What places did Captain Cook of England discover?

The most famous are New Zealand and Australia. He also drew more maps of Africa and discovered Hawaii before his death. The specific information is as follows. James cook is a great explorer. He is famous for his three expeditions. He added new contents to people's knowledge of the ocean, especially the Pacific Ocean. He is also believed to have contributed to the prevention of scurvy during long-term navigation by improving the diet of the crew, including increasing fruits and vegetables.

catalogue

brief introduction

Cook's youth

Maiden voyage (1768 ~ 177 1)

Discover the big island

Charlotte Queen Bay

On the way back

The second voyage (1772 ~ 1775)

The third voyage (1776 ~ 1780)

Introduction to reference books

Cook's youth

Maiden voyage (1768 ~ 177 1)

Discover the big island

Charlotte Queen Bay

On the way back

The second voyage (1772 ~ 1775)

The third voyage (1776 ~ 1780)

reference book

Expand and edit this introduction.

James Cook

James Cook (172810/October 27th-1779 February 14) is a famous British explorer, navigator and cartographer.

Edit this passage about Cook when he was young.

Cook was born in England on 1728. He worked on a coal carrier when he was young, and later served in the Royal Navy (1756— 1763). During his service in the navy, he was ordered to conduct many coastal surveys in the St. Lawrence River in North America and a part of Newfoundland, and forged his tenacious will and tenacious character in these hard work. He mapped the coastline of many areas and made a detailed survey of many areas on the east coast of the North American continent. These outstanding achievements earned him a reputation as an outstanding chartist. Cook grew up in the era of the climax of western exploration. 1767 The Wallis expedition that discovered Tahiti claimed that they caught a glimpse of the mountains in the southern continent in the afterglow of the Pacific sunset. Then Alexander dalrymple, a famous British visionary explorer, quickly calculated that the population of this continent was 50 million. This discovery shocked the whole of Europe. Because from a long time ago, even in ancient Greece, the so-called southern continent problem has been the focus of scholars' long-term discussion. There is a theory that there are many continents in the northern hemisphere, so from the perspective of balancing the weight of the earth, there should also be a large area of land in the southern hemisphere. Otherwise, because the earth is out of balance, its rotation will inevitably shake from side to side. In fact, the rotation of the earth has been very stable, so we can guess that there must be a southern continent. Another theory further develops this conjecture that there is more land in the center of the South Pole. At that time, some people thought that the so-called southern continent was a combination of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand that had been discovered at that time. The British government expressed great interest in this discovery of Wallis expedition. In order to find and occupy this continent before other countries and expand the territory of the British empire, the British government sent Cook to sail to find this magical southern continent.

Edit the maiden voyage of this section (1768 ~ 177 1)

Set sail

Cook's first (red), second (green) and third (blue) sailing routes.

1768 On August 25th, Cook set sail from England on the voyage Endeavour. The ship weighs 386 tons and has been a coal carrier in the North Sea for four years. So Endeavour is a little old and its equipment is not satisfactory. Cook doesn't care about this, but he is still full of confidence in this voyage. Endeavour sailed across Plymouth Bay and the English Channel to the Atlantic Ocean. After a short berth in Madeira, they sailed to South America, crossed Cape Horn and finally reached Tahiti. But it's been 1 1 month since they set off from England. When they arrived in Tahiti, it was already the summer of 1769. The sunshine here is strong, Wan Li is clear, and Matawi Bay is as level as a mirror, which is the golden season for scientific investigation. One day, an extremely rare transit of venus appeared in the sky, and the whole expedition was boiling, and the players scrambled to watch this rare astronomical phenomenon; A group of British scientists on the shore calculated the distance between the sun and the earth around two temporary astronomical observation telescopes; Some naval officers came up to join in the fun, and too many cooks helped move the telescope. At this time, Captain Cook was concerned with another matter. Before he left, the Admiralty had instructed him to set sail for a more important mission immediately after completing this astronomical observation. He glanced at the boiling crowd, silently walked into the cabin and opened the sealed document. A clear line immediately caught his eye: "Since there may be a continent to the south of a land recently discovered by Colonel Wallis ... you should sail south to 40 degrees south latitude to find this continent ... If you can't find this continent on this voyage, you should continue to search west." After reading it, Cook fell into a long meditation. 1769, 13 In July, scientists finally ended their observation of Venus, and Cook immediately ordered to sail south. It took them a month to cross a group of islands. The waters between these islands are very narrow, so Endeavour had to make a detour for its first expedition.

