When and who built the Shanghai Bund Lighthouse?

That's the Shanghai Bund signal station.

Details are as follows:

In the renovation project of Shanghai Bund waterfront green space, the most striking thing is the Bund signal station, which has been successfully relocated as a whole. This 49.8-meter-high and 400-ton tower has been rebuilt, decorated and renovated.

The Bund Signal Station is one of the only two Atanu-style buildings in Shanghai. The tower was built in 1907, 87 years ago. However, the history of the establishment of the Bund signal station can be traced back to 1884, which is closely related to the historical process since the opening of Shanghai.

First, the origin of the signal station

The history of signal stations is closely related to the development of international navigation. The development and expansion of western capitalist economy, merchant ships and warships are inseparable from the weather. 1853 In August, at the International Ocean Conference held in Brussels, meteorology was discussed as an important factor in navigation. 1854, the British Ministry of Commerce established the Meteorological Bureau, 186 1 year, and the storm warning was issued by signal code for the first time. After that, Britain began to hang signals in Newcastle and other ports to issue storm warnings, and important European ports also set up signal stations one after another.

1840 British colonialists launched the Opium War, which forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking on August 29th, 1842, and Shanghai became one of the five trading ports. After the British liner "Mary Wood" first opened the route from Hong Kong to Shanghai in 1850, foreign companies sent ships to Shanghai one after another. From 65438 to 1950s, Shanghai became the largest port and foreign trade center in China. In order to make merchant ships and warships sail safely in the "dangerous Far East", meteorological support has become an urgent problem to be solved.

After the opening of Shanghai, British and French missionaries successively carried out meteorological observation in Shanghai. Later, the French Catholic Jesuits decided to set up an observatory in Xujiahui, Shanghai in August of 1872, and officially began meteorological observation in February of the same year. From May 65438 to May 0873, meteorological observation data were published in newspapers every other day, and meteorological information reports of parts of China and Japan were published on the bulletin board opposite the customs every day, so that merchant ships and warships could obtain meteorological information when they left Hong Kong.

On July 3 1, 65438, 0879, a typhoon hit Shanghai, causing heavy losses. M. Dechvrens, director of Xujiahui Observatory, analyzed the typhoon, and thought that it was not only possible but also necessary to establish a meteorological early warning signal station as long as China Customs, telegraph company, French Concession Bureau and other relevant authorities cooperated sincerely. After the publication of Nenns' paper, people from all walks of life have appreciated and supported it, especially the managers and captains of shipping companies have written in succession, hoping to see the establishment of a meteorological early warning signal station in Shanghai Port, and at the same time hope to establish a standard time report, so that the navigation hour hand can also be calibrated.

188 1 On September 20th, 2008, the Shanghai Western Chamber of Commerce passed a resolution to set up an organization to provide weather information to navigators, and asked Father Nennes to guide it. At the same time, funds were provided to purchase meteorological observation instruments, which were installed on ocean-going ships on February 1884. Thereby expanding the scope of marine meteorological observation and creating conditions for the establishment of signal stations.

Second, the establishment plan and resignation storm of the French Concession Ministry of Industry.

1873 After the establishment of China Merchants Group, it has successively opened foreign routes such as Japan, the Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam and the United States. In order to meet the needs of ship navigation safety, China Merchants obtained the approval of Governor Zuo of Liangjiang of Qing Government on June1882+February 65438 to erect telephone poles along Xujiahui Road to Xujiahui Observatory in order to obtain marine meteorological information. On February 2 1 65438, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the French Concession quickly responded to this news and decided to set up a weather warning signal station and a meridian time clock near the west wharf of Huangpu River on the Bund where foreign companies and ocean shipping companies concentrated (now the Bund of Yan 'an East Road). At the same time, Fleisch, the French Consul General in Shanghai, wrote to Shao Youlian, Shanghai Road Station, asking for the right to set up the telephone line of Xujiahui Observatory along Xujiahui Road. France was invading Vietnam at that time. In order to safeguard China's sovereignty, Shao Youlian sternly rejected Fu Yunshi's request twice, on the grounds that "Mr. Zuo, the governor of Liangjiang, has posted an imperial edict and approved the erection of the vertical pole of China Merchants". In this regard, the public board of the French Concession was extremely dissatisfied. On the grounds that Xujiahui was built by the French army and maintained by the public board of directors, it still protested against the erection of vertical poles by China Merchants, and once again asked Fu Youshi to negotiate with Shanghai Road. Due to the increasingly tense Sino-French relations, the French fleet frequently moves in the southeast coast of China, and the Sino-French war is imminent. On March 26th, 1883, Fu Daishi wrote back to the East Bureau and refused to negotiate again. At the same time, he accused the East Bureau of "not protesting against the authorities here" and "all issues of an international nature, only national representatives have the power to deal with them. "

The 8th1Board of Directors of the Ministry of Industry of French Concession was criticized by the Consul General for failing to meet the requirements of cross-bidding. On March 29th, the general director Vouillement, the deputy director Dong Ping Zilbli and four directors resigned one after another, the board of directors was reorganized, and the plan to set up a signal station was temporarily put on hold.

