What are the common blind spots in people's thinking?

Blind area of thinking: Inertial thinking or inherent cognitive instinct avoids thinking from certain angles, resulting in an incomplete understanding of the problem.

Ten common blind spots (fallacies) in human thinking;

1, gambler fallacy

Gambler fallacy is a way of thinking that the possibility of the future will be changed by past events, but this is not the case. A certain probability, like tossing a coin, will never change. The probability of head up is always 50%, which has nothing to do with whether you threw your head in the first ten times. It is a common prejudice to think that the probability will change, especially when gambling. For example, I was playing roulette, and the last four sets stopped in black. Should this setting stop on the red side? Obviously wrong! The probability of staying in the red place is still 47.37%. This sounds natural, but it is this prejudice that makes many gamblers lose a lot of money and naively think that the probability will change.

Step 2 react

Reactivity is the tendency that people show different external manifestations when they find themselves being observed. In the 1920s, Huoshan Studio did a study to see if different lighting would affect workers' output. Their discovery is unbelievable. Adjusting the lights will greatly increase the output. Unfortunately, after the research, the output has dropped to the usual level. This is because the change in output is not due to the different lights, but because the workers are observed. This explains a form of reaction. When individuals perceive that they are being observed, they will consciously change their behavior and make themselves look better. This reaction is a very serious problem in the research and must be controlled in the "double-blind experiment" experiment. ("Blindness" refers to hiding information about the experiment from researchers so as not to affect the experimental results)

3. Fantastic optical illusion (illusion)

Fantastic optical illusion means that a person thinks that the sound or image he encounters randomly is very important. Seeing clouds in the sky like dinosaurs, Jesus, and the melting pot, or hearing different information when rewinding, are all obvious examples of illusion. The basic factor of fantasy optical illusion is that external stimuli are neutral and have no symbolic meaning, and all redundant meanings are imposed by the receiver.

Interesting example: Rorschach Ink Test (a personality test, which allows subjects to establish their own imaginary world through some symmetrical irregular ink and reveal their personality characteristics in an unconstrained situation) is to approach people's mental state by using the illusion of fantasy. Participants in the test were asked to look at a set of blurred pictures and describe what they saw. Some potential ideas can be found by analyzing their answers.

4. Self-fulfilling prophecy.

Self-test prediction tends to obtain results to verify existing viewpoints and behaviors. Self-test prediction is a prediction that makes the prediction itself true. For example, I think I will do badly in school, so I didn't work so hard to face my homework and study. As a result, I did really badly, as I expected. Another common example is interpersonal relationship. I felt that my relationship with my friends would be ruined, so I started to do something different and left on purpose. Because of my contrast, I really screwed up the relationship. This is a powerful tool used by wizards. They planted an idea in your mind, and you really made it happen because you thought it would happen.

Interesting example: the economic recession is a self-test prediction. Because economic recession refers to the decline of GDP in two quarters, you have to spend six months in the recession before you know that you are in recession. Unfortunately, as soon as the signs of GDP decline appeared, the media reported that there might be an economic recession, and then people began to panic and started a series of chain reactions, which eventually led to the Great Recession.

5. Halo effect

Halo effect refers to the tendency that an individual's positive or negative characteristics will spread to other parts of his personal perception. This kind of thinking deviation often occurs in employee performance appraisal. For example, I have an employee Biff, who is already three days late. I noticed this phenomenon and came to the conclusion that Biff is a little lazy and doesn't pay much attention to his work. Biff is late for many reasons. Maybe his car broke down, maybe his nanny didn't come that day, or the weather was really bad. The problem is that it is because of this negative factor that Biff can't control that I infer that Biff is a bad employee.

Interesting example: the stereotype of physical attraction means that people think attractive individuals have some qualities that social life wants to seek, such as happiness, success and wisdom. Thus, when an attractive person gets preferential treatment, such as a good job and a good income, this idea becomes a self-testing prophecy.

6. herd mentality

Group mentality means that people tend to adopt the choices of the majority and follow the actions of the majority, so that they will feel more stable and avoid conflicts. This mentality, also known as mob mentality, is its most common form-pressure sharing. The group mentality reveals that healthy fashion is so popular. Clothing, cars, hobbies, styles, these should be considered chic, and a group of people should practice them.

7. Reactance

Confrontation means that people tend to do the opposite of what others ask, in order to resist attempts to limit your freedom of choice. This is most common among rebellious teenagers, but any attempt to resist authority out of fear that freedom and choice are threatened can be called confrontation. In fact, individuals don't have to do certain actions, even though sometimes the fact that they can't finish it urges them subconsciously.

Interesting example: "resistance psychology" is that people try to influence people through resistance. Try to get some people (especially children) to do what you ask them to do in the opposite direction, so that they will do what you really ask out of resistance!

8. Hyperbolic discount

Hyperbolic discount means that people would rather have a small amount of immediate reward than a large amount of future reward. There are many researches on decision-making, and a decision-making process will be influenced by many factors. Interestingly, the length of this delay time is a big factor in the choice. To put it simply, most people would rather get $20 today than $65,438+000 next year. The normal situation should be to choose a larger sum of money now, because the dollar is depreciating every day. You can assume that the interest rate is 9%. Under this interest rate condition, a rational person will calmly choose $9 1.74 now or $ 100 a year later. However, interestingly, how much less are we willing to take between getting it now and waiting for tomorrow's harvest? Do you want to get $50 now or 100 a year later today? Now you can only get 40 yuan? What's your bottom line?

9. escalation of commitment (escalation of commitment)

Escalation of commitment means that people tend to continue to support their unsuccessful attempts before, and in all the decisions people make, there will inevitably be some failures. Obviously, in this case, it is logical to change the decision and try to reverse it. However, many times, some people always force themselves not only to abide by the original decision, but also to continue to make greater investment in this decision, just because they have already spent Shui Piao's money. For example, you spent half your life savings in a business. Half a year has passed, and this business has obviously been very unsuccessful. It is wise to give up this business, because long-term pain is better than short-term pain. However, at this time, because you lost your savings, you decided to put more money into your project in an attempt to use the remaining funds to turn your business around.

10, placebo effect

Placebo effect refers to a substance that was originally ineffective but thought to have a healing function, but ultimately produced the expected effect. This is the most common in the medical field. Let patients with minor illnesses take sugar tablets, and we can observe the placebo effect in the efficacy report. Placebo is still a scientific problem. There is a theory that placebos can cause "expectation effect" (expectation is most likely to happen in uncertain situations), and patients hope that these small "pills" can cure them.