It took more than a month. Cook named the islands society islands. Although it bypassed the society islands, the southern mainland still disappeared, and Cook could not help secretly worrying. There is a monk on the Endeavour. He is familiar with the waters around here, but when asked about the southern mainland, he still knows nothing. After early August, the weather began to get cold, and Endeavour continued to sail south. By the beginning of 1 1, Endeavour had passed 40 degrees south latitude, but there was still no sign of the southern continent. At this time, the weather is getting worse and worse, and the waves at sea are getting bigger and bigger, which poses a great threat to Endeavour. Cook knows very well that if he continues to sail south, the consequences will be unimaginable. So he ordered to sail west. Another month passed, and they saw seaweed and wood floating on the sea surface, and flocks of seabirds flying in the sky. Obviously, a piece of land is about to appear before them. Cook quickly judged that this was New Zealand discovered by Dutch explorers a century ago.

Discover the big island

10 year 10 7, they finally saw the forest-covered mountains, which is obviously a big island. Whether this is the so-called edge of the southern continent, Cook himself is not sure, so he decided to go to that island first. Endeavour circled over the coast for a long time and finally anchored in a deep bay. They soon found that there were several fireworks here, which stood out in the silent forest. There are people living here, and they are probably indigenous. Cook ordered the expedition members not to shoot so as not to disturb the natives. They gave them belts, brandy, etc. As a gift to these aborigines; Tupaya, a monk guide, can understand some aborigines and explain the intention of the expedition to them. The aborigines are also happy to give them some fresh fruit, a bronze statue of Captain Cook.

And vegetables. But the next day, something terrible happened. A team member saw a rabbit crouching in the grass, raised his gun and hit it, but accidentally injured an aboriginal. At this time, dozens of aborigines rushed at the explorers with stones and sticks. Seeing that the situation was not good, Tupaya quickly dragged several players onto the boat and returned to the boat. Obviously, this place can't land, so Cook and several team members rowed to find another landing point, and then two indigenous canoes rowed to them. Tupaya shouted to them to lean over and promised not to hurt them, but several indigenous people were still afraid and turned around and fled. Cook was in a hurry, ordered the shooting, and finally killed several aborigines, but they were afraid to land rashly. 65438+1October 1 1, Cook and the crew finally landed successfully after many twists and turns. But when they landed, they were disappointed. They don't need anything, let alone fresh vegetables. Therefore, Cook called this landing place "Poverty Bay". There is an indigenous people named Maori on the island. They are all tall and strong with curly hair and red skin. When dancing, Maori waved their weapons, twisted their mouths, stuck out their tongues, rolled their eyes and danced regularly from left to right. Sometimes they sing in a hoarse voice to inspire each other and intimidate the enemy. The tenacity, courage and frankness of Maori attracted Cook. He noticed that there were many similarities in culture and physiology between Maori and Tahiti. They even share many ideas and customs. The most surprising thing is that their languages have many similarities. Therefore, Cook is convinced that Maori and Tahiti belong to the same nation. To this day, the true origin of Maori is still a mystery. Most archaeologists believe that the real origin of Maori lies in the Marquesas Islands in the northern part of Tahiti. They lived there for a long time and then came to New Zealand by canoe. On the other hand, ethnologists believe that these aborigines are from Southeast Asia or India. Some archaeologists have put forward a bolder idea: the real ancestor of this Maori is in Asia. They crossed the Bering Continental Bridge from Asia to America thousands of years ago, and then came to New Zealand from the northwest coast of South America. Cook only made a short stay on the shore and made a few days' inspection. He found that this was unlikely to be an extension of the southern continent, so he decided to continue south. In this way, Endeavour once again passed 40 degrees south latitude; However, there is still no southern continent here. So Cook ordered to sail north instead and finally sailed to the North Point of New Zealand. In North Point, New Zealand, the expedition continued to advance after a short rest and fresh water supply, and bypassed North Point in late February, 65438. The weather at sea began to deteriorate, and the wind and waves were strong, making it very difficult for ships to sail. Endeavour kept shaking violently in the waves and finally reached the west coast of New Zealand. In order to draw a good coastline map of this area, Cook explored south regardless of the sinister storm. He insisted on drawing every mile of coastline according to his own measurement results. With the advance of Endeavour, gradually, the shape of New Zealand on the map is less and less like a continent, but more like a machete-shaped island. Endeavour sailed counterclockwise around the island.