Third, the establishment and development of the Bund signal station.

On April 1883, after the 8th1re-election of the public board of directors of the French Concession, Nennes, director of Xujiahui Observatory, wrote to the public board, saying that "it is of great benefit for an important commercial port like Shanghai to set up a meteorological signal station and check the time standard". Nennes avoided the problem of erecting telephone poles and prepared to send meteorological reports by manpower. All he needs is to buy an astronomical clock and a satellite instrument. On April 30th, Auriou, the chief director, read a letter from Nennes at a special meeting of the public board. On May 29th, it was decided to set up a weather signal station at Piqin Bridge on the Bund. Invest 3000 taels of silver to buy musical instruments, and subsidize 300 taels of silver as maintenance fee every year. Since Danish businessmen set up the first telephone office in China in Pidgin on the Bund on 1882, Xujiahui Meteorological Observatory opened a meteorological service telephone for foreign companies, which was quickly connected with the telephone of the signal station, and the communication problem was solved.

The bund signal station was officially opened to the public on September 1884. This is the first signal station founded by foreigners in China and one of the earliest signal stations in the Asia-Pacific region. Administratively, the signal station belongs to the French Concession Municipal Prime Minister's Office and is listed as a subsidiary, with about 65,438+00 Chinese and foreign employees. Xu Daosheng and Xu, the 11th grandchildren of the famous scientist Xu Guangqi, both worked in the signal station in the late Ming Dynasty. The operation of the signal station is led by Xujiahui Observatory, and the director of the Observatory is also the director. The weather warning and timing signals are issued by Xujiahui Observatory. The Bund Signal Station is actually the "window" of Xujiahui Observatory's external service.

When it was first built, the Bund signal station was relatively simple. A wooden mast was erected next to the hut, with weather warning signals and wind balloons indicating the wind direction. In order to adapt to the increasing signal business, Director A. Froc wrote to the French Concession Public Bureau on June 5438+0847 65438+1October 18, requesting to expand the signal station, and attached the engineering plan drawn up by the architect Charlotte. The public committee accepted the plan and allocated $65,438+0,480. The project was completed on August 1898.

The wooden mast of the Bund signal station was broken by typhoon and thunderstorm on August 3rd of 190 1 and July 5th of 1906, and the meridian ball suddenly fell, damaging the roofs of nearby offices. Therefore, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the French Concession decided on July 26th that 1906 should build a new signal station as soon as possible. At that time, there were two design schemes, one was put forward by railway engineer Charlie Glenn and the other was put forward by architect Martti. After research, the board of directors decided to adopt McGrady's design scheme at a cost of $65,438+00,247. 1907 signed the contract on February 6, and started construction in March of the same year. The project uses wooden stakes and 24 bundles of pine trees to lay the foundation. The base 1 1.3m wide, 4m high and the tower 36.8m high. It is made of reinforced concrete. A 9-meter-high mast with a total height of 49.8 meters was erected at the top of the tower. The project was completed in July 1908. At the same time, climate recorder, anemometer, precision clock and other instruments were added, time ball with counterweight was replaced, and white signal lamp was installed. The newly-built signal station started to hang signals on June 23rd. 1908.

1923 the bund signal station made an extension plan of the attached building, and 1925 signed a construction contract with Richmond and Kelai. The project started in 1926 and was completed in August 1927. This is a panoramic view of the existing signal station on the Bund.

Fourth, signal service and signal code.

The main task of the bund signal station is to provide meteorological and time service. Every day 10 and 16, signal flags of different shapes and colors are hoisted on the mast to indicate the wind direction and wind force on the outer ocean surface of the Yangtze River estuary. The report of foggy weather is added from 1896 1. This is the observation data provided by Daishan Island Lighthouse Station, located 83 kilometers southeast of Shanghai, and transmitted to the signal station through the submarine cable of the telegraph office. Every day 1 1: 30, the weather forecast or storm warning signal flag issued by Xujiahui Observatory is hoisted, and the storm warning is issued by red and white signal lights at night, "to let navigators know what they want to avoid". From1April, 897 19, the barometer index of Xujiahui Observatory was reported with a signal flag on 15 every day, which provided a basis for foreign merchant ships and warships moored on the Huangpu River to check the barometer. The timing is mainly the meridian ball that descends at the top of the mast and rises at noon every day, and it is reported to the standard time at noon 12. From 1909, when the standard time at 9: 00 pm is displayed by lights. This accurate timing signal is very important for ocean-going ships to locate at sea.

