of the culture medium is too high. If the culture material is spread too thickly, the bed temperature will spontaneously rise. If the temperature in the culture material exceeds 45°C, mycelium will shrink or die. After sowing, pay close attention to the indoor temperature and material temperature. If the temperature is too high, timely measures should be taken to cool down, such as strengthening indoor ventilation, removing the plastic film covering the material surface, spraying in space, loosening the material inside, and pouring water on the ground. wait.

③ The water content of the culture material is too high. When sowing, the moisture content of the culture material is too high, exceeding 75%, which makes the material airtight. After sowing, the plastic film is too tightly covered and left unopened for a long time. In addition, the mushroom room is poorly ventilated, causing the straw mushroom mycelium to grow due to lack of oxygen. Shrinking due to asphyxia.

④ The hazards of ammonia gas in the material. If too much urea is added to the culture material, and if it is covered with plastic film after sowing, the ammonia in the material cannot evaporate, causing harm to the mycelium of straw mushrooms.

3. Causes and prevention measures of massive death of young mushrooms.

During the production process of straw mushrooms, it is often seen that pieces of small mushrooms wilt and die, causing serious losses to straw mushroom production. There are many reasons for the death of young mushrooms, the main ones are:

① The culture material is too acidic. Straw mushrooms like an alkaline environment with a pH value of less than 6 hours. Although they can produce mushrooms, they are difficult to grow. An acidic environment is more suitable for the growth of green mold, yellow mold and other miscellaneous bacteria, which compete for nutrients and cause the death of straw mushrooms. Therefore, when preparing the culture material, the pH value in the material should be appropriately increased. After picking the mushrooms, you can spray 1% lime water or 5% plant ash water to keep the pH value in the material at about 8.

② The material temperature is low or the temperature changes suddenly. The growth of straw mushrooms is very sensitive to temperature. Generally, when the material temperature is lower than 28°C, the growth of straw mushrooms will be affected or even die. Excessive temperature changes, such as a cold wave or typhoon attack, will cause the temperature to drop sharply, causing the death of young mushrooms, and in severe cases, large mushrooms will also die.

③ Improper use of water. Straw mushrooms have certain requirements for water temperature, and generally require the water temperature to be about the same as room temperature. If deep well water at around 20℃ is sprayed in hot summer, it will cause a large number of young mushrooms to die. Therefore, water spraying should be carried out in the morning and evening, and the water temperature should be around 30°C.

According to the different stages of growth and development of straw mushroom fruiting bodies, correctly control the water spray. If the fruiting body is too small, spraying too much water will cause the death of the young mushrooms. During the fruiting body needle stage and small button stage, water spraying on the material surface must be stopped. If the material surface is dry, spraying can only be done in the aisle of the cultivation room and water is poured on the ground to increase the relative humidity of the air.

④Mushroom picking damage. Straw mushroom mycelium is relatively sparse and easily damaged. If you move too much during picking, it will touch the surrounding culture material and cause the mycelium to break. The hyphae of the surrounding young mushrooms will break, which will prevent the supply of water and nutrients. Therefore, you should move as lightly as possible when picking mushrooms. When picking straw mushrooms, hold the growing base of the mushroom with one hand to protect other young mushrooms, and twist and pick the mature mushrooms with the other hand. If there are dense clusters of mushrooms, they can be picked together to avoid the death of most immature mushrooms due to the impact of individual mushrooms.

China Organic Agriculture Network