Charlotte Queen Bay

1770 65438+1October 14, Endeavour turned to the east and completed a circular route. Cook suddenly found a wide and deep strait, and a green mountain was extending to the south. He was surprised, which clearly showed that New Zealand was not a single island, but two islands. But it didn't take long for the Nuwei to encounter a small obstacle. The sail on the ship broke and the speed of the ship slowed down. Cook ordered Endeavour to sail into a small port called Charlotte Queen Bay for maintenance. In this safe haven, birds and flowers, clear springs, wild celery and anti-scurvy herbs can be seen everywhere. Cook was filled with joy when he saw it. He immediately declared that Charlotte Queen Bay belonged to Britain. After a few days' rest in Charlotte Queen Bay, Endeavour sailed eastward again, and then crossed a narrow strait, which is now the Cook Strait. Endeavour sailed clockwise south around the rest of New Zealand. Cook wanted to find out the exact shape of New Zealand. As a result, he completed a figure-eight coastal navigation line. 1770 At the end of March, Cook returned to Charlotte Queen Bay again and drew the first clear map of the New Zealand Islands. This picture has clear lines and is extremely accurate, and was later praised by many navigators. Cook publicized his discovery of New Zealand and hoped that Britain would realize colonial occupation at an early date. He said in his diary: "If an industrious people settle here, they will soon have not only necessities of life, but also many luxuries." This is actually propaganda for colonial activities, and it also reflects the real purpose of British colonial expansion hidden behind the exploration and development of the New World at that time. Despite Cook's strong advocacy, Britain at that time still did not have the strength to come to New Zealand for colonial expansion. It was not until 65438+1960s that real colonial activities began; From 65438 to 0840, New Zealand was owned by Britain and became an important British colony.

On the way back

Cook was extremely disappointed that he never found the southern continent during the whole voyage. He himself began to doubt the existence of this southern continent. Cook doesn't like imagination like Columbus. He believes more in the initial results of exploration. He will sail eastward and return to England from the South Pacific, proving that this long-disputed southern continent is nothing; He thinks so himself. However, at that time, the winter in the southern hemisphere was coming, and his sailors also hoped to return home. Cook weighed and decided to return. On the return flight, Cook had a new idea. He knew that they would soon meet the unpolluted continent of Australia. He really wanted to go to Australia to see the land first, because no Europeans had seen the east coast of Australia at that time. 19 days later, the shadow of the land loomed on the horizon. The crew was suddenly excited because they came to a new continent. In order to find a good bay for berthing Endeavour, Cook ordered to continue sailing north along the Australian coast. They are delighted to see full of green. Obviously, this new continent is a rich land, not as desolate as the Dutch said. 1770 On April 28th, the expedition finally found a calm bay where Endeavour was moored. They found a lot of squid here, so Cook named it Squid Bay. Later, it was renamed Plant Bay because they collected a large number of plant specimens here. In Botany Bay, Cook raised the British flag on the coast every day to show that the area belonged to Britain, and later he declared that the whole east coast of Australia belonged to Britain. To commemorate the first arrival of Endeavour in Australia, he carved the date on a rubber tree. During the voyage along the east coast of Australia, Cook carefully mapped the coastline. In the coastline map, it is obvious that he has noticed Sydney, an excellent harbor, but because of the tight time, he had no time to examine it carefully and hurried by. In late May, Endeavour entered the Great Barrier Reef, the largest reef area in the Pacific Ocean. The reefs here are all over the shallows, and there are knife-shaped corals everywhere; This coral reef area extends over 65,438+0,000 miles along the tropical coast of Queensland in northeastern Australia. After Endeavour entered this reef, its bad luck was inevitable. Soon after, Endeavour finally ran aground on a huge coral reef. Cook tried every means to avoid the rocks, but because there were too many rocks around, he couldn't turn around at all, so he could only watch Endeavour hit the rocks. In desperation, Cook ordered to throw away some unnecessary items on board: a large number of old guns, ballast iron, stones and rotten food were thrown into the sea, but to no avail. Then more troubles followed, the sea began to ebb, and the ship weighed more heavily on the dangerous coral reef. If this situation continues, the ship is likely to break. When the tide rises, the tide hits the port side of the ship and the whole hull begins to tilt. Suddenly, a hole appeared in the cabin, and seawater got in from the hole. The situation is very critical. Cook ordered two pumps to pump water, but soon the water leaking into the cabin began to overflow the pumps. At this critical juncture, Cook put all his eggs in one basket and ordered the crew to anchor together and get out of trouble. After more than an hour, the hull finally floated up, and the water no longer leaked into the cabin, which made Cook and the other crew both excited and surprised. It turned out that when the anchor was pulled too hard, the anchor cable actually hooked up a coral stone and blocked the hole in the ship like a plug. Cook breathed a sigh of relief, and he quickly ordered Endeavour to dock. At an estuary, the crew repaired the endeavour. Cook saw that the estuary was in good condition and there were green grass, wild animals and fish in the middle reaches of the river, so he ordered a rest on the spot. They have a good time here, hunting ashore during the day and fishing in the sea; Enjoy this delicious food in the evening. There are many kinds of plants here, and they have collected many specimens; But also found many strange animals, such as sea oysters, kangaroos and so on. In this estuary, the expedition spent seven weeks. On August 6th, Endeavour was renovated and set sail again. This time, Cook learned his lesson and carefully avoided the reef. Finally, on August 2 1, 1, they arrived at Cape York, the northern tip of Australia. Cook's superb ship-to-sea technology has been fully exerted here. Cape York is close to Southeast Asia, and Cook decided to go to east indies through Torres Strait from here. Soon, they arrived at the Dutch port of Batavia (now Jakarta). Cook once again ordered the transformation of Endeavour. After more than two years of sailing, Endeavour suffered great damage. However, the crew did not adapt to the hot weather here, and a plague prevailed among the crew, killing 73 people at once. Cook was so sad that he soon returned to China. 177 13 July 13, Endeavour finally returned to England after three years of sailing. During this voyage, they added more than 5,000 miles of coastline to the world map, which is a brilliant achievement.