Signal service continues day after day, and the accumulated workload is considerable every year. Taking 1936 as an example, typhoon position signal was hoisted 299 times, typhoon signal light 13 1 time, gale signal was hoisted 246 times, meteorological observation signal of Daishan Island was hoisted 736 times, barometer index signal was hoisted 366 times, and meteorological information was released to newspapers and the public 29,698 times. Whenever typhoon and rainstorm come, many people wait for the latest information at the signal station, and the phone rings constantly, answering hundreds of questions about the weather a day.

What kind of signal is used to release meteorological information is an important issue. At first, signal stations used flags of different shapes and colors to release weather and time information. Although the banner is brightly colored, it also has defects. When it's calm, the flag can't fly, and people can't easily tell it apart. Therefore, according to the opinions of the captain and sailors, Xujiahui Observatory constantly improves the signal. From 1897 to 193 1 year, there are six major improvements. For example, in order to make people see the signal projection in the air consistently from different directions, circular objects are used as markers, including spheres, cylinders, cones with upward or downward tips, cones with connected bottoms or tops, etc. Marks composed of different shapes represent 10 digits. At the same time, the Far East China Sea is divided into several sea areas of different sizes, and the location and moving path of typhoons in a certain sea area are specified by numbers. The direction of typhoon movement is a familiar compass form for seafarers, and 32 directions are represented by numbers. As long as the captains and captains of merchant ships and navies see the signal, they can make judgments and decide whether to set sail or not and the route to sail.

The codes used in the Bund Signal Station were introduced by Director Lao Jixun at the International Meteorological Directors' Meeting held in Innsbruck in 1905 and the Far East Meteorological Meeting held in Hong Kong in April 1930, respectively, which were well received and considered that "the codes are convenient and easy to use, and may be popularized around the world". As early as 1898, China Customs decided to use the signal code of the Bund signal station uniformly in all its lighthouse stations. From 1 931March1,all ports belonging to East Asia Customs (except North Korea) use Shanghai Bund signal station code to hang signals.

Five, fired a warning shot

1965438+On July 27th and 28th, 2005, a strong typhoon with a wind speed of 43.9m/s hit Shanghai (12). Although the Xujiahui Meteorological Observatory predicted the typhoon and the signal station issued an alarm, the losses were still heavy. More than 6,000 street trees were blown down in the British-French Concession, more than 200 floating bodies were found in Huangpu River, more than 300 ships were sunk and 1000 ships were damaged. The iron cross on the top of Xujiahui Catholic Church was also bent by the strong wind, and the road surface was flooded. Communication was once interrupted, and industry and commerce came to a standstill. Typhoon disaster has caused great shock to all walks of life. In order to strengthen the warning and prevention of typhoons, Shanghai Customs issued an announcement on August 3, 2006, 1965438+2006. Whenever a black ball is hoisted at the signal station and a typhoon is coming, "Lujiazui Building fires a warning shot". Later, it was stipulated that Lu Lan (now Lanzhou Road) fired guns at the same time, and all ships entered the harbor to take shelter from the wind. 1in March, 936, the customs issued an announcement again, changing the typhoon warning gun to three rings, which is different from the time gun. Whenever a typhoon comes, in the roar of the strong wind, deep and harsh guns shake Shencheng, reminding citizens to do a good job in typhoon prevention, and all ships are not allowed to leave the port before July 27. 1940.

The intransitive verb "special service"

When the Bund signal station was established, it was the time when the Sino-French war broke out. French mail ships coming to China are not allowed to enter Shanghai Port. Mail can only be unloaded at Daishan Island Lighthouse Station and then transferred to Shanghai Customs. The bund signal station hangs a signal to inform French expatriates to collect it. This is the earliest "special service".

Providing meteorological "special services" for western naval fleets is an important task of the Bund signal station. According to the statistics of the annual report, during the eight years from 190 1 to 1908, this kind of "special service" reached 1 15 times, with an average of 139 times a year. By country, take 1907 as an example, France 47 times, Germany 34 times, Italy 20 times, Britain 15 times, America 8 times, Austria 5 times and Denmark 1 time. At the request of air force and aviation pilots in western countries, since 1 March, 920/day, the meteorological bulletin of Xujiahui Observatory provided by Bund signal station has added three wind direction heights, and the cloud bottom height has been inferred from the observation of clouds.