Edit the second voyage of this section (1772 ~ 1775)

The purpose of Cook's second voyage was to reconfirm the existence of the second expedition in the southern continent.

Yes This time, he took two ships-Determination and Adventure, and prepared to set up two bases in Tahiti and New Zealand. The expedition left Plymouth on July 1772+0 1 and sailed along the route passing through Madeira Islands and Cape Town. A search of the sea surface in southern Africa found some icebergs. "Some icebergs in Fiona Fang are 2 miles long and 60 feet high." When the fleet sailed into Antarctic waters for 75 miles (about 1 10 km), it had to give up the search for this area because of the obstruction of ice. Later, Determined and Adventure were separated by fog and headed for New Zealand respectively. Determination arrived in Dusky Sound on March 23rd, 773, and joined the expedition the following month. Cook and his team continued to look eastward from New Zealand for the southern continent. Then head north to Tahiti. When the ship arrived in Tahiti, they had eaten all the fresh food and the crew of the expedition were infected with scurvy. Due to the extreme shortage of fresh food in Tahiti, Cook had to go to society islands to make full preparations for his return to New Zealand. The two ships lost contact again. Cook asked Tobias Furneaux to command the expedition to return home, and the Determination sailed south again. 1774 65438+ 10, Cook arrived at the southernmost point of the earth-71/kloc-0' south latitude. Then, he traveled around the South Pacific again, leaving Easter Island, Tahiti, New Hebrides and New Caledonia, and then returned to New Zealand again. Determination returned on July 30th, 1775, and arrived in Plymouth, England via Cape Town.

Edit the third voyage of this leg (1776 ~ 1780)

Cook's last voyage was to find the legendary northwest passage to Asia. After the second voyage, Cook received an annuity of naval colonel rank and retired to Greenwich Hospital. In this way, when he lived in seclusion, he began to write memoirs. But this isolated life is not in line with his nature as a great explorer, and Cook soon felt the monotony and depression of this life. Cook once said sadly, "My fate always pushes me from one extreme to another for the third time."