1938, Gherjzi visited the Marine Meteorological Observatory in Hamburg, Germany, the Air Force Department in London, the Meteorological Bureau in Washington, USA, the Meteorological Bureau in Paris, France, the Italian Waterway Department, and the Meteorological Observatory in Hong Kong and Manila. After returning to Shanghai, he said: "Compared with similar signal stations in other countries, Shanghai Bund Signal Station is not inferior, and even surpasses them in some aspects." Because of this, the Bund Signal Station and Xujiahui Observatory are supported and praised by western countries. Starting from 1897, the Ministry of Industry of Shanghai British Concession undertook half of the cost of the Bund signal station. Emperor Meiji of Japan awarded Lao Jixun the Ruibao Medal 1903, 165438 on June 24th. In June 19 19 10, the French Admiralty provided an accurate astronomical clock to improve the time service of the signal station. It was put forward by French navy minister Leines and passed by the French parliament. The annual subsidy of Xujiahui Observatory is 65,438+02,000 francs. A naval delegation led by French Admiral Geely arrived in Shanghai on 1923 to express "thanks" to the priests and employees of the Bund Signal Station and Xujiahui Observatory.

Seven, from "island" to dawn

After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Shanghai fell on1937165438+10/2, and the concession became an "island". With compatriots fleeing from all over the world and exiles from all over the world coming to Shanghai Concession, capital and labor force surged, and the economy showed abnormal false prosperity. During this period, the weather stations in Chinese mainland have stopped transmitting, but the weather stations in the Pacific, Fuzhou and Shantou continue to work. Xujiahui Meteorological Observatory can still issue typhoon and daily weather forecast, and Bund Signal Station insists on meteorological service and signal alarm. At the same time, with the help of the Paris International Time Bureau, Xujiahui Observatory has established mutual contact and cooperation with 20 observatories around the world since July 1939 to determine the standard time. Therefore, the time service of the Bund signal station has also been improved.

194 1 65438+February 8, 2008, the Pacific War broke out, the Japanese army occupied the concession, and the "island" situation ended. According to the instructions of the French Consulate General in Shanghai, the meteorological and timing services of the Bund signal station are suspended. Soon, Xujiahui Observatory put forward a plan to resume its business work during the Japanese occupation period. Meteorological elements observation and weather forecast are still published at the Bund signal station 1 1 and 16 every day, but there is no radio broadcast.

On July 30th, 1943 and August 30th, 1, the French Vichy government and Japan "returned" the French concession and the public concession to the Wang puppet national government respectively. The bund signal station was taken over by the eighth district office of the Japanese Puppet Shanghai Special City. Xu guansan, deputy director of the district public works office, is the director. M Burgand, the former director, said in the report: "Make sure to work in Shanghai's industrial and commercial undertakings as usual under the management of the eighth district of Shanghai Municipal Government" and "communicate with Japanese authorities to promote the development of the cause". On February 3, 65438, the same year, Chen Gongbo, director of the Eighth District Office of the Japanese Puppet Shanghai Special City, appointed Father Burke as the deputy stationmaster of the Bund Signal Station.

After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Kuomintang central weather bureau and Shanghai Municipal Government took over the Bund Signal Station and reorganized it into a part of Shanghai Meteorological Observatory, with Zheng Zizheng as the director. 1In June, 946, Shanghai Meteorological Observatory reissued internationally agreed meteorological signals and local rainstorm signals. Before dawn in Shanghai, inflation, economic depression and economic collapse, but the Bund signal station still insisted on providing meteorological services.

After the liberation of Shanghai, the Military Management Committee issued an order on May 3 1 to send personnel to take over the Shanghai Meteorological Observatory on Daxi Road (now Yan 'an West Road). At the same time, the bund signal station returned to the hands of the people.

1June, 950, the United States provoked the Korean War. On June 5438+February of the same year 1 1 day, the Military Management Committee ordered the takeover of Xujiahui Observatory. With the victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea and the recovery of the national economy, in order to ensure the safety of maritime and inland navigation and fishermen, 1952 established the Bund weather station, 1953 1 resumed meteorological observation and signal services. According to the notice of Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory, marine meteorological forecast will be issued, warning signals will be hoisted in case of typhoon or strong wind, and meteorological advisory services will be provided for navigation departments.

At the beginning of 1957, Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory set up a special service organization and established a telephone service network with transportation departments such as shipping, shipping, railways, airports and docks. Coastal radio stations have strengthened meteorological reports on ships, and People's Broadcasting Station has continuously improved weather forecasts. With the gradual modernization of communication tools, wired and wireless communication and news media constantly improve the dissemination speed of meteorological information to meet the needs of various sectors of the national economy. Therefore, Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory1957 February 15 decided that the Bund weather station would stop working and the rainstorm warning signal would be hoisted by the port supervision department.

Today, the Bund Signal Station has completed its historical mission. The western classical architecture left behind is the witness of history. It is reported that it will open up the Bund development history photo exhibition room for tourists to visit and become a new set of tourist attractions in the Bund historical features protection area.