An extreme. For months, I thought the whole southern hemisphere was too small. 1776 In February, Cook was elected as a member of the Royal Society and attended some scientific seminars, but he was always tired of this quiet life. After some admiralty officials learned about this situation, they sent him another task to lead an expedition to find the northwest channel. The so-called Northwest Passage refers to the mysterious passage between the North Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean. Like the so-called southern continent, it has long been an unsolved mystery. Cook readily accepted this task and quickly made careful preparations. He prepared common navigation instruments and brought an Eskimo dictionary. His ship is still the old ship Determination, which has made great achievements for him many times. In addition, another 298-ton Explorer was commanded by Captain Charles Clark. Cook's third and last voyage1July 776 12 set sail from England. 1776, 65438+February, determination and exploration arrived in Cape Town successively. After a short rest here, the two ships turned to the southeast, crossed the Indian Ocean and headed for Charlotte Queen Bay. After passing through Tasmania, Cook left a batch of pigs to breed there. It has rapidly developed the pig industry in this place. Charlotte Queen Bay Cook made careful plans and a lot of preparations for this expedition. On February 25th, 775,/kloc-0, she left Charlotte Queen Bay, crossed the Cook Strait, sailed northeast, and arrived in Tahiti via the Friendship Islands. After a short stay here, Cook continued to go north, looking for the new albion on the northwest coast of the United States. 1778 65438+1October 18, determination and exploration reached the beautiful Hawaiian islands. It's far from the North American continent, and white people haven't cared. Cook and his expedition became the first white people to arrive here. After a few days in Hawaii, Determination and Adventure continued to sail north and soon approached Alaska. It was winter in the northern hemisphere at that time, the wind was biting, there were storms at sea, and sometimes there was fog all over the sky, which brought many difficulties to navigation. Despite this, Cook still insisted on going north, crossing the Bering Strait and entering the North Pole, but the weather became worse and worse. The last two exploration ships were blocked by the huge ice floes in the Arctic Ocean and could not continue northward. In this case, Cook ordered to return to Hawaii next summer to find this northwest passage. So on June 1779 65438+1October17, the determination and the expedition returned to Kirakaka Bay in Hawaii. Cook landed on Hawaiian land again, when something unexpected happened. They were warmly welcomed by Hawaiians. They covered Cook's chest with red cloth and covered with coconut juice, singing and dancing around him. At the same time, Hawaii also sent a lot of pork and vegetables to the expedition. It turned out that they regarded Cook as the god of return-Rono, the owner of Makahiki Festival. After that, dramatic things happened one after another. When Cook and others were repairing the ship here, the islanders' gifts kept flowing and they couldn't stop. Because of the language barrier, shielding is likely to lead to conflict. Obviously, we can't stay here long, so Cook hastily ordered us to leave here, otherwise the islanders would become extremely poor, and they gave all their things to the expedition. However, just after sailing, there was a strong wind at sea, the sail was torn several times by the strong wind, and a mast was blown off, so Cook had to order to return to Kirakaka Bay for repair. But as soon as they returned to the island, they found that the situation had changed a lot. The aborigines on the island never came to welcome them again and looked at them with hostile eyes. To be on the safe side, Cook did not let the crew land immediately. But the aborigines actually started stealing from them, which made Cook a headache. 13 that night, the only ship of the expedition was also stolen by the natives. Cook was furious and led a group of sailors ashore the next day, trying to take the king of Hawaii hostage and change to a small boat. This angered the natives, who gathered on the beach and attacked them with stones and sticks as weapons. The situation is very critical. Cook shot and killed an aborigine, trying to suppress the aborigine attack. But both sides are still murderous. The explorers on board also pulled out their guns to help. In order not to expand the situation, Cook turned to the crew and ordered to stop filming. Just then, an indigenous man suddenly rushed behind him and stabbed him deeply with a long knife. Cook immediately fell into the water, and the blood stained the surrounding seawater. Hawaiians and explorers were stunned by this sudden change! After Cook died, the crew continued his unfinished business. Go north to the Bering Strait and enter the Arctic Ocean; Later, I returned to England via the Cape of Good Hope. When the news of Cook's death reached Britain, the whole country was immersed in grief. King George III of England burst into tears and was deeply saddened by the loss of such a great explorer who made great contributions to the British Empire. Cook, an outstanding explorer, will go down in history with his brilliant achievements. There is also a saying that when he sailed to the Pacific Ocean for the third time, he was surrounded by a group of zombies on the beach in Hawaii and was mistaken for a blessing party. In addition, there is Magellan, who died of zombies in the Philippines. After Cook's death, he left a diary to record his daily itinerary, which provided people with a lot of accurate and true navigation information. From this information, Captain Cook's keen characteristics are fully revealed. Captain Cook is an outstanding scientist, who has brought strict standards for human exploration and mapping skills. Cook's navigation practice has greatly enriched people's knowledge of marine geography, and at the same time deepened people's understanding of the ocean and various natural phenomena occurring in the ocean. He is a navigator who has made great discoveries in marine geography after Columbus. At the same time, he proved to people that sailors are not destined to be victims of scurvy in long-distance voyage. In the long-term sailing practice, Cook summed up the methods to improve the crew's diet, including increasing fruits and vegetables, in order to prevent the crew from scurvy caused by the lack of vitamin C and other nutrients during long-term sailing. This is Cook's great contribution to maritime medicine.